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Saito S. SU( N) symmetry of coherent photons controlled by rotated waveplates. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34423. [PMID: 39114062 PMCID: PMC11305251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The coherent state from a laser source has spin and orbital degrees of freedom, which allow an arbitrary superposition state among orthogonal states with varying amplitudes and phases. Here, we theoretically show coherent photons with SU(N) symmetry are characterised by expectation values of angular momentum shown on a hypersphere in SO(N 2 - 1 ) space. To demonstrate expected unitary transformations in experiments, we have constructed generators of transformations in the Lie group simply by combining widely available optical components such as waveplates and vortex lenses. We show a superposition state between twisted and Gaussian states is characterised by the dynamics of the topological charge upon the transformation in SU(3) states. We also realised photonic singlet and triplet states corresponding to SU(4) states, which were projected to SU(2)×SU(2) states upon passing through a rotated polariser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Saito
- Center for Exploratory Research Laboratory, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji, 185-8601, Tokyo, Japan
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Roberts K, Wolley O, Gregory T, Padgett MJ. A comparison between the measurement of quantum spatial correlations using qCMOS photon-number resolving and electron multiplying CCD camera technologies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14687. [PMID: 38918443 PMCID: PMC11199506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cameras with single-photon sensitivities can be used to measure the spatial correlations between the photon-pairs that are produced by parametric down-conversion. Even when pumped by a single-mode laser, the signal and idler photons are typically distributed over several thousand spatial modes yet strongly correlated with each other in their position and anti-correlated in their transverse momentum. These spatial correlations enable applications in imaging, sensing, communication, and optical processing. Here we show that, using a photon-number resolving camera, spatial correlations can be observed after only a few 10s of seconds of measurement time, thereby demonstrating comparable performance with previous single photon sensitive camera technologies but with the additional capability to resolve photon-number. Consequently, these photon-number resolving technologies are likely to find wide use in quantum, low-light, imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roberts
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - O Wolley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - T Gregory
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M J Padgett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Kaur M, Singh M. Quantum imaging of a polarisation sensitive phase pattern with hyper-entangled photons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23636. [PMID: 34880274 PMCID: PMC8655080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern makes a polarisation dependent transformation of quantum state of photons without absorbing them. Such an invisible pattern can be imaged with quantum entangled photons by making joint quantum measurements on photons. This paper shows a long path experiment to quantum image a transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern with hyper-entangled photon pairs involving momentum and polarisation degrees of freedom. In the imaging configuration, a single photon interacts with the pattern while the other photon, which has never interacted with the pattern, is measured jointly in a chosen polarisation basis and in a quantum superposition basis of its position which is equivalent to measure its momentum. Individual photons of each hyper-entangled pair cannot provide a complete image information. The image is constructed by measuring the polarisation state and position of the interacting photon corresponding to a measurement outcome of the non-interacting photon. This paper presents a detailed concept, theory and free space long path experiments on quantum imaging of polarisation sensitive phase patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Mandip Singh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, India.
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Golino H, Moulder R, Shi D, Christensen AP, Garrido LE, Nieto MD, Nesselroade J, Sadana R, Thiyagarajan JA, Boker SM. Entropy Fit Indices: New Fit Measures for Assessing the Structure and Dimensionality of Multiple Latent Variables. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2021; 56:874-902. [PMID: 32634057 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1779642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accurate identification of the content and number of latent factors underlying multivariate data is an important endeavor in many areas of Psychology and related fields. Recently, a new dimensionality assessment technique based on network psychometrics was proposed (Exploratory Graph Analysis, EGA), but a measure to check the fit of the dimensionality structure to the data estimated via EGA is still lacking. Although traditional factor-analytic fit measures are widespread, recent research has identified limitations for their effectiveness in categorical variables. Here, we propose three new fit measures (termed entropy fit indices) that combines information theory, quantum information theory and structural analysis: Entropy Fit Index (EFI), EFI with Von Neumman Entropy (EFI.vn) and Total EFI.vn (TEFI.vn). The first can be estimated in complete datasets using Shannon entropy, while EFI.vn and TEFI.vn can be estimated in correlation matrices using quantum information metrics. We show, through several simulations, that TEFI.vn, EFI.vn and EFI are as accurate or more accurate than traditional fit measures when identifying the number of simulated latent factors. However, in conditions where more factors are extracted than the number of factors simulated, only TEFI.vn presents a very high accuracy. In addition, we provide an applied example that demonstrates how the new fit measures can be used with a real-world dataset, using exploratory graph analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dingjing Shi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ritu Sadana
- Ageing and Health Unit, Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization
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Zhao J, Jin Y, Kong F, He D, Cao H, Hao W, Wu Y, Shao J. Optical vortex switch based on multiplexed volume gratings with high diffraction efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34293-34301. [PMID: 34809223 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Systems of controllable orbital angular momentum (OAM) require more compact, higher conversion efficiency and more tolerable wavelength or polarization. We introduce an optical vortex switch based on a multiplexed volume grating (MVG). The MVG recorded in a piece of photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass exhibits high diffraction efficiency (DE, also known as conversion efficiency in transporting), sensitive angular selectivity, and polarization-insensitivity. The effects of the incident divergence angle and polarization on the DE and the far-field diffraction profiles are demonstrated and investigated. It turns out that the divergence angle of the probe beam can greatly affect the DE. The fluctuation of the DE caused by polarization variation is less than 1.59%. This switch can be potentially applied in vortex tweezers, optical communication, and high power systems.
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Abstract
A novel method of macroscopically entangled light-pair generation is presented for a quantum laser using randomness-based deterministic phase control of coherent light in a coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Unlike the particle nature-based quantum correlation in conventional quantum mechanics, the wave nature of photons is applied for collective phase control of coherent fields, resulting in a deterministically controllable nonclassical phenomenon. For the proof of principle, the entanglement between output light fields from a coupled MZI is examined using the Hong-Ou-Mandel-type anticorrelation technique, where the anticorrelation is a direct evidence of the nonclassical features in an interferometric scheme. For the generation of random phase bases between two bipartite input coherent fields, a deterministic control of opposite frequency shifts results in phase sensitive anticorrelation, which is a macroscopic quantum feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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Suárez-Forero DG, Ardizzone V, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Ballarini D, Laussy F, Rastelli A, Sanvitto D. Quantum hydrodynamics of a single particle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:85. [PMID: 32435468 PMCID: PMC7221079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices are strong competitors in the race for the development of quantum computational systems. In this work, we interface two semiconductor building blocks of different dimensionalities with complementary properties: (1) a quantum dot hosting a single exciton and acting as a nearly ideal single-photon emitter and (2) a quantum well in a 2D microcavity sustaining polaritons, which are known for their strong interactions and unique hydrodynamic properties, including ultrafast real-time monitoring of their propagation and phase mapping. In the present experiment, we can thus observe how the injected single particles propagate and evolve inside the microcavity, giving rise to hydrodynamic features typical of macroscopic systems despite their genuine intrinsic quantum nature. In the presence of a structural defect, we observe the celebrated quantum interference of a single particle that produces fringes reminiscent of wave propagation. While this behavior could be theoretically expected, our imaging of such an interference pattern, together with a measurement of antibunching, constitutes the first demonstration of spatial mapping of the self-interference of a single quantum particle impinging on an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gustavo Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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