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Dohrn G. Humans and their livestock have sheltered in this Saudi Arabian cave for 10,000 years. Nature 2024:10.1038/d41586-024-01131-3. [PMID: 38632424 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
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2
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Sedrati M, Morales JA, Duveau J, M'rini AE, Mayoral E, Díaz-Martínez I, Anthony EJ, Bulot G, Sedrati A, Le Gall R, Santos A, Rivera-Silva J. A Late Pleistocene hominin footprint site on the North African coast of Morocco. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1962. [PMID: 38263453 PMCID: PMC10806055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Footprints represent a relevant vestige providing direct information on the biology, locomotion, and behaviour of the individuals who left them. However, the spatiotemporal distribution of hominin footprints is heterogeneous, particularly in North Africa, where no footprint sites were known before the Holocene. This region is important in the evolution of hominins. It notably includes the earliest currently known Homo sapiens (Jebel Irhoud) and the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin sites. In this fragmented ichnological record, we report the discovery of 85 human footprints on a Late Pleistocene now indurated beach surface of about 2800 m2 at Larache (Northwest coast of Morocco). The wide range of sizes of the footprints suggests that several individuals from different age groups made the tracks while moving landward and seaward across a semi-dissipative bar-trough sandy beach foreshore. A geological investigation and an optically stimulated luminescence dating of a rock sample extracted from the tracksite places this hominin footprint surface at 90.3 ± 7.6 ka (MIS 5, Late Pleistocene). The Larache footprints are, therefore, the oldest attributed to Homo sapiens in Northern Africa and the Southern Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouncef Sedrati
- Geo-Ocean, Univ Bretagne Sud, Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F- 56000, Vannes, France.
| | - Juan A Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Huelva, Spain
- Centro Científico Tecnológico de Huelva, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jérémy Duveau
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies ''Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past'', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- UMR 7194 Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Paris, France
| | | | - Eduardo Mayoral
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Huelva, Spain
- Centro Científico Tecnológico de Huelva, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Edward J Anthony
- CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix Marseille University, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Glen Bulot
- Geo-Ocean, Univ Bretagne Sud, Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F- 56000, Vannes, France
| | - Anass Sedrati
- Lixus Archaeological Site, Ministry of Youth, Culture and Communication, Larache, Morocco
| | - Romain Le Gall
- Geo-Ocean, Univ Bretagne Sud, Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F- 56000, Vannes, France
| | - Ana Santos
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Llamaquique, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Rivera-Silva
- Centro de Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación (CITIUS), Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Abbas M, Lai Z, Jansen JD, Tu H, Alqudah M, Xu X, Al-Saqarat BS, Al Hseinat M, Ou X, Petraglia MD, Carling PA. Human dispersals out of Africa via the Levant. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6838. [PMID: 37792942 PMCID: PMC10550223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Homo sapiens dispersed from Africa into Eurasia multiple times in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The route, across northeastern Africa into the Levant, is a viable terrestrial corridor, as the present harsh southern Levant would probably have been savannahs and grasslands during the last interglaciation. Here, we document wetland sediments with luminescence ages falling in the last interglaciation in the southern Levant, showing protracted phases of moisture availability. Wetland sediments in Wadi Gharandal containing Levallois artifacts yielded an age of 84 ka. Our findings support the growing consensus for a well-watered Jordan Rift Valley that funneled migrants into western Asia and northern Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abbas
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhongping Lai
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - John D. Jansen
- GFU Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hua Tu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mohammad Alqudah
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, 211163 Irbid, Jordan
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Bety S. Al-Saqarat
- School of Science, Geology Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Xianjiao Ou
- School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Michael D. Petraglia
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Paul A. Carling
- The State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (SKLGP), Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
- Geography & Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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4
