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Chang R, Li H, Tian X, Yang Y, Dong T, Wang Z, Lai J, Feng S, Wang L. In Situ, Rapid Synthesis of Carbon-Loaded High Density and Ultrasmall High Entropy Oxide Nanoparticles as Efficient Electrocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309937. [PMID: 38178644 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
High entropy materials offer almost unlimited catalytic possibilities due to their variable composition, unique structure, and excellent electrocatalytic performance. However, due to the strong tendency of nanoparticles to coarsen and agglomerate, it is still a challenge to synthesize nanoparticles using simple methods to precisely control the morphology and size of the nanoparticles in large quantities, and their large-scale application is limited by high costs and low yields. Herein, a series of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) nanoparticles with high-density and ultrasmall size (<5 nm) loaded on carbon nanosheets with large quantities are prepared by Joule-heating treatment of gel precursors in a short period of time (≈60 s). Among them, the prepared (FeCoNiRuMn)3O4-x catalyst shows the best electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction, with low overpotentials (230 mV @10 mA cm-2, 270 mV @100 mA cm-2), small Tafel slope (39.4 mV dec-1), and excellent stability without significant decay at 100 mA cm-2 after 100 h. The excellent performance of (FeCoNiRuMn)3O4-x can be attributed to the synergistic effect of multiple elements and the inherent structural stability of high entropy systems. This study provides a more comprehensive design idea for the preparation of efficient and stable high entropy catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Hongdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Tian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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Ding Y, Dong Y, Ma M, Luo L, Wang X, Fang B, Li Y, Liu L, Ren F. CO 2 electrocatalytic reduction to ethylene and its application outlook in food science. iScience 2023; 26:108434. [PMID: 38125022 PMCID: PMC10730755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient conversion of CO2 is considered to be an important step toward carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality. Presently, great efforts have been devoted to the study of efficient nanocatalysts, electrolytic cell, and electrolytes to achieve high reactivity and selectivity in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to mono- and multi-carbon (C2+) compounds. However, there are very few reviews focusing on highly reactive and selective ethylene production and application in the field of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Ethylene is a class of multi-carbon compounds that are widely applied in industrial, ecological, and agricultural fields. This review focuses especially on the convertibility of CO2 reduction to generate ethylene technology in practical applications and provides a detailed summary of the latest technologies for the efficient production of ethylene by CO2RR and suggests the potential application of CO2RR systems in food science to further expand the application market of CO2RR for ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixuan Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xifan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Han J, Yang J, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Liu W, Qiao B, Mu J, Wang F. Strong Metal-Support Interaction Facilitated Multicomponent Alloy Formation on Metal Oxide Support. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22671-22684. [PMID: 37814206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent alloy (MA) contains a nearly infinite number of unprecedented active sites through entropy stabilization, which is a desired platform for exploring high-performance catalysts. However, MA catalysts are usually synthesized under severe conditions, which induce support structure collapse and further deteriorate the synergy between MA and support. We propose that a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) could facilitate the formation of MA by establishing a tunnel of oxygen vacancy for metal atom transport under low reduction temperature (400-600 °C), which exemplifies the holistic design of MA catalysts without deactivating supports. PtPdCoFe MA is readily synthesized on anatase TiO2 with the help of SMSI, which exhibits good catalytic activity and stability for methane combustion. This strategy demonstrates excellent universality on various supports and multicomponent alloy compositions. Our work not only reports a holistic synthesis strategy for MA synthesis by synergizing unique properties of reducible oxides and the mixing entropy of alloy but also offers a new insight that SMSI plays a vigorous role in the formation of alloy NPs on reducible oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
| | - Xunzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
| | - Botao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
| | - Junju Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, P. R. China
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Ahn J, Park S, Oh D, Lim Y, Nam JS, Kim J, Jung W, Kim ID. Rapid Joule Heating Synthesis of Oxide-Socketed High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles as CO 2 Conversion Catalysts. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37229643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The unorthodox surface chemistry of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs), with numerous interelemental synergies, helps catalyze a variety of essential chemical processes, such as the conversion of CO2 to CO, as a sustainable path to environmental remediation. However, the risk of agglomeration and phase separation in HEA-NPs during high-temperature operations are lasting issues that impede their practical viability. Herein, we present HEA-NP catalysts that are tightly sunk in an oxide overlayer for promoting the catalytic conversion of CO2 with exceptional stability and performance. We demonstrated the controlled formation of conformal oxide overlayers on carbon nanofiber surfaces via a simple sol-gel method, which facilitated a large uptake of metal precursor ions and helped to decrease the reaction temperature required for nanoparticle formation. During the rapid thermal shock synthesis process, the oxide overlayer would also impede nanoparticle growth, resulting in uniformly distributed small HEA-NPs (2.37 ± 0.78 nm). Moreover, these HEA-NPs were firmly socketed in the reducible oxide overlayer, enabling an ultrastable catalytic performance involving >50% CO2 conversion with >97% selectivity to CO for >300 h without extensive