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Li Y, Castillo HD, Dobscha JR, Morgan AR, Tait SL, Flood AH. Breaking Radial Dipole Symmetry in Planar Macrocycles Modulates Edge-to-Edge Packing and Disrupts Cofacial Stacking. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302946. [PMID: 37950681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar interactions are ever-present in supramolecular architectures, though their impact is typically revealed by making dipoles stronger. While it is also possible to assess the role of dipoles by altering their orientations by using synthetic design, doing so without altering the molecular shape is not straightforward. We have now done this by flipping one triazole unit in a rigid macrocycle, tricarb. The macrocycle is composed of three carbazoles (2 Debye) and three triazoles (5 Debye) defining an array of dipoles aligned radially but organized alternately in and out. These dipoles are believed to dictate edge-to-edge tiling and face-to-face stacking. We modified our synthesis to prepare isosteric macrocycles with the orientation of one triazole dipole rotated 40°. The new dipole orientation guides edge-to-edge contacts to reorder the stability of two surface-bound 2D polymorphs. The impact on dipole-enhanced π stacking, however, was unexpected. Our stacking model identified an unchanged set of short-range (3.4 Å) anti-parallel dipole contacts. Despite this situation, the reduction in self-association was attributed to long-range (~6.4 Å) dipolar repulsions between π-stacked macrocycles. This work highlights our ability to control the build-up and symmetry of macrocyclic skeletons by synthetic design, and the work needed to further our understanding of how dipoles control self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Henry D Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amanda R Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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2
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Chen Y, Ishiwari F, Fukui T, Kajitani T, Liu H, Liang X, Nakajima K, Tokita M, Fukushima T. Overcoming the entropy of polymer chains by making a plane with terminal groups: a thermoplastic PDMS with a long-range 1D structural order. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2431-2440. [PMID: 36873840 PMCID: PMC9977418 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in many applications, in which covalent cross-linking is commonly used to cure the fluidic polymer. The formation of a non-covalent network achieved through the incorporation of terminal groups that exhibit strong intermolecular interactions has also been reported to improve the mechanical properties of PDMS. Through the design of a terminal group capable of two-dimensional (2D) assembly, rather than the generally used multiple hydrogen bonding motifs, we have recently demonstrated an approach for inducing long-range structural ordering of PDMS, resulting in a dramatic change in the polymer from a fluid to a viscous solid. Here we present an even more surprising terminal-group effect: simply replacing a hydrogen with a methoxy group leads to extraordinary enhancement of the mechanical properties, giving rise to a thermoplastic PDMS material without covalent cross-linking. This finding would update the general notion that less polar and smaller terminal groups barely affect polymer properties. Based on a detailed study of the thermal, structural, morphological and rheological properties of the terminal-functionalized PDMS, we revealed that 2D assembly of the terminal groups results in networks of PDMS chains, which are arranged as domains with long-range one-dimensional (1D) periodic order, thereby increasing the storage modulus of the PDMS to exceed its loss modulus. Upon heating, the 1D periodic order is lost at around 120 °C, while the 2D assembly is maintained up to ∼160 °C. The 2D and 1D structures are recovered in sequence upon cooling. Due to the thermally reversible, stepwise structural disruption/formation as well as the lack of covalent cross-linking, the terminal-functionalized PDMS shows thermoplastic behavior and self-healing properties. The terminal group presented herein, which can form a 'plane', might also drive other polymers to assemble into a periodically ordered network structure, thereby allowing for significant modulation of their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Chen
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Open Facility Development Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan .,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
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3
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Self-Assembly, Self-Folding, and Origami: Comparative Design Principles. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 8:biomimetics8010012. [PMID: 36648798 PMCID: PMC9844370 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly is usually considered a parallel process while self-folding and origami are usually considered to be serial processes. We believe that these distinctions do not hold in actual experiments. Based upon our experience with 4D printing, we have developed three additional hybrid classes: (1) templated-assisted (tethered) self-assembly: e.g., when RNA is bound to viral capsomeres, the subunits are constricted in their interactions to have aspects of self-folding as well; (2) self-folding can depend upon interactions with the environment; for example, a protein synthesized on a ribosome will fold as soon as peptides enter the intracellular environment in a serial process whereas if denatured complete proteins are put into solution, parallel folding can occur simultaneously; and, (3) in turbulent environments, chaotic conditions continuously alternate processes. We have examined the 43,380 Dürer nets of dodecahedra and 43,380 Dürer nets of icosahedra and their corresponding duals: Schlegel diagrams. In order to better understand models of self-assembly of viral capsids, we have used both geometric (radius of gyration, convex hulls, angles) and topological (vertex connections, leaves, spanning trees, cutting trees, and degree distributions) perspectives to develop design principles for 4D printing experiments. Which configurations fold most rapidly? Which configurations lead to complete polyhedra most of the time? By using Hamiltonian circuits of the vertices of Dürer nets and Eulerian paths of cutting trees of polyhedra unto Schlegel diagrams, we have been able to develop a systematic sampling procedure to explore the 86,760 configurations, models of a T1 viral capsid with 60 subunits and to test alternatives with 4D printing experiments, use of MagformsTM, and origami models to demonstrate via movies the five processes described above.
