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Coulson-Gilmer C, Littler S, Barnes B, Brady R, Anagho H, Pillay N, Dey M, Macmorland W, Bronder D, Nelson L, Tighe A, Lin WH, Morgan R, Unwin R, Nielsen M, McGrail J, Taylor S. Intrinsic PARG inhibitor sensitivity is mimicked by TIMELESS haploinsufficiency and rescued by nucleoside supplementation. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae030. [PMID: 39015544 PMCID: PMC11249981 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A subset of cancer cells are intrinsically sensitive to inhibitors targeting PARG, the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase that degrades PAR chains. Sensitivity is accompanied by persistent DNA replication stress, and can be induced by inhibition of TIMELESS, a replisome accelerator. However, the nature of the vulnerability responsible for intrinsic sensitivity remains undetermined. To understand PARG activity dependency, we analysed Timeless model systems and intrinsically sensitive ovarian cancer cells. We show that nucleoside supplementation rescues all phenotypes associated with PARG inhibitor sensitivity, including replisome speed and fork stalling, S-phase completion and mitotic entry, proliferation dynamics and clonogenic potential. Importantly nucleoside supplementation restores PARG inhibitor resistance despite the continued presence of PAR chains, indicating that sensitivity does not correlate with PAR levels. In addition, we show that inhibition of thymidylate synthase, an enzyme required for dNTP homeostasis, induces PARG-dependency. Together, these observations suggest that PARG inhibitor sensitivity reflects an inability to control replisome speed and/or maintain helicase-polymerase coupling in response to nucleotide imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Coulson-Gilmer
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Samantha Littler
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Bethany M Barnes
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Holda A Anagho
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nisha Pillay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Malini Dey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - William Macmorland
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Daniel Bronder
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Louisa Nelson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Anthony Tighe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanne C McGrail
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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2
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Saville KM, Al-Rahahleh RQ, Siddiqui AH, Andrews ME, Roos WP, Koczor CA, Andrews JF, Hayat F, Migaud ME, Sobol RW. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate suppresses basal protein levels of DNA polymerase beta that enhances alkylating agent and PARG inhibition induced cytotoxicity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 140:103700. [PMID: 38897003 PMCID: PMC11239280 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 1 (IDH1) are primarily found in secondary glioblastoma (GBM) and low-grade glioma but are rare in primary GBM. The standard treatment for GBM includes radiation combined with temozolomide, an alkylating agent. Fortunately, IDH1 mutant gliomas are sensitive to this treatment, resulting in a more favorable prognosis. However, it's estimated that up to 75 % of IDH1 mutant gliomas will progress to WHO grade IV over time and develop resistance to alkylating agents. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) by which IDH1 mutant gliomas confer sensitivity to alkylating agents is crucial for developing targeted chemotherapeutic approaches. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is responsible for repairing most base damage induced by alkylating agents. Defects in this pathway can lead to hypersensitivity to these agents due to unresolved DNA damage. The coordinated assembly and disassembly of BER protein complexes are essential for cell survival and for maintaining genomic integrity following alkylating agent exposure. These complexes rely on poly-ADP-ribose formation, an NAD+-dependent post-translational modification synthesized by PARP1 and PARP2 during the BER process. At the lesion site, poly-ADP-ribose facilitates the recruitment of XRCC1. This scaffold protein helps assemble BER proteins like DNA polymerase beta (Polβ), a bifunctional DNA polymerase containing both DNA synthesis and 5'-deoxyribose-phosphate lyase (5'dRP lyase) activity. Here, we confirm that IDH1 mutant glioma cells have defective NAD+ metabolism, but still produce sufficient nuclear NAD+ for robust PARP1 activation and BER complex formation in response to DNA damage. However, the overproduction of 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite produced by the IDH1 R132H mutant protein, suppresses BER capacity by reducing Polβ protein levels. This defines a novel mechanism by which the IDH1 mutation in gliomas confers cellular sensitivity to alkylating agents and to inhibitors of the poly-ADP-ribose glycohydrolase, PARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Saville
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Rasha Q Al-Rahahleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Aisha H Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Morgan E Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Christopher A Koczor
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Joel F Andrews
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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3
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Li YJ, Chien SH, Huang R, Herrmann A, Zhao Q, Li PC, Zhang C, Martincuks A, Santiago NL, Zong K, Swiderski P, Okimoto RA, Song M, Rodriguez L, Forman SJ, Wang X, Yu H. A platform to deliver single and bi-specific Cas9/guide RNA to perturb genes in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00480-5. [PMID: 39091030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although CRISPR-Cas9 technology is poised to revolutionize the treatment of diseases with underlying genetic mutations, it faces some significant issues limiting clinical entry. They include low-efficiency in vivo systemic delivery and undesired off-target effects. Here, we demonstrate, by modifying Cas9 with phosphorothioate-DNA oligos (PSs), that one can efficiently deliver single and bi-specific CRISPR-Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) dimers in vitro and in vivo with reduced off-target effects. We show that PS-Cas9/gRNA-mediated gene knockout preserves chimeric antigen receptor T cell viability and expansion in vitro and in vivo. PS-Cas9/gRNA mediates gene perturbation in patient-derived tumor organoids and mouse xenograft tumors, leading to potent tumor antitumor effects. Further, HER2 antibody-PS-Cas9/gRNA conjugate selectively perturbs targeted genes in HER2+ ovarian cancer xenografts in vivo. Moreover, we created bi-specific PS-Cas9 with two gRNAs to target two adjacent sequences of the same gene, leading to efficient targeted gene disruption ex vivo and in vivo with markedly reduced unintended gene perturbation. Thus, the cell-penetrating PS-Cas9/gRNA can achieve efficient systemic delivery and precision in gene disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Chien
- Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11201, Taiwan
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Pei-Chuan Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Antons Martincuks
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nicole Lugo Santiago
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Katherine Zong
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Piotr Swiderski
- DNA/RNA Synthesis Laboratory, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ross A Okimoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Mihae Song
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lorna Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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4
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Vekariya U, Minakhin L, Chandramouly G, Tyagi M, Kent T, Sullivan-Reed K, Atkins J, Ralph D, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Kukuyan AM, Tang HY, Pomerantz RT, Skorski T. PARG is essential for Polθ-mediated DNA end-joining by removing repressive poly-ADP-ribose marks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5822. [PMID: 38987289 PMCID: PMC11236980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (Polθ)-mediated end-joining (TMEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks and confers resistance to genotoxic agents. How Polθ is regulated at the molecular level to exert TMEJ remains poorly characterized. We find that Polθ interacts with and is PARylated by PARP1 in a HPF1-independent manner. PARP1 recruits Polθ to the vicinity of DNA damage via PARylation dependent liquid demixing, however, PARylated Polθ cannot perform TMEJ due to its inability to bind DNA. PARG-mediated de-PARylation of Polθ reactivates its DNA binding and end-joining activities. Consistent with this, PARG is essential for TMEJ and the temporal recruitment of PARG to DNA damage corresponds with TMEJ activation and dissipation of PARP1 and PAR. In conclusion, we show a two-step spatiotemporal mechanism of TMEJ regulation. First, PARP1 PARylates Polθ and facilitates its recruitment to DNA damage sites in an inactivated state. PARG subsequently activates TMEJ by removing repressive PAR marks on Polθ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeshkumar Vekariya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Leonid Minakhin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gurushankar Chandramouly
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mrityunjay Tyagi
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Katherine Sullivan-Reed
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jessica Atkins
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Douglas Ralph
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna-Mariya Kukuyan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Dhillon VS, Deo P, Fenech M. Low magnesium in conjunction with high homocysteine increases DNA damage in healthy middle aged Australians. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03449-0. [PMID: 38864865 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnesium is one of the most common elements in the human body and plays an important role as a cofactor of enzymes required for DNA replication and repair and many other biochemical mechanisms including sensing and regulating one-carbon metabolism deficiencies. Low intake of magnesium can increase the risk of many diseases, in particular, chronic degenerative disorders. However, its role in prevention of DNA damage has not been studied fully in humans so far. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that magnesium deficiency either on its own or in conjunction with high homocysteine (Hcy) induces DNA damage in vivo in humans. METHODS The present study was carried out in 172 healthy middle aged subjects from South Australia. Blood levels of magnesium, Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 were measured. Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus cytome assay was performed to measure three DNA damage biomarkers: micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBuds) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. RESULTS Data showed that magnesium and Hcy are significantly inversely correlated with each other (r = - 0.299, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, magnesium is positively correlated both with folate (p = 0.002) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.007). Magnesium is also significantly inversely correlated with MN (p < 0.0001) and NPB (p < 0.0001). Individuals with low magnesium and high Hcy exhibited significantly higher frequency of MN and NPBs compared to those with high magnesium and low Hcy (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was an interactive effect between these two factors as well in inducing MN (p = 0.01) and NPB (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study indicate for the first time that low in vivo levels of magnesium either on its own or in the presence of high Hcy increases DNA damage as evident by higher frequencies of MN and NPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinderpal S Dhillon
