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Peng YQ, Lu HP, Zhang DS, Wang LC, Ma ZY, Xiao JJ. Inverse design of a light nanorouter for a spatially multiplexed optical filter. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:6232-6235. [PMID: 38039234 DOI: 10.1364/ol.505205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
It is attractive to use an optical nanorouter by artificial nanostructures to substitute the traditional Bayer filter for an image array sensor, which, however, poses great challenges in balancing the design strategy and the ease of fabrication. Here, we implement and compare two inverse design schemes for rapid optimization of RGGB Bayer-type optical nanorouter. One is based on the multiple Mie scattering theory and the adjoint gradient that is applicable to arrays of nanospheres with varying sizes, and the other is based on the rigorous coupled wave analysis and the genetic algorithm. In both cases, we study layered nanostructures that can be efficiently modeled respectively which greatly accelerates the inverse design. It is shown that the color-dependent peak collection efficiencies of nanorouters designed in the two methods for red, green, and blue wavelengths reach 37%, 44%, and 45% and 52%, 50%, and 66%, respectively. We further demonstrate color nanorouters that provide light focusing to four quadrants working in both the visible and infrared bands, which promises multispectral imaging applications.
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2
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So S, Mun J, Park J, Rho J. Revisiting the Design Strategies for Metasurfaces: Fundamental Physics, Optimization, and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206399. [PMID: 36153791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the capabilities of metasurfaces in light modulation with subwavelength thickness have been proven, and metasurfaces are expected to miniaturize conventional optical components and add various functionalities. Herein, various metasurface design strategies are reviewed thoroughly. First, the scalar diffraction theory is revisited to provide the basic principle of light propagation. Then, widely used design methods based on the unit-cell approach are discussed. The methods include a set of simplified steps, including the phase-map retrieval and meta-atom unit-cell design. Then, recently emerging metasurfaces that may not be accurately designed using unit-cell approach are introduced. Unconventional metasurfaces are examined where the conventional design methods fail and finally potential design methods for such metasurfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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3
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Fan Z, Qian C, Jia Y, Wang Z, Ding Y, Wang D, Tian L, Li E, Cai T, Zheng B, Kaminer I, Chen H. Homeostatic neuro-metasurfaces for dynamic wireless channel management. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7905. [PMID: 35857461 PMCID: PMC9258947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physical basis of a smart city, the wireless channel, plays an important role in coordinating functions across a variety of systems and disordered environments, with numerous applications in wireless communication. However, conventional wireless channel typically necessitates high-complexity and energy-consuming hardware, and it is hindered by lengthy and iterative optimization strategies. Here, we introduce the concept of homeostatic neuro-metasurfaces to automatically and monolithically manage wireless channel in dynamics. These neuro-metasurfaces relieve the heavy reliance on traditional radio frequency components and embrace two iconic traits: They require no iterative computation and no human participation. In doing so, we develop a flexible deep learning paradigm for the global inverse design of large-scale metasurfaces, reaching an accuracy greater than 90%. In a full perception-decision-action experiment, our concept is demonstrated through a preliminary proof-of-concept verification and an on-demand wireless channel management. Our work provides a key advance for the next generation of electromagnetic smart cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Fan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Yuetian Jia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Zhedong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | | | - Dengpan Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’ an 710051, China
| | - Longwei Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Erping Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Tong Cai
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’ an 710051, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
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4
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Wang J, Ge Y, Chen ZD, Xu Z, Zhang H. Analytic solution for double optical metasurface beam scanners. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5912. [PMID: 35396493 PMCID: PMC8993816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces are researched more and more intensively for the possible realization of lightweight and compact optical devices with novel functionalities. In this paper, a new beam-steering system based on double metasurface lenses (metalenses) is proposed and developed. The proposed system is lightweight, small volume, low cost, and easy to integrate. The exact close-form forward and numerical inverse solutions are derived respectively using the generalized Snell's law of refraction. Given the orientations of the double metalenses, the pointing position can be accurately determined. If the desired pointing position is given, the required metalenses' orientations can be obtained by applied global optimization algorithms to solve nonlinear equations related to the inverse problem. The relationships of the scan region and blind zone with the system parameters are derived. The method to eliminate the blind zone is given. Comparison with double Risley-prism systems is also conducted. This work provides a new approach to control light beams.
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Grants
- 62071187, 62071125 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 62071187, 62071125 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 62071187, 62071125 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 62071187, 62071125 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2018J01805, 2021J01581, 2021J01288 Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province
- 2018J01805, 2021J01581, 2021J01288 Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province
- 2018J01805, 2021J01581, 2021J01288 Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361001, China
| | - Yuehe Ge
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Zhizhang David Chen
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Zhimeng Xu
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361001, China
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Ballew C, Roberts G, Camayd-Muñoz S, Debbas MF, Faraon A. Mechanically reconfigurable multi-functional meta-optics studied at microwave frequencies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11145. [PMID: 34045469 PMCID: PMC8160010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces advanced the field of optics by reducing the thickness of optical components and merging multiple functionalities into a single layer device. However, this generally comes with a reduction in performance, especially for multi-functional and broadband applications. Three-dimensional metastructures can provide the necessary degrees of freedom for advanced applications, while maintaining minimal thickness. This work explores mechanically reconfigurable devices that perform focusing, spectral demultiplexing, and polarization sorting based on mechanical configuration. As proof of concept, a rotatable device, a device based on rotating squares, and a shearing-based device are designed with adjoint-based topology optimization, 3D-printed, and measured at microwave frequencies (7.6-11.6 GHz) in an anechoic chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Ballew
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Gregory Roberts
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sarah Camayd-Muñoz
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Maximilien F Debbas
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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6
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Chen WQ, Zhang DS, Long SY, Liu ZZ, Xiao JJ. Nearly dispersionless multicolor metasurface beam deflector for near eye display designed by a physics-driven deep neural network. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3947-3953. [PMID: 33983333 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion is one of the most important issues in see-through near eye displays with waveguide technology. In particular, the nanophotonics design is challenging but demanding. In this paper, we propose a design method for a multilayer achromatic metasurface structure for near eye display application by a physics-driven generative neural network. Two in-coupling metagratings under different projector illuminations are presented and numerically verified with the absolute diffraction efficiency over 89%. A beam splitter, which provides a balance between compactness and visual comfort in a single-projector-binocular display, is also designed. Finally, we apply this method to an out-coupling metasurface with the capability of enlarging the visible region by threefold.
