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Klebel-Knobloch B, Tabiś W, Gala MA, Barišić OS, Sunko DK, Barišić N. Transport properties and doping evolution of the Fermi surface in cuprates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13562. [PMID: 37604843 PMCID: PMC10442347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Measured transport properties of three representative cuprates are reproduced within the paradigm of two electron subsystems, itinerant and localized. The localized subsystem evolves continuously from the Cu 3d[Formula: see text] hole at half-filling and corresponds to the (pseudo)gapped parts of the Fermi surface. The itinerant subsystem is observed as a pure Fermi liquid (FL) with material-independent universal mobility across the doping/temperature phase diagram. The localized subsystem affects the itinerant one in our transport calculations solely by truncating the textbook FL integrals to the observed (doping- and temperature-dependent) Fermi arcs. With this extremely simple picture, we obtain the measured evolution of the resistivity and Hall coefficients in all three cases considered, including LSCO which undergoes a Lifshitz transition in the relevant doping range, a complication which turns out to be superficial. Our results imply that prior to evoking polaronic, quantum critical point, quantum dissipation, or even more exotic scenarios for the evolution of transport properties in cuprates, Fermi-surface properties must be addressed in realistic detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Tabiś
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - M A Gala
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - O S Barišić
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - D K Sunko
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - N Barišić
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Unconventional short-range structural fluctuations in cuprate superconductors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20483. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe interplay between structural and electronic degrees of freedom in complex materials is the subject of extensive debate in physics and materials science. Particularly interesting questions pertain to the nature and extent of pre-transitional short-range order in diverse systems ranging from shape-memory alloys to unconventional superconductors, and how this microstructure affects macroscopic properties. Here we use neutron and X-ray diffuse scattering to uncover universal structural fluctuations in La2-xSrxCuO4 and Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ, two cuprate superconductors with distinct point disorder effects and with optimal superconducting transition temperatures that differ by more than a factor of two. The fluctuations are present in wide doping and temperature ranges, including compositions that maintain high average structural symmetry, and they exhibit unusual, yet simple scaling behaviour. The scaling regime is robust and universal, similar to the well-known critical fluctuations close to second-order phase transitions, but with a distinctly different physical origin. We relate this behaviour to pre-transitional phenomena in a broad class of systems with structural and magnetic transitions, and propose an explanation based on rare structural fluctuations caused by intrinsic nanoscale inhomogeneity. We also uncover parallels with superconducting fluctuations, which indicates that the underlying inhomogeneity plays an important role in cuprate physics.
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3
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Hussey NE, Duffy C. Strange metallicity and high-T c superconductivity: quantifying the paradigm. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:985-987. [PMID: 36546252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Hussey
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK; HFML-FELIX and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525ED, Netherlands.
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- HFML-FELIX and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525ED, Netherlands
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4
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Barišić N, Sunko DK. High-T c Cuprates: a Story of Two Electronic Subsystems. JOURNAL OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND NOVEL MAGNETISM 2022; 35:1781-1799. [PMID: 35756097 PMCID: PMC9217785 DOI: 10.1007/s10948-022-06183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A review of the phenomenology and microscopy of cuprate superconductors is presented, with particular attention to universal conductance features, which reveal the existence of two electronic subsystems. The overall electronic system consists of 1 + p charges, where p is the doping. At low dopings, exactly one hole is localized per planar copper-oxygen unit, while upon increasing doping and temperature, the hole is gradually delocalized and becomes itinerant. Remarkably, the itinerant holes exhibit identical Fermi liquid character across the cuprate phase diagram. This universality enables a simple count of carrier density and yields comprehensive understanding of the key features in the normal and superconducting state. A possible superconducting mechanism is presented, compatible with the key experimental facts. The base of this mechanism is the interaction of fast Fermi liquid carriers with localized holes. A change in the microscopic nature of chemical bonding in the copper oxide planes, from ionic to covalent, is invoked to explain the phase diagram of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Barišić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000 Croatia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040 Austria
| | - D. K. Sunko
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000 Croatia
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5
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Evolution of Charge-Lattice Dynamics across the Kuramoto Synchronization Phase Diagram of Quantum Tunneling Polarons in Cuprate Superconductors. CONDENSED MATTER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat6040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of its sensitivity to the instantaneous structure factor, S(Q,t = 0), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) is a powerful tool for probing the dynamic structure of condensed matter systems in which the charge and lattice dynamics are coupled. When applied to hole-doped cuprate superconductors, EXAFS has revealed the presence of internal quantum tunneling polarons (IQTPs). An IQTP arises in EXAFS as a two-site distribution for certain Cu–O pairs, which is also duplicated in inelastic scattering but not observed in standard diffraction measurements. The Cu–Sr pair distribution has been found to be highly anharmonic and strongly correlated to both the IQTPs and to superconductivity, as, for example, in YSr2Cu2.75Mo0.25O7.54(Tc=84 K). In order to describe such nontrivial, anharmonic charge-lattice dynamics, we have proposed a model Hamiltonian for a prototype six-atom cluster, in which two Cu-apical-O IQTPs are charge-transfer bridged through Cu atoms by an O atom in the CuO2 plane and are anharmonically coupled via a Sr atom. By applying an exact diagonalization procedure to this cluster, we have verified that our model indeed produces an intricate interplay between charge and lattice dynamics. Then, by using the Kuramoto model for the synchronization of coupled quantum oscillators, we have found a first-order phase transition for the IQTPs into a synchronized, phase-locked phase. Most importantly, we have shown that this transition results specifically from the anharmonicity. Finally, we have provided a phase diagram showing the onset of the phase-locking of IQTPs as a function of the charge-lattice and anharmonic couplings in our model. We have found that the charge, initially confined to the apical oxygens, is partially pumped into the CuO2 plane in the synchronized phase, which suggests a possible connection between the synchronized dynamic structure and high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) in doped cuprates.