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
| | - Permal Deo
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, 5048, Australia
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Martincuks A, Zhang C, Austria T, Li YJ, Huang R, Lugo Santiago N, Kohut A, Zhao Q, Borrero RM, Shen B, Cristea M, Wang EW, Song M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Yu H. Targeting PARG induces tumor cell growth inhibition and antitumor immune response by reducing phosphorylated STAT3 in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007716. [PMID: 38580335 PMCID: PMC11002370 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with limited treatment options after failure of standard therapies. Despite the potential of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in treating DNA damage response (DDR)-deficient ovarian cancer, the development of resistance and immunosuppression limit their efficacy, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) represent a novel class of inhibitors that are currently being assessed in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment. METHODS By using a PARG small-molecule inhibitor, COH34, and a cell-penetrating antibody targeting the PARG's catalytic domain, we investigated the effects of PARG inhibition on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in OVCAR8, PEO1, and Brca1-null ID8 ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as in immune cells. We examined PARG inhibition-induced effects on STAT3 phosphorylation, nuclear localization, target gene expression, and antitumor immune responses in vitro, in patient-derived tumor organoids, and in an immunocompetent Brca1-null ID8 ovarian mouse tumor model that mirrors DDR-deficient human high-grade serous ovarian cancer. We also tested the effects of overexpressing a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant on COH34-induced tumor cell growth inhibition. RESULTS Our findings show that PARG inhibition downregulates STAT3 activity through dephosphorylation in ovarian cancer cells. Importantly, overexpression of a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant in tumor cells attenuates PARG inhibitor-induced growth inhibition. Additionally, PARG inhibition reduces STAT3 phosphorylation in immune cells, leading to the activation of antitumor immune responses, shown in immune cells cocultured with ovarian cancer patient tumor-derived organoids and in immune-competent mice-bearing mouse ovarian tumors. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel antitumor mechanism underlying PARG inhibition beyond its primary antitumor effects through blocking DDR in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, targeting PARG activates antitumor immune responses, thereby potentially increasing response rates to immunotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antons Martincuks
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Theresa Austria
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nicole Lugo Santiago
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Adrian Kohut
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rosemarie Martinez Borrero
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Edward W Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mihae Song
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Hua Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
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7
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. eLife 2024; 12:RP89303. [PMID: 38578205 PMCID: PMC10997334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S-phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
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8
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Andronikou C, Burdova K, Dibitetto D, Lieftink C, Malzer E, Kuiken HJ, Gogola E, Ray Chaudhuri A, Beijersbergen RL, Hanzlikova H, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S. PARG-deficient tumor cells have an increased dependence on EXO1/FEN1-mediated DNA repair. EMBO J 2024; 43:1015-1042. [PMID: 38360994 PMCID: PMC10943112 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is currently explored as a therapeutic approach to treat various cancer types, but we have a poor understanding of the specific genetic vulnerabilities that would make cancer cells susceptible to such a tailored therapy. Moreover, the identification of such vulnerabilities is of interest for targeting BRCA2;p53-deficient tumors that have acquired resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) through loss of PARG expression. Here, by performing whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 drop-out screens, we identify various genes involved in DNA repair to be essential for the survival of PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells. In particular, our findings reveal EXO1 and FEN1 as major synthetic lethal interactors of PARG loss. We provide evidence for compromised replication fork progression, DNA single-strand break repair, and Okazaki fragment processing in PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells, alterations that exacerbate the effects of EXO1/FEN1 inhibition and become lethal in this context. Since this sensitivity is dependent on BRCA2 defects, we propose to target EXO1/FEN1 in PARPi-resistant tumors that have lost PARG activity. Moreover, EXO1/FEN1 targeting may be a useful strategy for enhancing the effect of PARG inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andronikou
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Dibitetto
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Malzer
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Kuiken
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gogola
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnab Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster and Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3088, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Wu W, Wu W, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Zhuang S, Zhong C, Li W, Li A, Zhao W, Yin X, Zu X, Chak-Lui Wong C, Yin D, Hu K, Cai M. The dePARylase NUDT16 promotes radiation resistance of cancer cells by blocking SETD3 for degradation via reversing its ADP-ribosylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105671. [PMID: 38272222 PMCID: PMC10926213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a critical posttranslational modification that plays a vital role in maintaining genomic stability via a variety of molecular mechanisms, including activation of replication stress and the DNA damage response. The nudix hydrolase NUDT16 was recently identified as a phosphodiesterase that is responsible for removing ADP-ribose units and that plays an important role in DNA repair. However, the roles of NUDT16 in coordinating replication stress and cell cycle progression remain elusive. Here, we report that SETD3, which is a member of the SET-domain containing protein (SETD) family, is a novel substrate for NUDT16, that its protein levels fluctuate during cell cycle progression, and that its stability is strictly regulated by NUDT16-mediated dePARylation. Moreover, our data indicated that the E3 ligase CHFR is responsible for the recognition and degradation of endogenous SETD3 in a PARP1-mediated PARylation-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we revealed that SETD3 associates with BRCA2 and promotes its recruitment to stalled replication fork and DNA damage sites upon replication stress or DNA double-strand breaks, respectively. Importantly, depletion of SETD3 in NUDT16-deficient cells did not further exacerbate DNA breaks or enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to IR exposure, suggesting that the NUDT16-SETD3 pathway may play critical roles in the induction of tolerance to radiotherapy. Collectively, these data showed that NUDT16 functions as a key upstream regulator of SETD3 protein stability by reversing the ADP-ribosylation of SETD3, and NUDT16 participates in the resolution of replication stress and facilitates HR repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingshi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shuting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aixin Li
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wanzhen Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kaishun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Manbo Cai
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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10
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Fabbrizi MR, Nickson CM, Hughes JR, Robinson EA, Vaidya K, Rubbi CP, Kacperek A, Bryant HE, Helleday T, Parsons JL. Targeting OGG1 and PARG radiosensitises head and neck cancer cells to high-LET protons through complex DNA damage persistence. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38368415 PMCID: PMC10874437 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Complex DNA damage (CDD), containing two or more DNA lesions within one or two DNA helical turns, is a signature of ionising radiation (IR) and contributes significantly to the therapeutic effect through cell killing. The levels and complexity of CDD increases with linear energy transfer (LET), however, the specific cellular response to this type of DNA damage and the critical proteins essential for repair of CDD is currently unclear. We performed an siRNA screen of ~240 DNA damage response proteins to identify those specifically involved in controlling cell survival in response to high-LET protons at the Bragg peak, compared to low-LET entrance dose protons which differ in the amount of CDD produced. From this, we subsequently validated that depletion of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) in HeLa and head and neck cancer cells leads to significantly increased cellular radiosensitivity specifically following high-LET protons, whilst no effect was observed after low-LET protons and X-rays. We subsequently confirmed that OGG1 and PARG are both required for efficient CDD repair post-irradiation with high-LET protons. Importantly, these results were also recapitulated using specific inhibitors for OGG1 (TH5487) and PARG (PDD00017273). Our results suggest OGG1 and PARG play a fundamental role in the cellular response to CDD and indicate that targeting these enzymes could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of head and neck cancers following high-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine M Nickson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Karthik Vaidya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carlos P Rubbi
- Medical School, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington, CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Nie L, Wang C, Huang M, Liu X, Feng X, Tang M, Li S, Hang Q, Teng H, Shen X, Ma L, Gan B, Chen J. DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.31.551317. [PMID: 37577639 PMCID: PMC10418084 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongqi Teng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Chen Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Chen A, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Zou X, Li X. An oncolytic system produces oxygen selectively in pancreatic tumor cells to alleviate hypoxia and improve immune activation. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107053. [PMID: 38176529 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia is one of the important reasons for the poor therapeutic efficacy of current pancreatic cancer treatment, and the dense stroma of pancreatic cancer restricts the diffusion of oxygen within the tumor. METHODS A responsive oxygen-self-supplying adv-miRT-CAT-KR (adv-MCK) cascade reaction system to improve hypoxia in pancreatic cancer is constructed. We utilized various experiments at multiple levels (cells, organoids, in vivo) to investigate its effect on pancreatic cancer and analyzed the role of immune microenvironment changes in it through high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The adv-MCK system is an oncolytic adenovirus system expressing three special components of genes. The microRNA (miRNA) targets (miRTs) enable adv-MCK to selectively replicate in pancreatic cancer cells. Catalase catalyzes the overexpressed hydrogen peroxide in pancreatic cancer cells to generate endogenous oxygen, which is catalyzed by killerRed to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and further to enhance the oncolytic effect. Meanwhile, the adv-MCK system can specifically improve hypoxia in pancreatic cancer, exert antitumor effects in combination with photodynamic therapy, and activate antitumor immunity, especially by increasing the level of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION The responsive oxygen-self-supplying adv-MCK cascade reaction system combined with photodynamic therapy can improve the hypoxic microenvironment of pancreatic cancer and enhance antitumor immunity, which provides a promising alternative treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jialun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pain, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianzhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Aotian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiyuan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xihan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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13