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Tobler R, Souilmi Y, Huber CD, Bean N, Turney CSM, Grey ST, Cooper A. The role of genetic selection and climatic factors in the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213061120. [PMID: 37220274 PMCID: PMC10235988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily recent dispersal of anatomically modern humans (AMH) out of Africa (OoA) and across Eurasia provides a unique opportunity to examine the impacts of genetic selection as humans adapted to multiple new environments. Analysis of ancient Eurasian genomic datasets (~1,000 to 45,000 y old) reveals signatures of strong selection, including at least 57 hard sweeps after the initial AMH movement OoA, which have been obscured in modern populations by extensive admixture during the Holocene. The spatiotemporal patterns of these hard sweeps provide a means to reconstruct early AMH population dispersals OoA. We identify a previously unsuspected extended period of genetic adaptation lasting ~30,000 y, potentially in the Arabian Peninsula area, prior to a major Neandertal genetic introgression and subsequent rapid dispersal across Eurasia as far as Australia. Consistent functional targets of selection initiated during this period, which we term the Arabian Standstill, include loci involved in the regulation of fat storage, neural development, skin physiology, and cilia function. Similar adaptive signatures are also evident in introgressed archaic hominin loci and modern Arctic human groups, and we suggest that this signal represents selection for cold adaptation. Surprisingly, many of the candidate selected loci across these groups appear to directly interact and coordinately regulate biological processes, with a number associated with major modern diseases including the ciliopathies, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders. This expands the potential for ancestral human adaptation to directly impact modern diseases, providing a platform for evolutionary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Tobler
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Yassine Souilmi
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Christian D. Huber
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Nigel Bean
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
| | - Chris S. M. Turney
- Division of Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW2007, Australia
| | - Shane T. Grey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Translation Science Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW2010, Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5005, Australia
- Blue Sky Genetics, Ashton, SA5137, Australia
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Shoaee MJ, Breeze PS, Drake NA, Hashemi SM, Vahdati Nasab H, Breitenbach SFM, Stevens T, Boivin N, Petraglia MD. Defining paleoclimatic routes and opportunities for hominin dispersals across Iran. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281872. [PMID: 36857333 PMCID: PMC9977010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fossil and archaeological evidence indicates that hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia occurred throughout the Pleistocene, including the expansion of Homo sapiens populations out of Africa. While there is evidence for hominin occupations in the Pleistocene in Iran, as evidenced by the presence of Lower to Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites, the extent to which humid periods facilitated population expansions into western Asia has remained unclear. To test the role of humid periods on hominin dispersals here we assess Paleolithic site distributions and paleoenvironmental records across Iran. We developed the first spatially comprehensive, high-resolution paleohydrological model for Iran in order to assess water availability and its influence on hominin dispersals. We highlight environmentally mediated routes which likely played a key role in Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals, including the expansion of H. sapiens and Neanderthals eastwards into Asia. Our combined analyses indicate that, during MIS 5, there were opportunities for hominins to traverse a northern route through the Alborz and Kopet Dagh Mountains and the Dasht-I Kavir desert owing to the presence of activated fresh water sources. We recognize a new southern route along the Zagros Mountains and extending eastwards towards Pakistan and Afghanistan. We find evidence for a potential northern route during MIS 3, which would have permitted hominin movements and species interactions in Southwest Asia. Between humid periods, these interconnections would have waned, isolating populations in the Zagros and Alborz Mountains, where hominins may have continued to have had access to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Shoaee
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (MJS); (PSB)
| | - Paul S. Breeze
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJS); (PSB)
| | - Nick A. Drake
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seyyed Milad Hashemi
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Vahdati Nasab
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Stevens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Petraglia
- School of Social Science, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Griffith, Australia
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6
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Hatala KG, Roach NT, Behrensmeyer AK. Fossil footprints and what they mean for hominin paleobiology. Evol Anthropol 2023; 32:39-53. [PMID: 36223539 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hominin footprints have not traditionally played prominent roles in paleoanthropological studies, aside from the famous 3.66 Ma footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in the late 1970s. This contrasts with the importance of trace fossils (ichnology) in the broader field of paleontology. Lack of attention to hominin footprints can probably be explained by perceptions that these are exceptionally rare and "curiosities" rather than sources of data that yield insights on par with skeletal fossils or artifacts. In recent years, however, discoveries of hominin footprints have surged in frequency, shining important new light on anatomy, locomotion, behaviors, and environments from a wide variety of times and places. Here, we discuss why these data are often overlooked and consider whether they are as "rare" as previously assumed. We review new ways footprint data are being used to address questions about hominin paleobiology, and we outline key opportunities for future research in hominin ichnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Hatala
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil T Roach
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna K Behrensmeyer