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7
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Ma Z, Shih KH, Lopez-Zelaya C, Renshaw CK. Volumetric imaging efficiency: the fundamental limit to compactness of imaging systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3173-3192. [PMID: 33770922 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new metric for imaging systems, the volumetric imaging efficiency (VIE), is introduced. It compares the compactness and capacity of an imager against fundamental limits imposed by diffraction. Two models are proposed for this fundamental limit based on an idealized thin-lens and the optical volume required to form diffraction-limited images. The VIE is computed for 2,871 lens designs and plotted as a function of FOV; this quantifies the challenge of creating compact, wide FOV lenses. We identify an empirical limit to the VIE given by VIE < 0.920 × 10-0.582×FOV when using conventional bulk optics imaging onto a flat sensor. We evaluate VIE for lenses employing curved image surfaces and planar, monochromatic metasurfaces to show that these new optical technologies can surpass the limit of conventional lenses and yield >100x increase in VIE.
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8
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Kuang Z, Miller OD. Computational Bounds to Light-Matter Interactions via Local Conservation Laws. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:263607. [PMID: 33449774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.263607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We develop a computational framework for identifying bounds to light-matter interactions, originating from polarization-current-based formulations of local conservation laws embedded in Maxwell's equations. We propose an iterative method for imposing only the maximally violated constraints, enabling rapid convergence to global bounds. Our framework can identify bounds to the minimum size of any scatterer that encodes a specific linear operator, given only its material properties, as we demonstrate for the optical computation of a discrete Fourier transform. It further resolves bounds on far-field scattering properties over any arbitrary bandwidth, where previous bounds diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Kuang
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Owen D Miller
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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9
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Mun J, Moon SW, Rho J. Multipole decomposition for interactions between structured optical fields and meta-atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36756-36770. [PMID: 33379762 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between structured optical fields (SOFs) and meta-atoms have been intensively studied, and stimulated by recent advancements on the generation of SOFs and on the synthesis of exotic meta-atoms. Multipole expansion is an efficient and accurate theoretical framework for studying such problems. In this work, explicit expressions of SOFs and their beam-shape coefficients are provided, and their properties are also briefly discussed; the considered SOFs include Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams, tightly-focused LG beams, Bessel beams, and cylindrical vector beams. Using the multipole expansion, selective excitations of multipolar resonances of a sphere is discussed. In addition, angular momentum dichroisms of a chiral sphere and an anisotropically chiral meta-atom are calculated to demonstrate selective excitation of multipoles with the desired order, parity, and orientation using engineered SOFs with angular momentum.
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Christiansen RE, Lin Z, Roques-Carmes C, Salamin Y, Kooi SE, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M, Johnson SG. Fullwave Maxwell inverse design of axisymmetric, tunable, and multi-scale multi-wavelength metalenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:33854-33868. [PMID: 33182865 DOI: 10.1364/oe.403192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate new axisymmetric inverse-design techniques that can solve problems radically different from traditional lenses, including reconfigurable lenses (that shift a multi-frequency focal spot in response to refractive-index changes) and widely separated multi-wavelength lenses (λ = 1 µm and 10 µm). We also present experimental validation for an axisymmetric inverse-designed monochrome lens in the near-infrared fabricated via two-photon polymerization. Axisymmetry allows fullwave Maxwell solvers to be scaled up to structures hundreds or even thousands of wavelengths in diameter before requiring domain-decomposition approximations, while multilayer topology optimization with ∼105 degrees of freedom can tackle challenging design problems even when restricted to axisymmetric structures.
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Chen Y, Miao S, Wang T, Zhong D, Saxena A, Chow C, Whitehead J, Gerace D, Xu X, Shi SF, Majumdar A. Metasurface Integrated Monolayer Exciton Polariton. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5292-5300. [PMID: 32519865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are the first truly two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, providing an excellent platform to investigate light-matter interaction in the 2D limit. The inherently strong excitonic response in monolayer TMDs can be further enhanced by exploiting the temporal confinement of light in nanophotonic structures. Here, we demonstrate a 2D exciton-polariton system by strongly coupling atomically thin tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer to a silicon nitride (SiN) metasurface. Via energy-momentum spectroscopy of the WSe2-metasurface system, we observed the characteristic anticrossing of the polariton dispersion both in the reflection and photoluminescence spectrum. A Rabi splitting of 18 meV was observed which matched well with our numerical simulation. Moreover, we showed that the Rabi splitting, the polariton dispersion, and the far-field emission pattern could be tailored with subwavelength-scale engineering of the optical meta-atoms. Our platform thus opens the door for the future development of novel, exotic exciton-polariton devices by advanced meta-optical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Shengnan Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tianmeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ding Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Abhi Saxena
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Colin Chow
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - James Whitehead
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Dario Gerace
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Su-Fei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
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