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6
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Abstract
Starting with a minimal model for the CuO2 planes with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to only three effective valence centers [CuO4]7−,6−,5− (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) with different conventional spin and different orbital symmetry, we propose a unified non-BCS model that allows one to describe the main features of the phase diagrams of doped cuprates within the framework of a simple effective field theory. Unconventional bosonic superconducting phase related with a two-particle quantum transport is shown to compete with antiferromagnetic insulating phase, charge order, and metallic Fermi liquid via phase separation regime.
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7
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Pressure-Tuned Superconducting Dome in Chemically-Substituted κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11070817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The quantum spin liquid candidate κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 has been established as the prime example of a genuine Mott insulator that can be tuned across the first-order insulator–metal transition either by chemical substitution or by physical pressure. Here, we explore the superconducting state that occurs at low temperatures, when both methods are combined, i.e., when κ-[(BEDT-TTF)1−x(BEDT-STF)x]2Cu2(CN)3 is pressurized. We discovered superconductivity for partial BEDT-STF substitution with x = 0.10–0.12 even at ambient pressure, i.e., a superconducting state is realized in the range between a metal and a Mott insulator without magnetic order. Furthermore, we observed the formation of a superconducting dome by pressurizing the substituted crystals; we assigned this novel behavior to disorder emanating from chemical tuning.
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Tang CS, Yin X, Zeng S, Wu J, Yang M, Yang P, Diao C, Feng YP, Breese MBH, Chia EEM, Venkatesan T, Chhowalla M, Ariando A, Rusydi A, Wee ATS. Interfacial Oxygen-Driven Charge Localization and Plasmon Excitation in Unconventional Superconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000153. [PMID: 32643185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Charge localization is critical to the control of charge dynamics in systems such as perovskite solar cells, organic-, and nanostructure-based photovoltaics. However, the precise control of charge localization via electronic transport or defect engineering is challenging due to the complexity in reaction pathways and environmental factors. Here, charge localization in optimal-doped La1.85 Sr0.15 CuO4 thin-film on SrTiO3 substrate (LSCO/STO) is investigated, and also a high-energy plasmon is observed. Charge localization manifests as a near-infrared mid-gap state in LSCO/STO. This is ascribed to the interfacial hybridization between the Ti3d-orbitals of the substrate and O2p-orbitals of the film. The interfacial effect leads to significant changes in the many-body correlations and local-field effect. The local-field effect results in an inhomogeneous charge distribution, and due to perturbation by an external field, the high polarizability of this nonuniform charge system eventually generates the high-energy plasmon. Transformation of the electronic correlations in LSCO/STO is further demonstrated via temperature-dependent spectral-weight transfer. This study of charge localization in cuprates and interfacial hybridization provides important clues to their electronic structures and superconductive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sin Tang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Xinmao Yin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Shengwei Zeng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ping Yang
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Yuan Ping Feng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
| | - Mark B H Breese
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Elbert E M Chia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Thirumalai Venkatesan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ariando Ariando
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Andrivo Rusydi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S12 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
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9
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Ravnik M, Everts JC. Topological-Defect-Induced Surface Charge Heterogeneities in Nematic Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:037801. [PMID: 32745396 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.037801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that topological defects in an ion-doped nematic liquid crystal can be used to manipulate the surface charge distribution on chemically homogeneous, charge-regulating external surfaces, using a minimal theoretical model. In particular, the location and type of the defect encodes the precise distribution of surface charges and the effect is enhanced when the liquid crystal is flexoelectric. We demonstrate the principle for patterned surfaces and charged colloidal spheres. More generally, our results indicate an interesting approach to control surface charges on external surfaces without changing the surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Ravnik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jeffrey C Everts