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Louys J, Duval M, Price GJ, Westaway K, Zaim Y, Rizal Y, Aswan, Puspaningrum M, Trihascaryo A, Breitenbach SFM, Kwiecien O, Cai Y, Higgins P, Albers PCH, de Vos J, Roberts P. Speleological and environmental history of Lida Ajer cave, western Sumatra. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200494. [PMID: 35249388 PMCID: PMC8922409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the earliest evidence for the presence of modern humans in rainforests has come from the fossil deposits of Lida Ajer in Sumatra. Two human teeth from this cave were estimated to be 73–63 thousand years old, which is significantly older than some estimates of modern human migration out of Africa based on genetic data. The deposits were interpreted as being associated with a rainforest environment based largely on the presence of abundant orangutan fossils. As well as the main fossil-bearing chamber, fossil-bearing passages are present below a sinkhole, although the relationship between the different fossil deposits has only been tenuously established. Here, we provide significant new sedimentological, geochronological and palaeoecological data aimed at reconstructing the speleological and environmental history of the cave and the clastic and fossil deposits therein. Our data suggest that the Lida Ajer fossils were deposited during Marine Isotope Stage 4, with fossils from the lower passages older than the main fossil chamber. Our use of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of mammalian tooth enamel demonstrates that early humans probably occupied a closed-canopy forest very similar to those present in the region today, although the fossil orangutans may have occupied a slightly different niche. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Tropical forests in the deep human past’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louys
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111 Australia
| | - Mathieu Duval
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111 Australia.,Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos 09002, Spain
| | - Gilbert J Price
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kira Westaway
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yahdi Zaim
- Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yan Rizal
- Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
| | - Aswan
- Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
| | - Mika Puspaningrum
- Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
| | - Agus Trihascaryo
- Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
| | | | - Ola Kwiecien
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Penny Higgins
- EPOCH Isotopes, 6606 E Townline Road, Williamson, NY 14589, USA
| | | | - John de Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Roberts
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Brisbane, Australia.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Barzilai O, Oron M, Porat N, White D, Timms R, Blockley S, Zular A, Avni Y, Faershtein G, Weiner S, Boaretto E. Expansion of eastern Mediterranean Middle Paleolithic into the desert region in early marine isotopic stage 5. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4466. [PMID: 35296701 PMCID: PMC8927120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine Isotopic Stage 5 is associated with wetter climatic conditions in the Saharo-Arabian deserts. This stage also corresponds to the establishment of Middle Paleolithic hominins and their associated material culture in two geographical provinces in southwest Asia—the Eastern Mediterranean woodland and the Arabian Peninsula desert. The lithic industry of the Eastern Mediterranean is characterized by the centripetal Levallois method, whereas the Nubian Levallois method characterizes the populations of the Arabian desert. The Negev Desert, situated between these regions is a key area to comprehend population movement in correlation to climatic zones. This investigation addresses the nature of the Middle Paleolithic settlement in the Negev Desert during MIS 5 by studying the site of Nahal Aqev. High resolution chronological results based on luminescence dating and cryptotephra show the site was occupied from MIS 5e to MIS 5d. The lithic industries at Nahal Aqev are dominated by centripetal Levallois core method. These data demonstrate that Nahal Aqev is much closer in its cultural attributes to the Eastern Mediterranean Middle Paleolithic than to the Arabian Desert entity. We conclude that Nahal Aqev represents an expansion of Middle Paleolithic groups from the Mediterranean woodland into the desert, triggered by better climatic conditions. These groups possibly interacted with hominin groups bearing the Nubian core tradition from the vast region of Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omry Barzilai
- Archaeological Research Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, POB 586, 91004, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Max Planck-Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Maya Oron
- Archaeological Research Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, POB 586, 91004, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Porat
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St., 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dustin White
- Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, University of London, Egham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rhys Timms
- Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Simon Blockley
- Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - André Zular
- Max Planck-Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Avni
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St., 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galina Faershtein
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz St., 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Max Planck-Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisabetta Boaretto
- Max Planck-Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Neto de Carvalho C, Belaústegui Z, Toscano A, Muñiz F, Belo J, Galán JM, Gómez P, Cáceres LM, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Cunha PP, Cachão M, Ruiz F, Ramirez-Cruzado S, Giles-Guzmán F, Finlayson G, Finlayson S, Finlayson C. First tracks of newborn straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus). Sci Rep 2021; 11:17311. [PMID: 34531420 PMCID: PMC8445925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracks and trackways of newborns, calves and juveniles attributed to straight-tusked elephants were found in the MIS 5 site (Upper Pleistocene) known as the Matalascañas Trampled Surface (MTS) at Huelva, SW Spain. Evidence of a snapshot of social behaviour, especially parental care, can be determined from the concentration of elephant tracks and trackways, and especially from apparently contemporaneous converging trackways, of small juvenile and larger, presumably young adult female tracks. The