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Fu X, Li P, Zhou Q, He R, Wang G, Zhu S, Bagheri A, Kupfer G, Pei H, Li J. Mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance and potential overcoming strategies. Genes Dis 2024; 11:306-320. [PMID: 37588193 PMCID: PMC10425807 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are a kind of cancer therapy that targets poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. PARPi is the first clinically approved drug to exert synthetic lethality by obstructing the DNA single-strand break repair process. Despite the significant therapeutic effect in patients with homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency, innate and acquired resistance to PARPi is a main challenge in the clinic. In this review, we mainly discussed the underlying mechanisms of PARPi resistance and summarized the promising solutions to overcome PARPi resistance, aiming at extending PARPi application and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Ping Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Ruyuan He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shiya Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Amir Bagheri
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Gary Kupfer
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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14
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Li J, Liu X, Peng B, Feng T, Zhou W, Meng L, Zhao S, Zheng X, Wu C, Wu S, Chen X, Xu X, Sun J, Li J. O-GlcNAc has crosstalk with ADP-ribosylation via PARG. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105354. [PMID: 37858678 PMCID: PMC10654028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation, a prevalent protein post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs intracellularly, has been shown to crosstalk with phosphorylation and ubiquitination. However, it is unclear whether it interplays with other PTMs. Here we studied its relationship with ADP-ribosylation, which involves decorating target proteins with the ADP-ribose moiety. We discovered that the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation "eraser", ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG), is O-GlcNAcylated at Ser26, which is in close proximity to its nuclear localization signal. O-GlcNAcylation of PARG promotes nuclear localization and chromatin association. Upon DNA damage, O-GlcNAcylation augments the recruitment of PARG to DNA damage sites and interacting with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, PARG O-GlcNAcylation enhances the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and attenuates its auto-ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing DDB1 and allowing it to degrade its downstream targets, such as c-Myc. We further demonstrated that PARG-S26A, the O-GlcNAc-deficient mutant, promoted HCC in mouse xenograft models. Our findings thus reveal that PARG O-GlcNAcylation inhibits HCC, and we propose that O-GlcNAc glycosylation may crosstalk with many other PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyuan Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Garg V, Oza AM. Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Beyond PARP Inhibition: Current and Future Options. Drugs 2023; 83:1365-1385. [PMID: 37737434 PMCID: PMC10581945 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer death. Improved understanding of the biologic pathways and introduction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) during the last decade have changed the treatment landscape. This has improved outcomes, but unfortunately half the women with ovarian cancer still succumb to the disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Pathways of resistance to PARPi and chemotherapy have been studied extensively, but there is an unmet need to overcome treatment failure and improve outcome. Major mechanisms of PARPi resistance include restoration of homologous recombination repair activity, alteration of PARP function, stabilization of the replication fork, drug efflux, and activation of alternate pathways. These resistant mechanisms can be targeted to sensitize the resistant ovarian cancer cells either by rechallenging with PARPi, overcoming resistance mechanism or bypassing resistance pathways. Augmenting the PARPi activity by combining it with other targets in the DNA damage response pathway, antiangiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors can potentially overcome the resistance mechanisms. Methods to bypass resistance include targeting non-cross-resistant pathways acting independent of homologous recombination repair (HRR), modulating tumour microenvironment, and enhancing drug delivery systems such as antibody drug conjugates. In this review, we will discuss the first-line management of ovarian cancer, resistance mechanisms and potential strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Garg
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amit M Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- , 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
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16
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Macieja A, Gulbas I, Popławski T. DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Inhibitors: YU238259, A12B4C3 and DDRI-18 Overcome the Cisplatin Resistance in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells, but Not under Hypoxia Conditions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7915-7932. [PMID: 37886943 PMCID: PMC10605129 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is the cornerstone of standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to CDDP leads to an inevitable recurrence. One of the strategies to overcome resistance to CDDP is the combined treatment of ovarian cancer with CDDP and etoposide (VP-16), although this strategy is not always effective. This article presents a new approach to sensitize CDDP-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells to combined treatment with CDDP and VP-16. To replicate the tumor conditions of cancers, we performed analysis under hypoxia conditions. Since CDDP and VP-16 induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), we introduce DSB repair inhibitors to the treatment scheme. We used novel HRR and NHEJ inhibitors: YU238259 inhibits the HRR pathway, and DDRI-18 and A12B4C3 act as NHEJ inhibitors. All inhibitors enhanced the therapeutic effect of the CDDP/VP-16 treatment scheme and allowed a decrease in the effective dose of CDDP/VP16. Inhibition of HRR or NHEJ decreased survival and increased DNA damage level, increased the amount of γ-H2AX foci, and caused an increase in apoptotic fraction after treatment with CDDP/VP16. Furthermore, delayed repair of DSBs was detected in HRR- or NHEJ-inhibited cells. This favorable outcome was altered under hypoxia, during which alternation at the transcriptome level of the transcriptome in cells cultured under hypoxia compared to aerobic conditions. These changes suggest that it is likely that other than classical DSB repair systems are activated in cancer cells during hypoxia. Our study suggests that the introduction of DSB inhibitors may improve the effectiveness of commonly used ovarian cancer treatment, and HRR, as well as NHEJ, is an attractive therapeutic target for overcoming the resistance to CDDP resistance of ovarian cancer cells. However, a hypoxia-mediated decrease in response to our scheme of treatment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Macieja
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gulbas
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Popławski
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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17
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Wang C, Tian L, He Q, Lin S, Wu Y, Qiao Y, Zhu B, Li D, Chen G. Targeting CK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53R2 sensitizes BRCA-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Oncogene 2023; 42:2971-2984. [PMID: 37620447 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which selectively kills homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient cancer cells, are widely employed to treat cancer patients harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. However, they display limited efficacy in tumors with wild-type (WT) BRCA1/2. Thus, it is crucial to identify new druggable HR repair regulators and improve the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitors via combination therapies in BRCA1/2-WT tumors. Here, we show that the depletion of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit p53R2 impairs HR repair and sensitizes BRCA1/2-WT cancer cells to PARP inhibition. We further demonstrate that the loss of p53R2 leads to a decrease of HR repair factor CtIP, as a result of dNTPs shortage-induced ubiquitination of CtIP. Moreover, we identify that casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates p53R2 at its ser20, which subsequently activates RNR for dNTPs production. Therefore, pharmacologic inhibition of the CK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53R2 compromises its HR repair capacity in BRCA1/2-WT cancer cells, which renders these cells susceptible to PARP inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a novel strategy to inhibit HR repair activity and convert BRCA1/2-proficient cancers to be susceptible to PARP inhibitors via synthetic lethal combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Ling Tian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shengbin Lin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Dake Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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18
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Rivero Belenchón I, Congregado Ruiz CB, Saez C, Osman García I, Medina López RA. Parp Inhibitors and Radiotherapy: A New Combination for Prostate Cancer (Systematic Review). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12978. [PMID: 37629155 PMCID: PMC10455664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PARPi, in combination with ionizing radiation, has demonstrated the ability to enhance cellular radiosensitivity in different tumors. The rationale is that the exposure to radiation leads to both physical and biochemical damage to DNA, prompting cells to initiate three primary mechanisms for DNA repair. Two double-stranded DNA breaks (DSB) repair pathways: (1) non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and (2) homologous recombination (HR); and (3) a single-stranded DNA break (SSB) repair pathway (base excision repair, BER). In this scenario, PARPi can serve as radiosensitizers by leveraging the BER pathway. This mechanism heightens the likelihood of replication forks collapsing, consequently leading to the formation of persistent DSBs. Together, the combination of PARPi and radiotherapy is a potent oncological strategy. This combination has proven its efficacy in different tumors. However, in prostate cancer, there are only preclinical studies to support it and, recently, an ongoing clinical trial. The objective of this paper is to perform a review of the current evidence regarding the use of PARPi and radiotherapy (RT) in PCa and to give future insight on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rivero Belenchón
- Urology and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (I.O.G.); (R.A.M.L.)