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Murayama H, Sato Y, Kurihara R, Kasahara S, Mizukami Y, Kasahara Y, Uchiyama H, Yamamoto A, Moon EG, Cai J, Freyermuth J, Greven M, Shibauchi T, Matsuda Y. Diagonal nematicity in the pseudogap phase of HgBa 2CuO 4+δ. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3282. [PMID: 31337758 PMCID: PMC6650423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudogap phenomenon in the cuprates is arguably the most mysterious puzzle in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. The tetragonal cuprate HgBa2CuO4+δ, with only one CuO2 layer per primitive cell, is an ideal system to tackle this puzzle. Here, we measure the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy within the CuO2 plane with exceptionally high-precision magnetic torque experiments. Our key finding is that a distinct two-fold in-plane anisotropy sets in below the pseudogap temperature T*, which provides thermodynamic evidence for a nematic phase transition with broken four-fold symmetry. Surprisingly, the nematic director orients along the diagonal direction of the CuO2 square lattice, in sharp contrast to the bond nematicity along the Cu-O-Cu direction. Another remarkable feature is that the enhancement of the diagonal nematicity with decreasing temperature is suppressed around the temperature at which short-range charge-density-wave formation occurs. Our result suggests a competing relationship between diagonal nematic and charge-density-wave order in HgBa2CuO4+δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Murayama
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Sato
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - R Kurihara
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - S Kasahara
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Mizukami
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Y Kasahara
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - H Uchiyama
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (SPring-8/JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - A Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8584, Japan
| | - E-G Moon
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - J Cai
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Physics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-4111, USA
| | - J Freyermuth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1117, USA
| | - M Greven
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - T Shibauchi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Y Matsuda
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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11
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Universal superconducting precursor in three classes of unconventional superconductors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2729. [PMID: 31227719 PMCID: PMC6588566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A pivotal challenge posed by unconventional superconductors is to unravel how superconductivity emerges upon cooling from the generally complex normal state. Here, we use nonlinear magnetic response, a probe that is uniquely sensitive to the superconducting precursor, to uncover remarkable universal behaviour in three distinct classes of oxide superconductors: strontium titanate, strontium ruthenate, and the cuprate high-Tc materials. We find unusual exponential temperature dependence of the diamagnetic response above the transition temperature Tc, with a characteristic temperature scale that strongly varies with Tc. We correlate this scale with the sensitivity of Tc to local stress and show that it is influenced by intentionally-induced structural disorder. The universal behaviour is therefore caused by intrinsic, self-organized structural inhomogeneity, inherent to the oxides' perovskite-based structure. The prevalence of such inhomogeneity has far-reaching implications for the interpretation of electronic properties of perovskite-related oxides in general.
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12
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Giusti F, Marciniak A, Randi F, Sparapassi G, Boschini F, Eisaki H, Greven M, Damascelli A, Avella A, Fausti D. Signatures of Enhanced Superconducting Phase Coherence in Optimally Doped Bi_{2}Sr_{2}Y_{0.08}Ca_{0.92}Cu_{2}O_{8+δ} Driven by Midinfrared Pulse Excitations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:067002. [PMID: 30822056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.067002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimally doped cuprate are characterized by the presence of superconducting fluctuations in a relatively large temperature region above the critical transition temperature. We reveal here that the effect of thermal disorder, which decreases the condensate phase coherence at equilibrium, can be dynamically contrasted by photoexcitation with ultrashort midinfrared pulses. In particular, our findings reveal that light pulses with photon energy comparable to the amplitude of the superconducting gap and polarized in plane along the copper-copper direction can dynamically enhance the optical response associated with the onset of superconductivity. We propose that this effect can be rationalized by an effective d-wave BCS model, which reveals that midinfrared pulses result in a transient increase of the phase coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giusti
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34127 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - A Marciniak
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34127 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - F Randi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34127 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - G Sparapassi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34127 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
| | - F Boschini
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - H Eisaki
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - M Greven
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Damascelli
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A Avella
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello," Università degli Studi di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
- CNR-SPIN, UOS di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - D Fausti
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34127 Basovizza Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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