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Mahmood AU, Yingling YG. All-Atom Simulation Method for Zeeman Alignment and Dipolar Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3122-3135. [PMID: 35271259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can organize into novel structures in solutions with excellent order and unique geometries. However, studies of the self-assembly of smaller MNPs are challenging due to a complicated interplay between external magnetic fields and van der Waals, electrostatic, dipolar, steric, and hydrodynamic interactions. Here, we present a novel all-atom molecular dynamics simulation method to enable detailed studies of the dynamics, self-assembly, structure, and properties of MNPs as a function of core sizes and shapes, ligand chemistry, solvent properties, and external field. We demonstrate the use and effectiveness of the model by simulating the self-assembly of oleic acid ligand-functionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, with spherical and cubic shapes, into rings, lines, chains, and clusters under a uniform external magnetic field. We found that the long-range electrostatic interactions can favor the formation of a chain over a ring, the ligands promote MNP cluster growth, and the solvent can reduce the rotational diffusion of the MNPs. The algorithm has been parallelized to take advantage of multiple processors of a modern computer and can be used as a plugin for the popular simulation software LAMMPS to study the behavior of small MNPs and gain insights into the physics and chemistry of different magnetic assembly processes with atomistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlak U Mahmood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Zablotsky DY, Mezulis A, Blums E, Maiorov MM. Optothermal grid activation of microflow with magnetic nanoparticle thermophoresis for microfluidics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200310. [PMID: 34974722 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report focused light-induced activation of intense magnetic microconvection mediated by suspended magnetic nanoparticles in microscale two-dimensional optothermal grids. Fully anisotropic control of microflow and mass transport fluxes is achieved by engaging the magnetic field along one or the other preferred directions. The effect is based on the recently described thermal diffusion-magnetomechanical coupling in synthetic magnetic nanofluids. We expect that the new phenomenon can be applied as an efficient all-optical mixing strategy in integrated microfluidic devices. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transport phenomena in complex systems (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Zablotsky
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, Riga 1004, Latvia
- Synthermion LLC, Deglava 126, Riga 1082, Latvia
| | - A Mezulis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Kengaraga str. 8, Riga 1063, Latvia
| | - E Blums
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, Riga 1004, Latvia
| | - M M Maiorov
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, Riga 1004, Latvia
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6
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Hafez A, Liu Q, Santamarina JC. Self-assembly of millimeter-scale magnetic particles in suspension. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6935-6941. [PMID: 34105574 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is ubiquitous at all scales in nature. Most studies have focused on the self-assembly of micron-scale and nano-scale components. In this study, we explore the self-assembly of millimeter-scale magnetic particles in a bubble-column reactor to form 9 different structures. Two component systems (N-N and S-S particles) assemble faster than one-component systems (all particles have N-S poles) because they have more numerous bonding pathways. In addition, two-components add control to process initiation and evolution, and enable the formation of complex structures such as squares, tetrahedra and cubes. Self-assembly is collision-limited, thus, the formation time increases with the total number of bonds required to form the structure and the injected power. The dimensionless Mason number captures the interplay between hydrodynamic forces and magnetic interactions: self-assembly is most efficient at intermediate Mason numbers (the system is quasi-static at low Mason numbers with limited chances for particle interaction; on the other hand, hydrodynamic forces prevail over dipole-dipole interactions and hinder bonding at high Mason numbers). Two strategies to improve yield involve (1) the inclusion of pre-assembled nucleation templates to prevent the formation of incorrect initial structures that lead to kinetic traps, and (2) the presence of boundaries to geometrically filter unwanted configurations and to overcome kinetic traps through particle-wall collisions. Yield maximization involves system operation at an optimal Mason number, the inclusion of nucleation templates and the use of engineered boundaries (size and shape).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hafez
- Earth Science and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Qi Liu
- Earth Science and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Vandewalle N, Wafflard A. Ground state of magnetocrystals. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032117. [PMID: 33862691 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neodyme spherical magnets are inexpensive objects that demonstrate how dipolar particles self-assemble into various structures ranging from 1D chains to 3D crystals. The dipole-dipole interactions confer the stability to these particular architectures. In the present paper, we explore ordered structures only, and we evidence that hybrid magnetocrystals, alternating hexagonal planes of antiparallel dipoles, have the lowest magnetic energy. This cohesion is the magnetic counterpart of the Madelung lattice energy found for ionic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vandewalle
- GRASP, Institute of Physics B5a, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Wafflard
- GRASP, Institute of Physics B5a, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
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8
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Mourkas A, Zarlaha A, Kourkoumelis N, Panagiotopoulos I. Self-Assembly Magnetic Micro- and Nanospheres and the Effect of Applied Magnetic Fields. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041030. [PMID: 33920676 PMCID: PMC8073079 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of in-plane and perpendicular magnetic fields on the spatial arrangement of superparamagnetic nanospheres is explored. We utilize nanosphere self-organization methods like Spin Coating and Drop-Casting in the presence of magnetic fields. In this way, the additional parameter of the long range magnetic dipolar interactions is introduced to the competing nanosphere–surface and nanosphere–nanosphere interactions, which control order and agglomeration. We present a comparative analysis of the self-assembly characteristics with respect to the different methods and the effect of the applied field in different directions. Under zero field perfect hexagonal arrays can be obtained by spin coating. Parallel applied fields tend to create directional patterns, while perpendicular favor 3D-accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Mourkas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.Z.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-26510-05468
| | - Angeliki Zarlaha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.Z.); (I.P.)
