1
|
Cai FF, Blanquer A, Costa MB, Schweiger L, Sarac B, Greer AL, Schroers J, Teichert C, Nogués C, Spieckermann F, Eckert J. Hierarchical Surface Pattern on Ni-Free Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass to Control Cell Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310364. [PMID: 38109153 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Ni-free Ti-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are exciting materials for biomedical applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility and advantageous mechanical properties. The glassy nature of BMGs allows them to be shaped and patterned via thermoplastic forming (TPF). This work demonstrates the versatility of the TPF technique to create micro- and nano-patterns and hierarchical structures on Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 BMG. Particularly, a hierarchical structure fabricated by a two-step TPF process integrates 400 nm hexagonal close-packed protrusions on 2.5 µm square protuberances while preserving the advantageous mechanical properties from the as-cast material state. The correlations between thermal history, structure, and mechanical properties are explored. Regarding biocompatibility, Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 BMGs with four surface topographies (flat, micro-patterned, nano-patterned, and hierarchical-structured surfaces) are investigated using Saos-2 cell lines. Alamar Blue assay and live/dead analysis show that all tested surfaces have good cell proliferation and viability. Patterned surfaces are observed to promote the formation of longer filopodia on the edge of the cytoskeleton, leading to star-shaped and dendritic cell morphologies compared with the flat surface. In addition to potential implant applications, TPF-patterned Ti-BMGs enable a high level of order and design flexibility on the surface topography, expanding the available toolbox for studying cell behavior on rigid and ordered surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fan Cai
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Andreu Blanquer
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel B Costa
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Lukas Schweiger
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Baran Sarac
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - A Lindsay Greer
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Christian Teichert
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Chair of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Strasse 18, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Florian Spieckermann
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sam QP, Tan Q, Multunas CD, Kiani MT, Sundararaman R, Ling X, Cha JJ. Nanomolding of Two-Dimensional Materials. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1110-1117. [PMID: 38150584 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Lateral confinement of layered, two-dimensional (2D) materials has uniquely enabled the exploration of several topological phenomena in electron transport due to the well-defined nanoscale cross-sections and perimeters. At present, research on laterally confined 2D materials is constrained by the lack of synthesis methods that can reliably and controllably produce nanostructures with narrow widths and high aspect ratios. We demonstrate the use of thermomechanical nanomolding (TMNM) to fabricate nanowires of six layered materials (Te, In2Se3, Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, GaSe, and Sb2Te3) with widths of 40 nm and aspect ratios above 100. During molding, the van der Waals (vdW) layers rotate by 90° from the horizontal direction in the bulk feedstock to the vertical direction in the molded nanowire, such that the layers are aligned along the nanowire length. We find that interfacial diffusion and surface energy minimization drive nanowire formation during TMNM, often resulting in single-crystalline nanowires with consistent crystallographic orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh P Sam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qishuo Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Christian D Multunas
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Mehrdad T Kiani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- The Photonic Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Judy J Cha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kiani MT, Sam QP, Jung YS, Han HJ, Cha JJ. Wafer-Scale Fabrication of 2D Nanostructures via Thermomechanical Nanomolding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2307289. [PMID: 38057127 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With shrinking dimensions in integrated circuits, sensors, and functional devices, there is a pressing need to develop nanofabrication techniques with simultaneous control of morphology, microstructure, and material composition over wafer length scales. Current techniques are largely unable to meet all these conditions, suffering from poor control of morphology and defect structure or requiring extensive optimization or post-processing to achieve desired nanostructures. Recently, thermomechanical nanomolding (TMNM) has been shown to yield single-crystalline, high aspect ratio nanowires of metals, alloys, and intermetallics over wafer-scale distances. Here, TMNM is extended for wafer-scale fabrication of 2D nanostructures. Using In, Al, and Cu, nanomold nanoribbons with widths < 50 nm, depths ≈0.5-1 µm and lengths ≈7 mm into Si trenches at conditions compatible is successfully with back end of line processing . Through SEM cross-section imaging and 4D-STEM grain orientation maps, it is shown that the grain size of the bulk feedstock is transferred to the nanomolded structures up to and including single crystal Cu. Based on the retained microstructures of molded 2D Cu, the deformation mechanism during molding for 2D TMNM is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad T Kiani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Quynh P Sam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyeuk Jin Han
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 02844, South Korea
| | - Judy J Cha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu N, Sohn S, Na MY, Park GH, Raj A, Liu G, Kube SA, Yuan F, Liu Y, Chang HJ, Schroers J. Size-dependent deformation behavior in nanosized amorphous metals suggesting transition from collective to individual atomic transport. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5987. [PMID: 37752103 PMCID: PMC10522620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying atomistic mechanism of deformation is a central problem in mechanics and materials science. Whereas deformation of crystalline metals is fundamentally understood, the understanding of deformation of amorphous metals lacks behind, particularly identifying the involved temporal and spatial scales. Here, we reveal that at small scales the size-dependent deformation behavior of amorphous metals significantly deviates from homogeneous flow, exhibiting increasing deformation rate with reducing size and gradually shifted composition. This transition suggests the deformation mechanism changes from collective atomic transport by viscous flow to individual atomic transport through interface diffusion. The critical length scale of the transition is temperature dependent, exhibiting a maximum at the glass transition. While viscous flow does not discriminate among alloy constituents, diffusion does and the constituent element with higher diffusivity deforms faster. Our findings yield insights into nano-mechanics and glass physics and may suggest alternative processing methods to epitaxially grow metallic glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naijia Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sungwoo Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Min Young Na
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Park
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Guannan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sebastian A Kube
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Fusen Yuan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hye Jung Chang
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano Convergence, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rapid electrochemical separation of anodic porous alumina films from aluminum surfaces using a highly safe sodium chloride–ethylene glycol solution. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|