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Wang Y, Wang J, Wu T, Chen W, Peng D, Wu Z, Ma M, Zheng Q. The anomalous effect of electric field on friction for microscale structural superlubric graphite/Au contact. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae019. [PMID: 39144740 PMCID: PMC11321252 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The current-carrying friction characteristics are crucial for the performance of a sliding electrical contact, which plays critical roles in numerous electrical machines and devices. However, these characteristics are influenced by multiple factors such as material surface quality, chemical reactions, and atmospheric environment, leading to a challenge for researchers to comprehensively consider these impacts. Structural superlubricity (SSL), a state of nearly zero friction and no wear between contact solid surfaces, provides an ideal experimental system for these studies. Here, with microscale graphite flakes on atomic-flattened Au surface under applied voltages, we observed two opposite friction phenomena, depending only on whether the edge of graphite flake was in contact with the Au substrate. When in contact the friction force would increase with an increasing voltage, otherwise, the friction force would decrease. Notably, when the voltage was turned off, the friction force quickly recovered to its original level, indicating the absence of wear. Through atmosphere control and molecular dynamics simulations, we revealed the mechanism to be the different roles played by the water molecules confined at the interface or adsorbed near the edges. Our experimental results demonstrate the remarkable tunable and robust frictional properties of SSL under an electrical field, providing an ideal system for the fundamental research of not only sliding electrical contacts, but also novel devices which demand tunable frictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelingyi Wang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Wang
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste 34136, Italy
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - Tielin Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weipeng Chen
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deli Peng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zhanghui Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Lab of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Yibibulla T, Hou L, Mead JL, Huang H, Fatikow S, Wang S. Frictional behavior of one-dimensional materials: an experimental perspective. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3251-3284. [PMID: 38933866 PMCID: PMC11197433 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The frictional behavior of one-dimensional (1D) materials, including nanotubes, nanowires, and nanofibers, significantly influences the efficient fabrication, functionality, and reliability of innovative devices integrating 1D components. Such devices comprise piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators, biosensing and implantable devices, along with biomimetic adhesives based on 1D arrays. This review compiles and critically assesses recent experimental techniques for exploring the frictional behavior of 1D materials. Specifically, it underscores various measurement methods and technologies employing atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and optical microscopy nanomanipulation. The emphasis is on their primary applications and challenges in measuring and characterizing the frictional behavior of 1D materials. Additionally, we discuss key accomplishments over the past two decades in comprehending the frictional behaviors of 1D materials, with a focus on factors such as materials combination, interface roughness, environmental humidity, and non-uniformity. Finally, we offer a brief perspective on ongoing challenges and future directions, encompassing the systematic investigation of the testing environment and conditions, as well as the modification of surface friction through surface alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tursunay Yibibulla
- School of Physics, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
- School of Physics and Electronics, Nanning Normal University Nanning 530001 P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Hou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - James L Mead
- Division Microrobotics and Control Engineering, Department of Computing Science, University of Oldenburg D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Han Huang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Sun-Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Sergej Fatikow
- Division Microrobotics and Control Engineering, Department of Computing Science, University of Oldenburg D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Physics, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
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Wu Z, Li X, Peng D, Zheng Q. Positive-Negative Tunable Coefficients of Friction in Superlubric Contacts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:156201. [PMID: 38683007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.156201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In conventional systems, the coefficient of friction (COF) is typically positive, signifying a direct relationship between frictional and normal forces. Contrary to this, we observe that the load dependence of friction exhibits a unique bell-shaped curve when studying the frictional properties between graphite and α-Al_{2}O_{3} surfaces. As the applied normal force increases, the friction initially rises and then decreases. Finite element simulations reveal this behavior is due to edge detachment at the graphite/α-Al_{2}O_{3} interface as the normal force approaches a critical value. Because friction in superlubric contacts predominantly arises from edges, their detachment leads to a decrease in overall friction. We empirically validate these findings by varying the radii of curvature of the tips and the thicknesses of graphite flakes. This unprecedented observation offers a new paradigm for tuning COF in superlubric applications, enabling transitions from positive to negative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghui Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanhe Li
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Deli Peng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Center of Double Helix, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Chen L, Lin C, Shi D, Huang X, Zheng Q, Nie J, Ma M. Fully automatic transfer and measurement system for structural superlubric materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6323. [PMID: 37816725 PMCID: PMC10564961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural superlubricity, a state of nearly zero friction and no wear between two contact surfaces under relative sliding, holds immense potential for research and application prospects in micro-electro-mechanical systems devices, mechanical engineering, and energy resources. A critical step towards the practical application of structural superlubricity is the mass transfer and high throughput performance evaluation. Limited by the yield rate of material preparation, existing automated systems, such as roll printing or massive stamping, are inadequate for this task. In this paper, a machine learning-assisted system is proposed to realize fully automated selective transfer and tribological performance measurement for structural superlubricity materials. Specifically, the system has a judgment accuracy of over 98% for the selection of micro-scale graphite flakes with structural superlubricity properties and complete the 100 graphite flakes assembly array to form various pre-designed patterns within 100 mins, which is 15 times faster than manual operation. Besides, the system is capable of automatically measuring the tribological performance of over 100 selected flakes on Si3N4, delivering statistical results for new interface which is beyond the reach of traditional methods. With its high accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, this machine learning-assisted system promotes the fundamental research and practical application of structural superlubricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Diwei Shi