- Biomedical Institute of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Carmen Belen Congregado Ruiz
- Urology and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (I.O.G.); (R.A.M.L.)
- Biomedical Institute of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Carmen Saez
- Biomedical Institute of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Osman García
- Urology and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (I.O.G.); (R.A.M.L.)
- Biomedical Institute of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rafael Antonio Medina López
- Urology and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain; (I.O.G.); (R.A.M.L.)
- Biomedical Institute of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain;
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19
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Parisi A, Rossi F, De Filippis C, Paoloni F, Felicetti C, Mammarella A, Pecci F, Lupi A, Berardi R. Current Evidence and Future Perspectives about the Role of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Thoracic Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:585-613. [PMID: 37485307 PMCID: PMC10362869 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition has become a promising therapeutic option for several tumors, especially for those harboring a BRCA 1-2 mutation or a deficit in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. Nevertheless, to date, PARP inhibitors are still not largely used for thoracic malignancies neither as a single agent nor in combination with other treatments. Recently, a deeper understanding of HRR mechanisms, alongside the development of new targeted and immunotherapy agents, particularly against HRR-deficient tumors, traced the path to new treatment strategies for many tumor types including lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. The aim of this review is to sum up the current knowledge about cancer-DNA damage response pathways inhibition and to update the status of recent clinical trials investigating the use of PARP inhibitors, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents for the treatment of thoracic malignancies. We will also briefly discuss available evidence on Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitors, a novel promising therapeutic option in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parisi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Chiara De Filippis
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Francesco Paoloni
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Cristiano Felicetti
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Alex Mammarella
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Federica Pecci
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Alessio Lupi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy
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20
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Duma L, Ahel I. The function and regulation of ADP-ribosylation in the DNA damage response. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:995-1008. [PMID: 37171085 PMCID: PMC10317172 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification involved in DNA damage response (DDR). In higher organisms it is synthesised by PARP 1-3, DNA strand break sensors. Recent advances have identified serine residues as the most common targets for ADP-ribosylation during DDR. To ADP-ribosylate serine, PARPs require an accessory factor, HPF1 which completes the catalytic domain. Through ADP-ribosylation, PARPs recruit a variety of factors to the break site and control their activities. However, the timely removal of ADP-ribosylation is also key for genome stability and is mostly performed by two hydrolases: PARG and ARH3. Here, we describe the key writers, readers and erasers of ADP-ribosylation and their contribution to the mounting of the DDR. We also discuss the use of PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy and the ways to tackle PARPi treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Duma
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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21
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Zheng R, Yu Y, Lv L, Zhang Y, Deng H, Li J, Zhang B. m 6A reader HNRNPA2B1 destabilization of ATG4B regulates autophagic activity, proliferation and olaparib sensitivity in breast cancer. Exp Cell Res 2023; 424:113487. [PMID: 36693492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine RNA (m6A) is the most extensive epigenetic modification in mRNA and influences tumor progression. However, the role of m6A regulators and specific mechanisms in breast cancer still need further study. Here, we investigated the significance of the m6A reader HNRNPA2B1 and explored its influence on autophagy and drug sensitivity in breast cancer. HNRNPA2B1 was selected by bioinformatics analysis, and its high expression level was identified in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. HNRNPA2B1 was related to poor prognosis. Downregulation of HNRNPA2B1 reduced proliferation, enhanced autophagic flux, and partially reversed de novo resistance to olaparib in breast cancer. ATG4B was determined by RIP and MeRIP assays as a downstream gene of HNRNPA2B1, by which recognized the m6A site in the 3'UTR. Overexpression of ATG4B rescued the malignancy driven by HNRNPA2B1 in breast cancer cells and increased the olaparib sensitivity. Our study revealed that the m6A reader HNRNPA2B1 mediated proliferation and autophagy in breast cancer cell lines by facilitating ATG4B mRNA decay and targeting HNRNPA2B1/m6A/ATG4B might enhance the olaparib sensitivity of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhang Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiu Lv
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Deng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Huangpi People's Hospital, Jianghan University, Wuhan Province, 430300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Sauriol SA, Carmona E, Udaskin ML, Radulovich N, Leclerc-Desaulniers K, Rottapel R, Oza AM, Lheureux S, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. Inhibition of nicotinamide dinucleotide salvage pathway counters acquired and intrinsic poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3334. [PMID: 36849518 PMCID: PMC9970983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, owing notably to its high rate of therapy-resistant recurrence in spite of good initial response to chemotherapy. Although poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have shown promise for ovarian cancer treatment, extended therapy usually leads to acquired PARPi resistance. Here we explored a novel therapeutic option to counter this phenomenon, combining PARPi and inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Cell-based models of acquired PARPi resistance were created through an in vitro selection procedure. Using resistant cells, xenograft tumors were grown in immunodeficient mice, while organoid models were generated from primary patient tumor samples. Intrinsically PARPi-resistant cell lines were also selected for analysis. Our results show that treatment with NAMPT inhibitors effectively sensitized all in vitro models to PARPi. Adding nicotinamide mononucleotide, the resulting NAMPT metabolite, abrogated the therapy-induced cell growth inhibition, demonstrating the specificity of the synergy. Treatment with olaparib (PARPi) and daporinad (NAMPT inhibitor) depleted intracellular NAD+ , induced double-strand DNA breaks, and promoted apoptosis as monitored by caspase-3 cleavage. The two drugs were also synergistic in mouse xenograft models and clinically relevant patient-derived organoids. Therefore, in the context of PARPi resistance, NAMPT inhibition could offer a promising new option for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Alexandre Sauriol
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Euridice Carmona
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Molly L Udaskin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nikolina Radulovich
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kim Leclerc-Desaulniers
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amit M Oza
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lheureux
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Diane M Provencher
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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23
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Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu H, Lv C, Zhang A. The role of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in phosphatase and tensin homolog deficiency endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:1244-1254. [PMID: 36759425 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and the occurrence, development, and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC), and investigate whether the PARG inhibitor PDD0017273 could increase the sensitivity of EC cells to cisplatin. METHODS The expression of PARG, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and p53 in normal endometrial tissues (NE), endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (EH), atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AH), and EC was detected by immunohistochemistry. AN3CA EC cells with PTEN deficiency were treated with different cisplatin and PDD0017273, alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of PARG in EC cells after treatment with different drugs was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of PARG in NE, EH, AH, and EC increased gradually. In addition, compared with low PARG expression in PTEN-positive EC, patients who had high PARG expression in PTEN-negative EC had more advanced clinical stages (r = -0.399, p = 0.032) and shorter overall survival time (p = 0.037). A dose of 40 μM PDD0017273 effectively inhibited PARG expression, increased the sensitivity of AN3CA cells to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PARG overexpression is a promising immunohistochemical marker to predict the occurrence and prognosis of EC. Moreover, PARG inhibition produced antitumor effects and increased the sensitivity of EC cells with PTEN deficiency to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunmei Lv
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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24
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Tsuda K, Kurasaka C, Ogino Y, Sato A. Genomic and biological aspects of resistance to selective poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase inhibitor PDD00017273 in human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1709. [PMID: 36053937 PMCID: PMC9939995 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is a key enzyme in poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) metabolism and a potential anticancer target. Many drug candidates have been developed to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Additionally, PDD00017273 is an effective and selective inhibitor of PARG at the first cellular level. AIMS Using human colorectal cancer (CRC) HCT116 cells, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and tumor biological aspects of the resistance to PDD00017273. METHODS AND RESULTS HCT116RPDD , a variant of the human CRC cell line HCT116, exhibits resistance to the PARG inhibitor PDD00017273. HCT116RPDD cells contained specific mutations of PARG and PARP1, namely, PARG mutation Glu352Gln and PARP1 mutation Lys134Asn, as revealed by exome sequencing. Notably, the levels of PARG protein were comparable between HCT116RPDD and HCT116. In contrast, the PARP1 protein levels in HCT116RPDD were significantly lower than those in HCT116. Consequently, the levels of intracellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were elevated in HCT116RPDD compared to HCT116. Interestingly, HCT116RPDD cells did not exhibit cross-resistance to COH34, an additional PARG inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the mutated PARG acquires PDD00017273 resistance due to structural modifications. In addition, our findings indicate that PDD00017273 resistance induces mutation and PARP downregulation. These discoveries collectively provide a better understanding of the anticancer candidate PARG inhibitors in terms of resistance mechanisms and anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Tsuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
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25
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Geng L, Sun Y, Zhu M, An H, Li Y, Lao Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Ni J, Xu Z. The inhibition of PARG attenuates DNA repair in hepatocellular carcinoma. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:3. [PMID: 36719492 PMCID: PMC9889579 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Longpo Geng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yaling Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hongda An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yunzheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuanxiang Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
| | - Binghua Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhu Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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26
