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Fert A, Richard J, Marchand LR, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin Enhances Antibody-Mediated Recognition of HIV-Infected CD4 + T-Cells by Decreasing Viral Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580166. [PMID: 38464135 PMCID: PMC10925111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-weeks supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T-cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T-cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/Tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T-cells by HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-transcription/translation steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Lead Contact
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Volcic M, Wiesmüller L, Kirchhoff F. Small but Highly Versatile: The Viral Accessory Protein Vpu. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:243-259. [PMID: 37406340 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not generally required for viral replication in cell culture. However, they play complex and important roles for viral immune evasion and spread in vivo. Here, we discuss the diverse functions and the relevance of the viral protein U (Vpu) that is expressed from a bicistronic RNA during the late stage of the viral replication cycle and found only in HIV-1 and closely related SIVs. It is well established that Vpu counteracts the restriction factor tetherin, mediates degradation of the primary viral CD4 receptors, and inhibits activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Recent studies identified additional activities and provided new insights into the sophisticated mechanisms by which Vpu enhances and prolongs the release of fully infectious viral particles. In addition, it has been shown that Vpu prevents superinfection not only by degrading CD4 but also by modulating DNA repair mechanisms to promote degradation of nuclear viral complementary DNA in cells that are already productively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
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Olety B, Usami Y, Wu Y, Peters P, Göttlinger H. AP-2 Adaptor Complex-Dependent Enhancement of HIV-1 Replication by Nef in the Absence of the Nef/AP-2 Targets SERINC5 and CD4. mBio 2023; 14:e0338222. [PMID: 36622146 PMCID: PMC9973267 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef hijacks the clathrin adaptor complex 2 (AP-2) to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral multipass transmembrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5, which inhibit the infectivity of progeny virions when incorporated. In Jurkat Tag T lymphoid cells lacking SERINC3 and SERINC5, Nef is no longer required for full progeny virus infectivity and for efficient viral replication. However, in MOLT-3 T lymphoid cells, HIV-1 replication remains highly dependent on Nef even in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. Using a knockout (KO) approach, we now show that the Nef-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication in MOLT-3 cells does not depend on the Nef-interacting kinases LCK and PAK2. Furthermore, Nef substantially enhanced HIV-1 replication even in triple-KO MOLT-3 cells that simultaneously lacked the three Nef/AP-2 targets, SERINC3, SERINC5, and CD4, and were reconstituted with a Nef-resistant CD4 to permit HIV-1 entry. Nevertheless, the ability of Nef mutants to promote HIV-1 replication in the triple-KO cells correlated strictly with the ability to bind AP-2. In addition, knockdown and reconstitution experiments confirmed the involvement of AP-2. These observations raise the possibility that MOLT-3 cells express a novel antiviral factor that is downregulated by Nef in an AP-2-dependent manner. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Nef protein hijacks a component of the cellular endocytic machinery called AP-2 to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral cellular membrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5. In the absence of Nef, SERINC3 and SERINC5 are taken up into viral particles, which reduces their infectivity. Surprisingly, in a T cell line called MOLT-3, Nef remains crucial for HIV-1 spreading in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. We now show that this effect of Nef also does not depend on the cellular signaling molecules and Nef interaction partners LCK and PAK2. Nef was required for efficient HIV-1 spreading even in triple-knockout cells that completely lacked Nef/AP-2-sensitive CD4, in addition to the Nef/AP-2 targets SERINC3 and SERINC5. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the enhancement of HIV-1 spreading by Nef in the triple-knockout cells remained AP-2 dependent, which suggests the presence of an unknown antiviral factor that is sensitive to Nef/AP-2-mediated downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Olety
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshiko Usami
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanfei Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Peters
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heinrich Göttlinger