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuanyu Huang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Nie
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Ming Ma
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Panizon E, Silva A, Cao X, Wang J, Bechinger C, Vanossi A, Tosatti E, Manini N. Frictionless nanohighways on crystalline surfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1299-1316. [PMID: 36545940 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of friction at nano-scales, ruled by the regular arrangement of atoms, is surprisingly incomplete. Here we provide a unified understanding by studying the interlocking potential energy of two infinite contacting surfaces with arbitrary lattice symmetries, and extending it to finite contacts. We categorize, based purely on geometrical features, all possible contacts into three different types: a structurally lubric contact where the monolayer can move isotropically without friction, a corrugated and strongly interlocked contact, and a newly discovered directionally structurally lubric contact where the layer can move frictionlessly along one specific direction and retains finite friction along all other directions. This novel category is energetically stable against rotational perturbations and provides extreme friction anisotropy. The finite-size analysis shows that our categorization applies to a wide range of technologically relevant materials in contact, from adsorbates on crystal surfaces to layered two-dimensional materials and colloidal monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Panizon
- Fachbereich Physik, University Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Silva
- CNR-IOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Xin Cao
- Fachbereich Physik, University Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jin Wang
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Vanossi
- CNR-IOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Erio Tosatti
- CNR-IOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Manini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Wang K, Wang J, Ma M. Negative or Positive? Loading Area Dependent Correlation Between Friction and Normal Load in Structural Superlubricity. Front Chem 2022; 9:807630. [PMID: 35178378 PMCID: PMC8844525 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural superlubricity (SSL), a state of ultra-low friction between two solid contacts, is a fascinating phenomenon in modern tribology. With extensive molecular dynamics simulations, for systems showing SSL, here we discover two different dependences between friction and normal load by varying the size of the loading area. The essence behind the observations stems from the coupling between the normal load and the edge effect of SSL systems. Keeping normal load constant, we find that by reducing the loading area, the friction can be reduced by more than 65% compared to the large loading area cases. Based on the discoveries, a theoretical model is proposed to describe the correlation between the size of the loading area and friction. Our results reveal the importance of loading conditions in the friction of systems showing SSL, and provide an effective way to reduce and control friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
- *Correspondence: Jin Wang,
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Sun J, Zhang L, Pang R, Zhao X, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Xue X, Ren X, Zhu W, Li S, Zhang Z. Negative Differential Friction Predicted in 2D Ferroelectric In 2 Se 3 Commensurate Contacts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103443. [PMID: 34761558 PMCID: PMC8805561 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At the macroscopic scale, the friction force (f) is found to increase with the normal load (N), according to the classic law of Da Vinci-Amontons, namely, f = µN, with a positive definite friction coefficient (μ). Here, first-principles calculations are employed to predict that, the static force f, measured by the corrugation in the sliding potential energy barrier, is lowered upon increasing the normal load applied on one layer of the recently discovered ferroelectric In2 Se3 over another commensurate layer of In2 Se3 . That is, a negative differential friction coefficient μ can be realized, which thus simultaneously breaking the classic Da Vinci-Amontons law. Such a striking and counterintuitive observation can be rationalized by the delicate interplay of the interfacial van der Waals repulsive interactions and the electrostatic energy reduction due to the enhancement of the intralayer SeIn ionic bonding via charge redistribution under load. The present findings are expected to play an instrumental role in design of high-performance solid lubricants and mechanical-electronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Rui Pang
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Xing‐Ju Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jiangtao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Xinlian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Wenguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Strongly‐Coupled Quantum Matter PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD)Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Material PhysicsMinistry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD)Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
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Abstract
The effects of corrugated grain boundaries on the frictional properties of extended planar graphitic contacts incorporating a polycrystalline surface are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The kinetic friction is found to be dominated by shear induced buckling and unbuckling of corrugated grain boundary dislocations, leading to a nonmonotonic behavior of the friction with normal load and temperature. The underlying mechanism involves two effects, where an increase of dislocation buckling probability competes with a decrease of the dissipated energy per buckling event. These effects are well captured by a phenomenological two-state model, that allows for characterizing the tribological properties of any large-scale polycrystalline layered interface, while circumventing the need for demanding atomistic simulations. The resulting negative differential friction coefficients obtained in the high-load regime can reduce the expected linear scaling of grain-boundary friction with surface area and restore structural superlubricity at increasing length-scales.
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Zhao X, Qiu H, Zhou W, Guo Y, Guo W. Phase-dependent friction of nanoconfined water meniscus. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3201-3207. [PMID: 33527966 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A water meniscus naturally forms under ambient conditions at the point of contact between a nanoscale tip and an atomically flat substrate. Here, we study the effect of the phase state of this nanoscale meniscus-consisting of coexisting monolayer, bilayer and trilayer phase domains-on the frictional behavior during tip sliding by means of molecular dynamics simulations. While the meniscus experiences a domain-by-domain liquid-to-solid phase transition induced by lateral compression, we observe an evident transition in measured friction curves from continuous sliding to stick-slip and meanwhile a gradual increase in friction forces. Moreover, the stick-slip friction can be modulated by varying lattice orientation of the monolayer ice domain in the meniscus, choosing the sliding direction or applying in-plane strains to the substrate. Our results shed light on the rational design of high-performance micro- and nano-electromechanical systems relying on hydration lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Hu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Wanqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Yufeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Wanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
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