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Qi H, Grace Wright RH, Beato M, Price BD. The ADP-ribose hydrolase NUDT5 is important for DNA repair. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111866. [PMID: 36543120 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage leads to rapid synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr), which is important for damage signaling and repair. pADPr chains are removed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), releasing free mono(ADP-ribose) (mADPr). Here, we show that the NUDIX hydrolase NUDT5, which can hydrolyze mADPr to ribose-5-phosphate and either AMP or ATP, is recruited to damage sites through interaction with PARG. NUDT5 does not regulate PARP or PARG activity. Instead, loss of NUDT5 reduces basal cellular ATP levels and exacerbates the decrease in cellular ATP that occurs during DNA repair. Further, loss of NUDT5 activity impairs RAD51 recruitment, attenuates the phosphorylation of key DNA-repair proteins, and reduces both H2A.Z exchange at damage sites and repair by homologous recombination. The ability of NUDT5 to hydrolyze mADPr, and/or regulate cellular ATP, may therefore be important for efficient DNA repair. Targeting NUDT5 to disrupt PAR/mADPr and energy metabolism may be an effective anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Roni Helene Grace Wright
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Beato
- Centro de Regulación Genòmica (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brendan D Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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27
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Wilson J, Loizou JI. Exploring the genetic space of the DNA damage response for cancer therapy through CRISPR-based screens. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3778-3791. [PMID: 35708734 PMCID: PMC9627789 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts of synthetic lethality and viability have emerged as powerful approaches to identify vulnerabilities and resistances within the DNA damage response for the treatment of cancer. Historically, interactions between two genes have had a longstanding presence in genetics and have been identified through forward genetic screens that rely on the molecular basis of the characterized phenotypes, typically caused by mutations in single genes. While such complex genetic interactions between genes have been studied extensively in model organisms, they have only recently been prioritized as therapeutic strategies due to technological advancements in genetic screens. Here, we discuss synthetic lethal and viable interactions within the DNA damage response and present how CRISPR-based genetic screens and chemical compounds have allowed for the systematic identification and targeting of such interactions for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wilson
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer CentreMedical University of ViennaAustria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Joanna I. Loizou
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer CentreMedical University of ViennaAustria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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28
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Wang N, Yang Y, Jin D, Zhang Z, Shen K, Yang J, Chen H, Zhao X, Yang L, Lu H. PARP inhibitor resistance in breast and gynecological cancer: Resistance mechanisms and combination therapy strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:967633. [PMID: 36091750 PMCID: PMC9455597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.967633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer and gynecological tumors seriously endanger women’s physical and mental health, fertility, and quality of life. Due to standardized surgical treatment, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the prognosis and overall survival of cancer patients have improved compared to earlier, but the management of advanced disease still faces great challenges. Recently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) have been clinically approved for breast and gynecological cancer patients, significantly improving their quality of life, especially of patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. However, drug resistance faced by PARPi therapy has hindered its clinical promotion. Therefore, developing new drug strategies to resensitize cancers affecting women to PARPi therapy is the direction of our future research. Currently, the effects of PARPi in combination with other drugs to overcome drug resistance are being studied. In this article, we review the mechanisms of PARPi resistance and summarize the current combination of clinical trials that can improve its resistance, with a view to identify the best clinical treatment to save the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Huaiwu Lu,
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Huaiwu Lu,
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29
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Yamashita S, Tanaka M, Ida C, Kouyama K, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Tsuda M, Shirai T, Kamemura K, Nishi Y, Moss J, Miwa M. Physiological levels of poly(ADP-ribose) during the cell cycle regulate HeLa cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113163. [PMID: 35447104 PMCID: PMC10009817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein targets of polyADP-ribosylation undergo covalent modification with high-molecular-weight, branched poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) of lengths up to 200 or more ADP-ribose residues derived from NAD+. PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) is the most abundant and well-characterized enzyme involved in PAR biosynthesis. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine how polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) regulates cell proliferation during cell cycle, with conflicting conclusions. Since significant activation of PARP1 occurs during cell lysis in vitro, we changed the standard method for cell lysis, and using our sensitive ELISA system, quantified without addition of a PAR glycohydrolase inhibitor and clarified that the PAR level is significantly higher in S phase than that in G1. Under normal condition in the absence of exogenous DNA-damaging agent, PAR turns over with a half-life of <40 s; consistent with significant decrease of NAD+ levels in S phase, which is rescued by PARP inhibitors, in line with the observed rapid turnover of PAR. PARP inhibitors delayed cell cycle in S phase and decreased cell proliferation. Our results underscore the importance of a suitable assay system to measure rapid PAR chain dynamics in living cells and aid our understanding of the function of PARylation during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chieri Ida
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, College of Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kouyama
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakae
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsuki
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kamemura
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nishi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1590, USA
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
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30
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Li J, Koczor CA, Saville KM, Hayat F, Beiser A, McClellan S, Migaud ME, Sobol RW. Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma via Enhanced NAD + Bioavailability and Inhibition of Poly-ADP-Ribose Glycohydrolase. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3572. [PMID: 35892832 PMCID: PMC9331395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an incurable brain cancer with an average survival of approximately 15 months. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a DNA alkylating agent for the treatment of GBM. However, at least 50% of the patients treated with TMZ show poor response, primarily due to elevated expression of the repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) or due to defects in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. These resistance mechanisms are either somatic or arise in response to treatment, highlighting the need to uncover treatments to overcome resistance. We found that administration of the NAD+ precursor dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) to raise cellular NAD+ levels combined with PARG inhibition (PARGi) triggers hyperaccumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), resulting from both DNA damage-induced and replication-stress-induced PARP1 activation. Here, we show that the NRH/PARGi combination enhances the cytotoxicity of TMZ. Specifically, NRH rapidly increases NAD+ levels in both TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant GBM-derived cells and enhances the accumulation of PAR following TMZ treatment. Furthermore, NRH promotes hyperaccumulation of PAR in the presence of TMZ and PARGi. This combination strongly suppresses the cell growth of GBM cells depleted of MSH6 or cells expressing MGMT, suggesting that this regimen may improve the efficacy of TMZ to overcome treatment resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Christopher A. Koczor
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Kate M. Saville
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Alison Beiser
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Steven McClellan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute Flow Cytometry SRL, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Robert W. Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (J.L.); (C.A.K.); (K.M.S.); (F.H.); (A.B.); (M.E.M.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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31
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Yu M, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Zhang B, Huang J, Jin L, Zhou B, Liu S, Yan J, Li X, Zhang W, Liu C, Hu B, Fu P, Zhou C, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Ren N, Hung MC, Guo L, Li H, Ye Q. PARG inhibition limits HCC progression and potentiates the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy. J Hepatol 2022; 77:140-151. [PMID: 35157958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been revolutionized by the advent of effective systemic therapies, the prognosis of patients with HCC remains dismal. Herein, we examined the pathophysiological role of PARG and assessed the utility of targeting dePARylation for HCC therapy. METHODS The oncogenic function of PARG was evaluated in 2 orthotopic xenograft models and a Pargflox/flox mice model. The therapeutic efficacy of PARG inhibitors in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody were assessed in murine orthotopic models. Microarray analysis was used to evaluate the pathological relevance of the PARG/DDB1/c-Myc/MMR axis. RESULTS High PARG expression was strongly associated with poor HCC prognosis. Hepatocyte-specific PARG deletion significantly impaired liver tumorigenesis. PARG promoted HCC growth and metastasis through DDB1-dependent modulation of c-Myc. Specifically, PARG dePARylated DDB1 and consequently promoted DDB1 autoubiquitination, thus stabilizing the c-Myc protein in HCC cells. PARG downregulation attenuated c-Myc-induced MMR expression and PARG deficiency was correlated with a favorable prognosis in patients with HCC treated with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy. In addition, PARG inhibitors could act in synergy with anti-PD-1 antibodies in orthotopic mouse models. CONCLUSIONS PARG can act as an oncogene in HCC by modulating PARG/DDB1/c-Myc signaling and could be used as a biomarker to identify patients with HCC who may benefit from anti-PD-1 treatment. Our findings suggest that co-inhibition of PARG and PD-1 is an effective novel combination strategy for patients with HCC. LAY SUMMARY The increase in deaths due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing concern, with the mechanisms responsible for HCC development still incompletely understood. Herein, we identify a novel mechanism by which the protein PARG contributes to HCC development. Inhibition of PARG increased the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy (a type of immunotherapy) in HCC. These findings support the future clinical development of PARG inhibitors, potentially in combination with anti-PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheng Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Binghai Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Neurosurgery Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiuliang Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 51800, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Peiyao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China; Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital & AHS, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China; Shanghai Medical College and Zhongshan Hospital Immunotherapy Technology Transfer Center, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.