size frequency of the tracks enabled us to infer body mass and age distribution of the animals that crossed the MTS. Comparisons of the MTS demographic frequency with the morphology of the fore- and hind limbs of extant and fossil proboscideans shed light into the reproductive ecology of the straight-tusked elephant, Palaeloxodon antiquus. The interdune pond habitat appeared to have been an important water and food resource for matriarchal herds of straight-tusked elephants and likely functioned as a reproductive habitat, with only the rare presence of adult and older males in the MTS. The preservation of this track record in across a paleosol surface, although heavily trampled by different animals, including Neanderthals, over a short time frame, permitted an exceptional view into short-term intraspecific trophic interactions occurring in the Last Interglacial coastal habitat. Therefore, it is hypothesized that Neanderthals visited MTS for hunting or scavenging on weakened or dead elephants, and more likely calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neto de Carvalho
- Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark, Geology Office of the Municipality of Idanha-a-Nova, Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
- Instituto D. Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zain Belaústegui
- Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de L'Oceà, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñiz
- Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - João Belo
- Geosciences Center, University of Coimbra, FlyGIS-UAV Surveys, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose María Galán
- Centro Administrativo del Acebuche, Parque Nacional de Doñana, Matalascañas, Huelva, Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Luis M Cáceres
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
| | | | - Pedro Proença Cunha
- Department of Earth Sciences, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mario Cachão
- Instituto D. Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | | | - Geraldine Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar, UK
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stewart Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar, UK
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, UK
| | - Clive Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar, UK
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Canada
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10
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11
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Almarri MA, Haber M, Lootah RA, Hallast P, Al Turki S, Martin HC, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C. The genomic history of the Middle East. Cell 2021; 184:4612-4625.e14. [PMID: 34352227 PMCID: PMC8445022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Middle East region is important to understand human evolution and migrations but is underrepresented in genomic studies. Here, we generated 137 high-coverage physically phased genome sequences from eight Middle Eastern populations using linked-read sequencing. We found no genetic traces of early expansions out-of-Africa in present-day populations but found Arabians have elevated Basal Eurasian ancestry that dilutes their Neanderthal ancestry. Population sizes within the region started diverging 15–20 kya, when Levantines expanded while Arabians maintained smaller populations that derived ancestry from local hunter-gatherers. Arabians suffered a population bottleneck around the aridification of Arabia 6 kya, while Levantines had a distinct bottleneck overlapping the 4.2 kya aridification event. We found an association between movement and admixture of populations in the region and the spread of Semitic languages. Finally, we identify variants that show evidence of selection, including polygenic selection. Our results provide detailed insights into the genomic and selective histories of the Middle East. Middle Easterners do not have ancestry from an early out-of-Africa expansion Basal Eurasian and African ancestry in Arabians deplete their Neanderthal ancestry Populations experienced bottlenecks overlapping aridification events Identification of recent single and polygenic signals of selection in Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Almarri
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police GHQ, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Marc Haber
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Reem A Lootah
- Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police GHQ, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pille Hallast
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Saeed Al Turki
- Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics & Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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12
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Directional changes in Levallois core technologies between Eastern Africa, Arabia, and the Levant during MIS 5. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11465. [PMID: 34075081 PMCID: PMC8169925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, ~ 130 to 71 thousand years ago, was a key period for the geographic expansion of Homo sapiens, including engagement with new landscapes within Africa and dispersal into Asia. Occupation of the Levant by Homo sapiens in MIS 5 is well established, while recent research has documented complementary evidence in Arabia. Here, we undertake the first detailed comparison of Levallois core technology from eastern Africa, Arabia, and the Levant during MIS 5, including multiple sites associated with Homo sapiens fossils. We employ quantitative comparisons of individual artefacts that provides a detailed appraisal of Levallois reduction activity in MIS 5, thereby enabling assessment of intra- and inter-assemblage variability for the first time. Our results demonstrate a pattern of geographically structured variability embedded within a shared focus on centripetal Levallois reduction schemes and overlapping core morphologies. We reveal directional changes in core shaping and flake production from eastern Africa to Arabia and the Levant that are independent of differences in geographic or environmental parameters. These results are consistent with a common cultural inheritance between these regions, potentially stemming from a shared late Middle Pleistocene source in eastern Africa.