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Li J, He Y, Qu Y, Ren C, Wang X, Cheng Y, Sun L, Zhang X, Zhang G. Promotion of BST2 expression by the transcription factor IRF6 affects the progression of endometriosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115504. [PMID: 37143676 PMCID: PMC10151653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis (EM) is a benign, multifactorial, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that is characterized by persistent activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and some features of malignancies, such as proliferation and lymphangiogenesis. To date, the pathogenesis of EM is still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether BST2 plays a role in the development of EM. Methods Bioinformatic analysis was performed with data from public databases to identify potential candidate targets for drug treatment. Experiments were conducted at the cell, tissue, and mouse EM model levels to characterize the aberrant expression patterns, molecular mechanisms, biological behaviors of endometriosis as well as treatment outcomes. Results BST2 was significantly upregulated in ectopic endometrial tissues and cells compared with control samples. Functional studies indicated that BST2 promoted proliferation, migration, and lymphangiogenesis and inhibited apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The transcription factor (TF) IRF6 induced high BST2 expression by directly binding the BST2 promoter. The underlying mechanism by which BST2 functions in EM was closely related to the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. New lymphatic vessels may serve as a channel for the infiltration of immune cells into the endometriotic microenvironment; these immune cells further produce the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which in turn further activates the NF-κB pathway to promote lymphangiogenesis in endometriosis. Conclusion Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into the mechanism by which BST2 participates in a feedback loop with the NF-κB signaling pathway and reveal a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanan He
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Qu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Ren
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangmei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Guangmei Zhang,
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Zhao Y, Zhao K, Wang S, Du J. Multi-functional BST2/tetherin against HIV-1, other viruses and LINE-1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:979091. [PMID: 36176574 PMCID: PMC9513188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.979091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), also known as CD317, HM1.24, or tetherin, is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. Its expression is induced by IFN-I, and it initiates host immune responses by directly trapping enveloped HIV-1 particles onto the cell surface. This antagonistic mechanism toward the virus is attributable to the unique structure of BST2. In addition to its antiviral activity, BST2 restricts retrotransposon LINE-1 through a distinct mechanism. As counteractive measures, different viruses use a variety of proteins to neutralize the function or even stability of BST2. Interestingly, BST2 seems to have both a positive and a negative influence on immunomodulation and virus propagation. Here, we review the relationship between the structural and functional bases of BST2 in anti-HIV-1 and suppressing retrotransposon LINE-1 activation and focus on its dual features in immunomodulation and regulating virus propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Du,
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Karuppusamy KV, Demosthenes JP, Venkatesan V, Christopher AC, Babu P, Azhagiri MK, Jacob A, Ramalingam VV, Rangaraj S, Murugesan MK, Marepally SK, Varghese GM, Srivastava A, Kannangai R, Thangavel S. The CCR5 Gene Edited CD34+CD90+ Hematopoietic Stem Cell Population Serves as an Optimal Graft Source for HIV Gene Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:792684. [PMID: 35359982 PMCID: PMC8963924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.792684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of allogenic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) Δ32 genotype generates HIV-1 resistant immune cells. CCR5 gene edited autologous HSPCs can be a potential alternative to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA-matched CCR5 null donor. However, the clinical application of gene edited autologous HSPCs is critically limited by the quality of the graft, as HIV also infects the HSPCs. In this study, by using mobilized HSPCs from healthy donors, we show that the CD34+CD90+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express 7-fold lower CD4/CCR5 HIV receptors, higher levels of SAMHD1 anti-viral restriction factor, and possess lower susceptibility to HIV infection than the CD34+CD90- hematopoietic progenitor cells. Further, the treatment with small molecule cocktail of Resveratrol, UM729 and SR1(RUS) improved the in vivo engraftment potential of CD34+CD90+ HSCs. To demonstrate that CD34+CD90+ HSC population as an ideal graft for HIV gene therapy, we sort purified CD34+CD90+ HSCs, treated with RUS and then gene edited the CCR5 with single sgRNA. On transplantation, 100,000 CD34+CD90+ HSCs were sufficient for long-term repopulation of the entire bone marrow of NBSGW mice. Importantly, the gene editing efficiency of ~90% in the infused product was maintained in vivo, facilitating the generation of CCR5 null immune cells, resistant to HIV infection. Altogether, CCR5 gene editing of CD34+CD90+ HSCs provide an ideal gene manipulation strategy for autologous HSCT based gene therapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik V. Karuppusamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Vigneshwaran Venkatesan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Abisha Crystal Christopher
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, India
| | - Prathibha Babu
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Manojkumar K. Azhagiri
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Annlin Jacob
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Sumathi Rangaraj
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - George M. Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Vellore, India
- *Correspondence: Saravanabhavan Thangavel,
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