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9
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Durhuus FL, Wandall LH, Boisen MH, Kure M, Beleggia M, Frandsen C. Simulated clustering dynamics of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1970-1981. [PMID: 33443246 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08561h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically guided self-assembly of nanoparticles is a promising bottom-up method to fabricate novel materials and superstructures, such as, for example, magnetic nanoparticle clusters for biomedical applications. The existence of assembled structures has been verified by numerous experiments, yet a comprehensive theoretical framework to explore design possibilities and predict emerging properties is missing. Here we present a model of magnetic nanoparticle interactions built upon a Langevin dynamics algorithm to simulate the time evolution and aggregation of colloidal suspensions. We recognise three main aggregation regimes: non-aggregated, linear and clustered. Through systematic simulations we have revealed the link between single particle parameters and which aggregates are formed, both in terms of the three regimes and the chance of finding specific aggregates, which we characterise by nanoparticle arrangement and net magnetic moment. Our findings are shown to agree with past experiments and may serve as a stepping stone to guide the design and interpretation of future studies.
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10
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Anzivino C, Soligno G, van Roij R, Dijkstra M. Chains of cubic colloids at fluid-fluid interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:965-975. [PMID: 33284927 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by recent experimental observations of spontaneous chain formation of cubic particles adsorbed at a fluid-fluid interface, we theoretically investigate whether capillary interactions can be responsible for this self-assembly process. We calculate adsorption energies, equilibrium particle orientations, and interfacial deformations, not only for a variety of contact angles but also for single cubes as well as an infinite 2D lattice of cubes at the interface. This allows us to construct a ground-state phase diagram as a function of areal density for several contact angles, and upon combining the capillary energy of a 2D lattice with a simple expression for the entropy of a 2D fluid we also construct temperature-density or size-density phase diagrams that exhibit large two-phase regions and triple points. We identify several regimes with stable chainlike structures, in line with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Anzivino
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Tang Y, Premathilaka SM, Weeraddana TM, Kandel SR, Jiang Z, Neupane CP, Xi H, Wan W, Sun L. Using Interaction of Nano Dipoles to Control the Growth of Nanorods. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:232-237. [PMID: 33326246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charged facets of a nanocrystal can form an intrinsic nanometer-size electric dipole. When the spacing between these nano dipoles is adjusted, the dipolar interaction energy is tuned from a fraction to a multiple of the thermal energy. Consequently, the one-dimensional oriented attachment can be switched on or off, as is the growth of nanorods. This kinetically controlled growth is achieved at relatively low reaction temperatures while the thermodynamically controlled growth dominates at higher temperatures. The synthesized PbSe nanorods are branchless, exhibiting a single-exponential photoluminescence decay trace with an e-folding lifetime of 1.3 μs and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Tang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Shashini M Premathilaka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Tharaka Mds Weeraddana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Shreedhar R Kandel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Zhoufeng Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Chandra P Neupane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Haowen Xi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Wenhui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology &Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Liangfeng Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Madrid MA, Irastorza RM, Meyra AG, Carlevaro CM. Self-assembly of self-propelled magnetic grains. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124906005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we study bidisperse mixtures of self-propelled magnetic particles of different shapes via discrete element method simulations. We show how these particles self-assemble into clusters and how these clusters depend on the ratio of the mixture, the magnetic interaction, and the shape of the grains. It is found that the mix ratio of the system controls the cluster size. Besides, the intensity of the magnetic dipoles and the shape of the grains in the mixture rule the average number of neighbors in contact and the shape of the clusters. By varying the intensity of the interactions, globular, linear and branched clusters were obtained.
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