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13
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Scerri EML, Frouin M, Breeze PS, Armitage SJ, Candy I, Groucutt HS, Drake N, Parton A, White TS, Alsharekh AM, Petraglia MD. The expansion of Acheulean hominins into the Nefud Desert of Arabia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10111. [PMID: 33980918 PMCID: PMC8115331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabian Peninsula is a critical geographic landmass situated between Africa and the rest of Eurasia. Climatic shifts across the Pleistocene periodically produced wetter conditions in Arabia, dramatically altering the spatial distribution of hominins both within and between continents. This is particularly true of Acheulean hominins, who appear to have been more tethered to water sources than Middle Palaeolithic hominins. However, until recently, chrono-cultural knowledge of the Acheulean of Arabia has been limited to one dated site, which indicated a hominin presence in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 7-6. Here, we report the first dated Acheulean site from the Nefud Desert of northern Saudi Arabia, together with palaeoecological evidence for an associated deep, probably fresh-water, lake. The site of An Nasim features varied and often finely flaked façonnage handaxes. Luminescence ages together with geomorphological and palaeoecological evidence indicates that the associated artefacts date to MIS 9. At present, An Nasim represents the oldest yet documented Acheulean sites in Arabia, and adds to a growing picture of regionally diverse stone tool assemblages used by Middle Pleistocene hominins, and likely indicative of repeated population re-entry into the peninsula in wet 'Green Arabia' phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M L Scerri
- Pan-African Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marine Frouin
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2100, USA
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364, USA
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Paul S Breeze
- Department of Geography, King's College London, 40 Bush House (North East Wing), Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
| | - Simon J Armitage
- Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
- SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Post Box 7805, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian Candy
- Centre for Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Huw S Groucutt
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Extreme Events Research Group, Max Planck Institutes for Chemical Ecology, The Science of Human History, and Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nick Drake
- Department of Geography, King's College London, 40 Bush House (North East Wing), Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ash Parton
- Human Origins and PalaeoEnvironments Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Mansfield College, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TF, UK
| | - Tom S White
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Abdullah M Alsharekh
- Department of Archaeology, College of Tourism and Archaeology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael D Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Human Origins Program, National Musuem of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution (ARCHE), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Eaaswarkhanth M, Pathak AK, Ongaro L, Montinaro F, Hebbar P, Alsmadi O, Metspalu M, Al-Mulla F, Thanaraj TA. Unraveling a fine-scale high genetic heterogeneity and recent continental connections of an Arabian Peninsula population. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 30:307-319. [PMID: 33753911 PMCID: PMC8904638 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have showed the diverse genetic architecture of the highly consanguineous populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula. Consanguinity coupled with heterogeneity is complex and makes it difficult to understand the bases of population-specific genetic diseases in the region. Therefore, comprehensive genetic characterization of the populations at the finest scale is warranted. Here, we revisit the genetic structure of the Kuwait population by analyzing genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms data from 583 Kuwaiti individuals sorted into three subgroups. We envisage a diverse demographic genetic history among the three subgroups based on drift and allelic sharing with modern and ancient individuals. Furthermore, our comprehensive haplotype-based analyses disclose a high genetic heterogeneity among the Kuwaiti populations. We infer the major sources of ancestry within the newly defined groups; one with an obvious predominance of sub-Saharan/Western Africa mostly comprising Kuwait-B individuals, and other with West Eurasia including Kuwait-P and Kuwait-S individuals. Overall, our results recapitulate the historical population movements and reaffirm the genetic imprints of the legacy of continental trading in the region. Such deciphering of fine-scale population structure and their regional genetic heterogeneity would provide clues to the uncharted areas of disease-gene discovery and related associations in populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajai K Pathak
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Linda Ongaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Osama Alsmadi
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait.,Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait.