| | - Qinghai Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
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32
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Molecular Mechanisms of Parthanatos and Its Role in Diverse Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137292. [PMID: 35806303 PMCID: PMC9266317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential evolution of apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and autophagy, parthanatos is a form of cell death mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which is caused by DNA damage. PARP1 hyper-activation stimulates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nucleus translocation, and accelerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, leading to DNA fragmentation. The mechanisms of parthanatos mainly include DNA damage, PARP1 hyper-activation, PAR accumulation, NAD+ and ATP depletion, and AIF nucleus translocation. Now, it is reported that parthanatos widely exists in different diseases (tumors, retinal diseases, neurological diseases, diabetes, renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury...). Excessive or defective parthanatos contributes to pathological cell damage; therefore, parthanatos is critical in the therapy and prevention of many diseases. In this work, the hallmarks and molecular mechanisms of parthanatos and its related disorders are summarized. The questions raised by the recent findings are also presented. Further understanding of parthanatos will provide a new treatment option for associated conditions.
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33
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Nizi M, Maksimainen MM, Lehtiö L, Tabarrini O. Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on Targeting Mono-ADP-Ribosylating PARPs with Small Molecules. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7532-7560. [PMID: 35608571 PMCID: PMC9189837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have recently defined functions for human mono-ADP-ribosylating PARP enzymes (mono-ARTs), also opening up potential applications for targeting them to treat diseases. Structural biology combined with medicinal chemistry has allowed the design of potent small molecule inhibitors which typically bind to the catalytic domain. Most of these inhibitors are at the early stages, but some have already a suitable profile to be used as chemical tools. One compound targeting PARP7 has even progressed to clinical trials. In this review, we collect inhibitors of mono-ARTs with a typical "H-Y-Φ" motif (Φ = hydrophobic residue) and focus on compounds that have been reported as active against one or a restricted number of enzymes. We discuss them from a medicinal chemistry point of view and include an analysis of the available crystal structures, allowing us to craft a pharmacophore model that lays the foundation for obtaining new potent and more specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Giulia Nizi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 5400 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 5400 Oulu, Finland
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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34
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Wu Q, Xuan YF, Su AL, Bao XB, Miao ZH, Wang YQ. TNKS inhibitors potentiate proliferative inhibition of BET inhibitors via reducing β-Catenin in colorectal cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1069-1087. [PMID: 35411247 PMCID: PMC8984892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited options for treatment. Targeting the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins by using BET inhibitors (BETis) could effectively interrupt the interaction with acetylated histones, inhibit genes transcription and have shown a certain effect on CRC inhibition. To improve the efficacy, the inhibitors of Tankyrases, which cause accumulation of AXIN through dePARsylation, in turn facilitate the degradation of β-Catenin and suppress the growth of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-mutated CRCs, were tested together with BETi as a combination treatment. We examined the effects of BETi and Tankyrases inhibitor (TNKSi) together on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of human CRCs cell lines with APC or CTNNB1 mutation, and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms affected by the double treatment. The result showed that the TNKSi could sensitize all tested CRC cell lines to BETi, and the synergistic effect was not only seen in cell proliferation inhibition, but also confirmed in decreased colony-forming ability and weaken EdU incorporation compared with monotherapy. Combined treatment resulted in enhanced G1 cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. In addition, we found β-Catenin was potentially inhibited by the combination and revealed that both BETi-induced transcriptional inhibition and TNKSi-mediated protein degradation all reduced the β-Catenin accumulation. In all, the synergistic effects suggest that combination of BETi and TNKSi could provide novel treatment opportunities for CRC, but both TNKSi and combination strategy need to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Fei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ai-Ling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Bin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Cancer Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Targeting PARP proteins in acute leukemia: DNA damage response inhibition and therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:10. [PMID: 35065680 PMCID: PMC8783444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily are involved in several biological processes and, in particular, in the DNA damage response (DDR). The most studied members, PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3, act as sensors of DNA damages, in order to activate different intracellular repair pathways, including single-strand repair, homologous recombination, conventional and alternative non-homologous end joining. This review recapitulates the functional role of PARPs in the DDR pathways, also in relationship with the cell cycle phases, which drives our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of PARP inhibitors (PARPi), encompassing inhibition of single-strand breaks and base excision repair, PARP trapping and sensitization to antileukemia immune responses. Several studies have demonstrated a preclinical activity of the current available PARPi, olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, veliparib and talazoparib, as single agent and/or in combination with cytotoxic, hypomethylating or targeted drugs in acute leukemia, thus encouraging the development of clinical trials. We here summarize the most recent preclinical and clinical findings and discuss the synthetic lethal interactions of PARPi in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite the low frequency of genomic alterations of PARP and other DDR-related genes in acute leukemia, selective vulnerabilities have been reported in several disease subgroups, along with a “BRCAness phenotype.” AML carrying the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 or PML-RARA fusion genes or mutations in signaling genes (FLT3-ITD in combination with TET2 or TET2 and DNMT3A deficiency), cohesin complex members (STAG2), TP53 and BCOR as co-occurring lesions, IDH1/2 and ALL cases expressing the TCF3-HLF chimera or TET1 was highly sensitive to PARPi in preclinical studies. These data, along with the warning coming from the observation of cases of therapy-related myeloid malignancies among patients receiving PARPi for solid tumors treatment, indicate that PARPi represents a promising strategy in a personalized medicine setting. The characterization of the clonal and subclonal genetic background and of the DDR functionality is crucial to select acute leukemia patients that will likely benefit of PARPi-based therapeutic regimens.
