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Chen Y, Wang R, Ji M. Nondestructive Nonlinear Optical Microscopy Revealed the Blackening Mechanism of Ancient Chinese Jades. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 2023:0266. [PMID: 38025765 PMCID: PMC10644832 DOI: 10.34133/research.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Jade is most valued in Chinese culture since ancient times. For unearthed jade artifacts, the alteration color resulting from weathering effects and human activities provides information for cultural heritage conservation, archaeology, and history. Currently, the noninvasive 3-dimensional characterization of jade artifacts with high chemical and spatial resolution remains challenging. In this work, we applied femtosecond pump-probe microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy techniques to study the black alteration of an ancient jade artifact of the late Spring and Autumn period (546 to 476 BC). The direct cause of the "mercury alteration" phenomena was discovered to be the conversion of metacinnabar from buried cinnabar in the tomb. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional optical reconstruction of the black alteration was achieved, providing a high-resolution method for analyzing the blackening mechanism without the need of sample damage. Our approach opens up new opportunities to extract microscopic spatiochemical information for a broad range of alteration colors in jade artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education),
Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education),
Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Müller K, Szikszai Z, Csepregi Á, Huszánk R, Kertész Z, Reiche I. Proton beam irradiation induces invisible modifications under the surface of painted parchment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:113. [PMID: 34996914 PMCID: PMC8741965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion beam analysis plays an important role in cultural heritage (CH) studies as it offers a combination of simultaneous and complementary analytical techniques (PIXE/PIGE/RBS) and spatially resolved mapping functions. Despite being considered non-destructive, the potential risk of beam-induced modifications during analysis is increasingly discussed. This work focuses on the impact of proton beams on parchment, present in our CH in form of unique historical manuscripts. Parchment is one of the organic, protein-based CH materials believed to be the most susceptible to radiation-induced changes. Various modification patterns, observed on parchment cross-sections by optical and electron microscopy are reported: discoloration (yellowing), formation of cavities and denaturation of collagen fibers. Considerable modifications were detected up to 100 µm deep into the sample for beam fluences of 4 µC/cm2 and higher. The presence of ultramarine paint on the parchment surface appears to increase the harmful effects of proton radiation. Based on our results, a maximum radiation dose of 0.5 µC/cm2 can be considered as ‘safe boundary’ for 2.3 MeV PIXE analysis of parchment under the applied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Müller
- IPANEMA, Ancient Materials Research Platform, USR 3461 CNRS/MC/UVSQ/MNHN, BP48 Saint-Aubin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Rathgen-Forschungslabor, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Schloßstraße 1a, 14059, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zita Szikszai
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Bem tér 18/c, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Csepregi
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Bem tér 18/c, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary.,Ph.D. School in Physics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Huszánk
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Bem tér 18/c, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kertész
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Bem tér 18/c, 4026, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ina Reiche
- Rathgen-Forschungslabor, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Schloßstraße 1a, 14059, Berlin, Germany. .,PSL University, ENSCP, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris - Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, UMR 8247 CNRS/MC, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001, Paris, France. .,New AGLAE, FR 3506 CNRS/MC, C2MRF, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001, Paris, France.
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