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15
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Douze K, Lespez L, Rasse M, Tribolo C, Garnier A, Lebrun B, Mercier N, Ndiaye M, Chevrier B, Huysecom E. A West African Middle Stone Age site dated to the beginning of MIS 5: Archaeology, chronology, and paleoenvironment of the Ravin Blanc I (eastern Senegal). J Hum Evol 2021; 154:102952. [PMID: 33751962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Ravin Blanc I archaeological occurrence, dated to MIS 5, provides unprecedented data on the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of West Africa since well-contextualized archaeological sites pre-dating MIS 4/3 are extremely rare for this region. The combined approach on geomorphology, phytolith analysis, and OSL date estimations offers a solid framework for the MSA industry comprised in the Ravin Blanc I sedimentary sequence. The paleoenvironmental reconstruction further emphasizes on the local effects of the global increase in moisture characterizing the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene as well as the later shift to more arid conditions. The lithic industry, comprised in the lower part of the sequence and dated to MIS 5e, shows core reduction sequences among which Levallois methods are minor, as well as an original tool-kit composition, among which pieces with single wide abrupt notches, side-scrapers made by inverse retouch, and a few large crudely shaped bifacial tools. The Ravin Blanc I assemblage has neither a chronologically equivalent site to serve comparisons nor a clear techno-typological correspondent in West Africa. However, the industry represents an early MSA technology that could either retain influences from the southern West African 'Sangoan' or show reminiscences of the preceding local Acheulean. A larger-scale assessment of behavioral dynamics at work at the transition period between the Middle to Upper Pleistocene is discussed in view of integrating this new site to the global perception of this important period in the MSA evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Douze
- Laboratory of Archaeology and Population in Africa, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Lespez
- Laboratory of Physical Geography (LGP), CNRS-UMR 8591, Department of Geography, University Paris-Est Creteil, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 920195 Meudon, France
| | - Michel Rasse
- Laboratory Archéorient, CNRS-UMR 5133, Maison de L'Orient et de La Méditerranée, University of Lyon II, 7 Rue Raulin, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Chantal Tribolo
- Research Institute on Archaeological Materials-Centre of Research on Physics Applied to Archaeology (IRAMAT-CRP2A), CNRS-UMR 5060, University Bordeaux-Montaigne, Esplanade des Antilles, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Aline Garnier
- Laboratory of Physical Geography (LGP), CNRS-UMR 8591, Department of Geography, University Paris-Est Creteil, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 920195 Meudon, France
| | - Brice Lebrun
- Research Institute on Archaeological Materials-Centre of Research on Physics Applied to Archaeology (IRAMAT-CRP2A), CNRS-UMR 5060, University Bordeaux-Montaigne, Esplanade des Antilles, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Norbert Mercier
- Research Institute on Archaeological Materials-Centre of Research on Physics Applied to Archaeology (IRAMAT-CRP2A), CNRS-UMR 5060, University Bordeaux-Montaigne, Esplanade des Antilles, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Matar Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Prehistory and Protohistory, Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire, University of Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 33 Route de La Corniche Ouest, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Benoît Chevrier
- Laboratory of Archaeology and Population in Africa, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Eric Huysecom
- Laboratory of Archaeology and Population in Africa, Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
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16
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Mayoral E, Díaz-Martínez I, Duveau J, Santos A, Ramírez AR, Morales JA, Morales LA, Díaz-Delgado R. Tracking late Pleistocene Neandertals on the Iberian coast. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4103. [PMID: 33707474 PMCID: PMC7952904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the recent discovery of 87 Neandertal footprints on the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Doñana shoreline, Spain) located on an upper Pleistocene aeolian littoral setting (about 106 ± 19 kyr). Morphometric comparisons, high resolution digital photogrammetric 3D models and detailed sedimentary analysis have been provided to characterized the footprints and the palaeoenvironment. The footprints were impressed in the shoreline of a hypersaline swamped area related to benthic microbial mats, close to the coastline. They have a rounded heel, a longitudinal arch, relatively short toes, and adducted hallux, and represent the oldest upper Pleistocene record of Neandertal footprints in the world. Among these 87 footprints, 31 are longitudinally complete and measure from 14 to 29 cm. The calculated statures range from 104 to 188 cm, with half of the data between 130 and 150 cm. The wide range of sizes of the footprints suggests the existence of a social group integrated by individuals of different age classes but dominated, however, by non-adult individuals. The footprints, which are outside the flooded area are oriented perpendicular to the shoreline. These 87 footprints reinforce the ecological scenario of Neandertal groups established in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mayoral
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de el Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain. .,CCTH-Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Martínez
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-IIPG, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), CONICET, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Jéremy Duveau
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Paris, France
| | - Ana Santos
- CCTH-Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de el Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.,CCTH-Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Juan A Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de el Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.,CCTH-Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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