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Palazzo L, Suskiewicz MJ, Ahel I. Serine ADP-ribosylation in DNA-damage response regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 71:106-113. [PMID: 34340015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 govern the DNA-damage response by catalysing the reversible post-translational modification ADP-ribosylation. During the repair of DNA lesions, PARP1 and PARP2 combine with an accessory factor HPF1, which is required for the modification of target proteins on serine residues. Although the physiological role of individual ADP-ribosylation sites is still unclear, serine ADP-ribosylation at damage sites leads to the recruitment of chromatin remodellers and repair factors to ensure efficient DNA repair. ADP-ribosylation signalling is tightly controlled by the coordinated activities of (ADP-ribosyl)glycohydrolases PARG and ARH3 that, by reversing the modification, guarantee proper kinetics of DNA repair and cell cycle re-entry. The recent advances in the structural and mechanistic understanding of ADP-ribosylation provide new insights into human physiopathology and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Coulson-Gilmer C, Morgan RD, Nelson L, Barnes BM, Tighe A, Wardenaar R, Spierings DCJ, Schlecht H, Burghel GJ, Foijer F, Desai S, McGrail JC, Taylor SS. Replication catastrophe is responsible for intrinsic PAR glycohydrolase inhibitor-sensitivity in patient-derived ovarian cancer models. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:323. [PMID: 34656146 PMCID: PMC8520217 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ovarian cancer often present at advanced stage and, following initial treatment success, develop recurrent drug-resistant disease. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are yielding unprecedented survival benefits for women with BRCA-deficient disease. However, options remain limited for disease that is platinum-resistant and/or has inherent or acquired PARPi-resistance. PARG, the PAR glycohydrolase that counterbalances PARP activity, is an emerging target with potential to selectively kill tumour cells harbouring oncogene-induced DNA replication and metabolic vulnerabilities. Clinical development of PARG inhibitors (PARGi) will however require predictive biomarkers, in turn requiring an understanding of their mode of action. Furthermore, differential sensitivity to PARPi is key for expanding treatment options available for patients. METHODS A panel of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines and a living biobank of patient-derived ovarian cancer models (OCMs) were screened for PARGi-sensitivity using short- and long-term growth assays. PARGi-sensitivity was characterized using established markers for DNA replication stress, namely replication fibre asymmetry, RPA foci, KAP1 and Chk1 phosphorylation, and pan-nuclear γH2AX, indicating DNA replication catastrophe. Finally, gene expression in sensitive and resistant cells was also examined using NanoString or RNAseq. RESULTS PARGi sensitivity was identified in both ovarian cancer cell lines and patient-derived OCMs, with sensitivity accompanied by markers of persistent replication stress, and a pre-mitotic cell cycle block. Moreover, DNA replication genes are down-regulated in PARGi-sensitive cell lines consistent with an inherent DNA replication vulnerability. However, DNA replication gene expression did not predict PARGi-sensitivity in OCMs. The subset of patient-derived OCMs that are sensitive to single-agent PARG inhibition, includes models that are PARPi- and/or platinum-resistant, indicating that PARG inhibitors may represent an alternative treatment strategy for women with otherwise limited therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS We discover that a subset of ovarian cancers are intrinsically sensitive to pharmacological PARG blockade, including drug-resistant disease, underpinned by a common mechanism of replication catastrophe. We explore the use of a transcript-based biomarker, and provide insight into the design of future clinical trials of PARGi in patients with ovarian cancer. However, our results highlight the complexity of developing a predictive biomarker for PARGi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Coulson-Gilmer
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Louisa Nelson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Bethany M Barnes
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Anthony Tighe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Schlecht
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - George J Burghel
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha Desai
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Joanne C McGrail
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
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Biegała Ł, Gajek A, Marczak A, Rogalska A. PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches targeting the ATR/CHK1 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188633. [PMID: 34619333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) constitutes the most common cause of gynecologic cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite consistent developments in treatment strategies for OC, the management of advanced-stage disease remains a significant challenge. Recent improvements in targeted treatments based on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have provided invaluable benefits to patients with OC. Unfortunately, numerous patients do not respond to PARPi due to intrinsic resistance or acquisition of resistance. Here, we discuss mechanisms of resistance to PARPi that have specifically emerged in OC including increased drug efflux, restoration of HR repair, re-establishment of replication fork stability, reduced PARP1 trapping, abnormalities in PARP signaling, and less common pathways associated with alternative DNA sensing and repair pathways. Elucidation of the precise mechanisms is essential for the development of novel strategies to re-sensitize OC cells to PARPi agents. Additionally, novel potential concepts for preventing and combating resistance to PARPi under development and relevant clinical reports on treatment strategies have been reviewed, with emphasis on the exploitation of the ATR/CHK1 kinase pathway in sensitization to PARPi to overcome resistance-induced vulnerability in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Biegała
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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40
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Poltronieri P, Miwa M, Masutani M. ADP-Ribosylation as Post-Translational Modification of Proteins: Use of Inhibitors in Cancer Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10829. [PMID: 34639169 PMCID: PMC8509805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the post-translational modifications of proteins, ADP-ribosylation has been studied for over fifty years, and a large set of functions, including DNA repair, transcription, and cell signaling, have been assigned to this post-translational modification (PTM). This review presents an update on the function of a large set of enzyme writers, the readers that are recruited by the modified targets, and the erasers that reverse the modification to the original amino acid residue, removing the covalent bonds formed. In particular, the review provides details on the involvement of the enzymes performing monoADP-ribosylation/polyADP-ribosylation (MAR/PAR) cycling in cancers. Of note, there is potential for the application of the inhibitors developed for cancer also in the therapy of non-oncological diseases such as the protection against oxidative stress, the suppression of inflammatory responses, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This field of studies is not concluded, since novel enzymes are being discovered at a rapid pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan;
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, CBMM, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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41
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Sinha S, Molla S, Kundu CN. PARP1-modulated chromatin remodeling is a new target for cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2021; 38:118. [PMID: 34432161 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression requires certain tumorigenic mutations in genes encoding for different cellular and nuclear proteins. Altered expressions of these mutated genes are mediated by post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is mainly regulated by the chromatin remodeling enzyme complexes and histone modifications. Upon DNA damage, Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) plays a very important role in the induction of chromatin modifications and activation of DNA repair pathways to repair the DNA lesion. It has been targeted to develop different anti-cancer therapeutic interventions and PARP inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. But it has been found that the cancer cells often develop resistance to these PARP inhibitors and chromatin remodeling helps in enhancing this process. Hence, it may be beneficial to target PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling, which may allow to reverse the drug resistance. In the current review, we have discussed the role of chromatin remodeling in DNA repair, how PARP1 regulates modifications of chromatin dynamics, and the role of chromatin modifications in cancer. It has also been discussed how the PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling can be targeted by PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents to establish novel anti-cancer therapeutics. We have also considered the use of PARG inhibitors that may enhance the action of PARP inhibitors to target different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sefinew Molla
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Pillay N, Brady RM, Dey M, Morgan RD, Taylor SS. DNA replication stress and emerging prospects for PARG inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:160-170. [PMID: 33524442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation has central functions in maintaining genome stability, including facilitating DNA replication and repair. In cancer cells these processes are frequently disrupted, and thus interfering with poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation can exacerbate inherent genome instability and induce selective cytotoxicity. Indeed, inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are having a major clinical impact in treating women with BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, based on a defect in homologous recombination. However, only around half of ovarian cancers harbour defects in homologous recombination, and most sensitive tumours eventually acquire PARP inhibitor resistance with treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop alternative treatment strategies to target tumours with both inherent and acquired resistance to PARP inhibition. Several novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG) have been described, with promising anti-cancer activity in vitro that is distinct from PARP inhibitors. Here we discuss, the role of poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation in genome stability, and the potential for PARG inhibitors as a complementary strategy to PARP inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Pillay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Divisions of Structural Biology & Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Malini Dey
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Robert D Morgan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
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Siri SO, Martino J, Gottifredi V. Structural Chromosome Instability: Types, Origins, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3056. [PMID: 34205328 PMCID: PMC8234978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased rate of acquisition of numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and is considered an enabling characteristic of tumors. Given its role as a facilitator of genomic changes, CIN is increasingly being considered as a possible therapeutic target, raising the question of which variables may convert CIN into an ally instead of an enemy during cancer treatment. This review discusses the origins of structural chromosome abnormalities and the cellular mechanisms that prevent and resolve them, as well as how different CIN phenotypes relate to each other. We discuss the possible fates of cells containing structural CIN, focusing on how a few cell duplication cycles suffice to induce profound CIN-mediated genome alterations. Because such alterations can promote tumor adaptation to treatment, we discuss currently proposed strategies to either avoid CIN or enhance CIN to a level that is no longer compatible with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Omar Siri
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Martino
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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44
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Prokhorova E, Agnew T, Wondisford AR, Tellier M, Kaminski N, Beijer D, Holder J, Groslambert J, Suskiewicz MJ, Zhu K, Reber JM, Krassnig SC, Palazzo L, Murphy S, Nielsen ML, Mangerich A, Ahel D, Baets J, O'Sullivan RJ, Ahel I. Unrestrained poly-ADP-ribosylation provides insights into chromatin regulation and human disease. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2640-2655.e8. [PMID: 34019811 PMCID: PMC8221567 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ARH3/ADPRHL2 and PARG are the primary enzymes reversing ADP-ribosylation in vertebrates, yet their functions in vivo remain unclear. ARH3 is the only hydrolase able to remove serine-linked mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) but is much less efficient than PARG against poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains in vitro. Here, by using ARH3-deficient cells, we demonstrate that endogenous MARylation persists on chromatin throughout the cell cycle, including mitosis, and is surprisingly well tolerated. Conversely, persistent PARylation is highly toxic and has distinct physiological effects, in particular on active transcription histone marks such as H3K9ac and H3K27ac. Furthermore, we reveal a synthetic lethal interaction between ARH3 and PARG and identify loss of ARH3 as a mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance, both of which can be exploited in cancer therapy. Finally, we extend our findings to neurodegeneration, suggesting that patients with inherited ARH3 deficiency suffer from stress-induced pathogenic increase in PARylation that can be mitigated by PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Prokhorova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Anne R Wondisford
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicole Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Danique Beijer
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - James Holder
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Marcin J Suskiewicz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kang Zhu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Julia M Reber
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah C Krassnig
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Luca Palazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dragana Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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45
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Base excision repair and its implications to cancer therapy. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:831-843. [PMID: 32648895 PMCID: PMC7588666 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) has evolved to preserve the integrity of DNA following cellular oxidative stress and in response to exogenous insults. The pathway is a coordinated, sequential process involving 30 proteins or more in which single strand breaks are generated as intermediates during the repair process. While deficiencies in BER activity can lead to high mutation rates and tumorigenesis, cancer cells often rely on increased BER activity to tolerate oxidative stress. Targeting BER has been an attractive strategy to overwhelm cancer cells with DNA damage, improve the efficacy of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, or form part of a lethal combination with a cancer specific mutation/loss of function. We provide an update on the progress of inhibitors to enzymes involved in BER, and some of the challenges faced with targeting the BER pathway.
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Gout J, Perkhofer L, Morawe M, Arnold F, Ihle M, Biber S, Lange S, Roger E, Kraus JM, Stifter K, Hahn SA, Zamperone A, Engleitner T, Müller M, Walter K, Rodriguez-Aznar E, Sainz B, Hermann PC, Hessmann E, Müller S, Azoitei N, Lechel A, Liebau S, Wagner M, Simeone DM, Kestler HA, Seufferlein T, Wiesmüller L, Rad R, Frappart PO, Kleger A. Synergistic targeting and resistance to PARP inhibition in DNA damage repair-deficient pancreatic cancer. Gut 2021; 70:743-760. [PMID: 32873698 PMCID: PMC7948173 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM) is the most frequently mutated DNA damage response gene, involved in homologous recombination (HR), in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). DESIGN Combinational synergy screening was performed to endeavour a genotype-tailored targeted therapy. RESULTS Synergy was found on inhibition of PARP, ATR and DNA-PKcs (PAD) leading to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient murine and human PDAC. Mechanistically, PAD-induced PARP trapping, replication fork stalling and mitosis defects leading to P53-mediated apoptosis. Most importantly, chemical inhibition of ATM sensitises human PDAC cells toward PAD with long-term tumour control in vivo. Finally, we anticipated and elucidated PARP inhibitor resistance within the ATM-null background via whole exome sequencing. Arising cells were aneuploid, underwent epithelial-mesenchymal-transition and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) due to upregulation of drug transporters and a bypass within the DNA repair machinery. These functional observations were mirrored in copy number variations affecting a region on chromosome 5 comprising several of the upregulated MDR genes. Using these findings, we ultimately propose alternative strategies to overcome the resistance. CONCLUSION Analysis of the molecular susceptibilities triggered by ATM deficiency in PDAC allow elaboration of an efficient mutation-specific combinational therapeutic approach that can be also implemented in a genotype-independent manner by ATM inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Gout
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mareen Morawe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Ihle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Biber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elodie Roger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Stifter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Zamperone
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karolin Walter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Sainz
- Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cell and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Area 3 - Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick C Hermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hessmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology INDB, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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47
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Brosey CA, Houl JH, Katsonis P, Balapiti-Modarage LPF, Bommagani S, Arvai A, Moiani D, Bacolla A, Link T, Warden LS, Lichtarge O, Jones DE, Ahmed Z, Tainer JA. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain structure with insights from human poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) structures with inhibitors. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:171-186. [PMID: 33636189 PMCID: PMC7901392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arrival of the novel SARS-CoV-2 has launched a worldwide effort to identify both pre-approved and novel therapeutics targeting the viral proteome, highlighting the urgent need for efficient drug discovery strategies. Even with effective vaccines, infection is possible, and at-risk populations would benefit from effective drug compounds that reduce the lethality and lasting damage of COVID-19 infection. The CoV-2 MacroD-like macrodomain (Mac1) is implicated in viral pathogenicity by disrupting host innate immunity through its mono(ADP-ribosyl) hydrolase activity, making it a prime target for antiviral therapy. We therefore solved the structure of CoV-2 Mac1 from non-structural protein 3 (Nsp3) and applied structural and sequence-based genetic tracing, including newly determined A. pompejana MacroD2 and GDAP2 amino acid sequences, to compare and contrast CoV-2 Mac1 with the functionally related human DNA-damage signaling factor poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Previously, identified targetable features of the PARG active site allowed us to develop a pharmacologically useful PARG inhibitor (PARGi). Here, we developed a focused chemical library and determined 6 novel PARGi X-ray crystal structures for comparative analysis. We applied this knowledge to discovery of CoV-2 Mac1 inhibitors by combining computation and structural analysis to identify PARGi fragments with potential to bind the distal ribose and adenosyl pockets of the CoV-2 Mac1 active site. Scaffold development of these PARGi fragments has yielded two novel compounds, PARG-345 and PARG-329, that crystallize within the Mac1 active site, providing critical structure-activity data and a pathway for inhibitor optimization. The reported structural findings demonstrate ways to harness our PARGi synthesis and characterization pipeline to develop CoV-2 Mac1 inhibitors targeting the ADP-ribose active site. Together, these structural and computational analyses reveal a path for accelerating development of antiviral therapeutics from pre-existing drug optimization pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Brosey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jerry H Houl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Panagiotis Katsonis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Shobanbabu Bommagani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Andy Arvai
- Integrative Structural & Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Davide Moiani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Todd Link
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Leslie S Warden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Darin E Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is a unique post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes, such as DNA damage repair. During DNA repair, ADP-ribosylation needs to be reversed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases. A group of ADP-ribosylhydrolases have a catalytic domain, namely the macrodomain, which is conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to humans. Not all macrodomains remove ADP-ribosylation. One set of macrodomains loses enzymatic activity and only binds to ADP-ribose (ADPR). Here, we summarize the biological functions of these macrodomains in DNA damage repair and compare the structure of enzymatically active and inactive macrodomains. Moreover, small molecular inhibitors have been developed that target macrodomains to suppress DNA damage repair and tumor growth. Macrodomain proteins are also expressed in pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, these domains may not be directly involved in DNA damage repair in the hosts or pathogens. Instead, they play key roles in pathogen replication. Thus, by targeting macrodomains it may be possible to treat pathogen-induced diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yu
- Westridge School, Pasadena, California 91105, USA
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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49
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House NCM, Parasuram R, Layer JV, Price BD. Site-specific targeting of a light activated dCas9-KillerRed fusion protein generates transient, localized regions of oxidative DNA damage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237759. [PMID: 33332350 PMCID: PMC7746297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair requires reorganization of the local chromatin structure to facilitate access to and repair of the DNA. Studying DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in specific chromatin domains has been aided by the use of sequence-specific endonucleases to generate targeted breaks. Here, we describe a new approach that combines KillerRed, a photosensitizer that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light, and the genome-targeting properties of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Fusing KillerRed to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) generates dCas9-KR, which can then be targeted to any desired genomic region with an appropriate guide RNA. Activation of dCas9-KR with green light generates a local increase in reactive oxygen species, resulting in "clustered" oxidative damage, including both DNA breaks and base damage. Activation of dCas9-KR rapidly (within minutes) increases both γH2AX and recruitment of the KU70/80 complex. Importantly, this damage is repaired within 10 minutes of termination of light exposure, indicating that the DNA damage generated by dCas9-KR is both rapid and transient. Further, repair is carried out exclusively through NHEJ, with no detectable contribution from HR-based mechanisms. Surprisingly, sequencing of repaired DNA damage regions did not reveal any increase in either mutations or INDELs in the targeted region, implying that NHEJ has high fidelity under the conditions of low level, limited damage. The dCas9-KR approach for creating targeted damage has significant advantages over the use of endonucleases, since the duration and intensity of DNA damage can be controlled in "real time" by controlling light exposure. In addition, unlike endonucleases that carry out multiple cut-repair cycles, dCas9-KR produces a single burst of damage, more closely resembling the type of damage experienced during acute exposure to reactive oxygen species or environmental toxins. dCas9-KR is a promising system to induce DNA damage and measure site-specific repair kinetics at clustered DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nealia C. M. House
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ramya Parasuram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacob V. Layer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Brendan D. Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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50
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Zhou Y, Liu L, Tao S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Wei Q, Shao A, Deng Y. Parthanatos and its associated components: Promising therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105299. [PMID: 33171306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a PARP1-dependent, caspase-independent, cell-death pathway that is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, or other known forms of cell death. Parthanatos is a multistep pathway that plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. There are many molecules in the parthanatos cascade that can be exploited to create therapeutic interventions for cancer management, including PARP1, PARG, ARH3, AIF, and MIF. These critical molecules are involved in tumor cell proliferation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, these molecular signals in the parthanatos cascade represent promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. In addition, intimate interactions occur between parthanatos and other forms of cancer cell death, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, co-targeting a combination of parthanatos and other death pathways may further provide a new avenue for cancer precision treatment. In this review, we elaborate on the signaling pathways of canonical parthanatos and briefly introduce the non-canonical parthanatos. We also shed light on the role parthanatos and its associated components play in tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to the aforementioned five molecules, and discuss the promise targeted therapy of parthanatos and its associated components holds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Sifeng Tao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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