agglomeration. Altogether, we establish the rational design principles for the thermal shock synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles and offer a helpful mechanistic perspective on how the oxide overlayer impacts the nanoparticle synthesis behavior, providing a general platform for the designed synthesis of ultrastable and high-performance catalysts that could be utilized for various industrially and environmentally relevant chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-Virus & Air-Quality Control, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-Virus & Air-Quality Control, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - DongHwan Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-Virus & Air-Quality Control, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - WooChul Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-Virus & Air-Quality Control, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Shi W, Li Z, Gong Z, Liang Z, Liu H, Han YC, Niu H, Song B, Chi X, Zhou J, Wang H, Xia BY, Yao Y, Tian ZQ. Transient and general synthesis of high-density and ultrasmall nanoparticles on two-dimensional porous carbon via coordinated carbothermal shock. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2294. [PMID: 37085505 PMCID: PMC10121605 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-supported nanoparticles are indispensable to enabling new energy technologies such as metal-air batteries and catalytic water splitting. However, achieving ultrasmall and high-density nanoparticles (optimal catalysts) faces fundamental challenges of their strong tendency toward coarsening and agglomeration. Herein, we report a general and efficient synthesis of high-density and ultrasmall nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on two-dimensional porous carbon. This is achieved through direct carbothermal shock pyrolysis of metal-ligand precursors in just ~100 ms, the fastest among reported syntheses. Our results show that the in situ metal-ligand coordination (e.g., N → Co2+) and local ordering during millisecond-scale pyrolysis play a crucial role in kinetically dominated fabrication and stabilization of high-density nanoparticles on two-dimensional porous carbon films. The as-obtained samples exhibit excellent activity and stability as bifunctional catalysts in oxygen redox reactions. Considering the huge flexibility in coordinated precursors design, diversified single and multielement nanoparticles (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ag, etc) were generally fabricated, even in systems well beyond traditional crystalline coordination chemistry. Our method allows for the transient and general synthesis of well-dispersed nanoparticles with great simplicity and versatility for various application schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Zezhou Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Gong
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, 311200, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye-Chuang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiting Niu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, 311200, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yonggang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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Hu X, Zuo D, Cheng S, Chen S, Liu Y, Bao W, Deng S, Harris SJ, Wan J. Ultrafast materials synthesis and manufacturing techniques for emerging energy and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1103-1128. [PMID: 36651148 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Energy and environmental issues have attracted increasing attention globally, where sustainability and low-carbon emissions are seriously considered and widely accepted by government officials. In response to this situation, the development of renewable energy and environmental technologies is urgently needed to complement the usage of traditional fossil fuels. While a big part of advancement in these technologies relies on materials innovations, new materials discovery is limited by sluggish conventional materials synthesis methods, greatly hindering the advancement of related technologies. To address this issue, this review introduces and comprehensively summarizes emerging ultrafast materials synthesis methods that could synthesize materials in times as short as nanoseconds, significantly improving research efficiency. We discuss the unique advantages of these methods, followed by how they benefit individual applications for renewable energy and the environment. We also highlight the scalability of ultrafast manufacturing towards their potential industrial utilization. Finally, we provide our perspectives on challenges and opportunities for the future development of ultrafast synthesis and manufacturing technologies. We anticipate that fertile opportunities exist not only for energy and the environment but also for many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Daxian Zuo
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shaoru Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Sihui Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Harris
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Kim C, Song JY, Choi C, Ha JP, Lee W, Nam YT, Lee DM, Kim G, Gereige I, Jung WB, Lee H, Jung Y, Jeong H, Jung HT. Atomic-Scale Homogeneous RuCu Alloy Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205270. [PMID: 35901115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) is the most widely used metal as an electrocatalyst for nitrogen (N2 ) reduction reaction (NRR) because of the relatively high N2 adsorption strength for successive reaction. Recently, it has been well reported that the homogeneous Ru-based metal alloys such as RuRh, RuPt, and RuCo significantly enhance the selectivity and formation rate of ammonia (NH3 ). However, the metal combinations for NRR have been limited to several miscible combinations of metals with Ru, although various immiscible combinations have immense potential to show high NRR performance. In this study, an immiscible combination of Ru and copper (Cu) is first utilized, and homogeneous alloy nanoparticles (RuCu NPs) are fabricated by the carbothermal shock method. The RuCu homogeneous NP alloys on cellulose/carbon nanotube sponge exhibit the highest selectivity and NH3 formation rate of ≈31% and -73 μmol h-1 cm-2 , respectively. These are the highest values of the selectivity and NH3 formation rates among existing Ru-based alloy metal combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansol Kim
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ji-Yoon Song
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyeok Choi
- Advanced Materials Simulations Group, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Pil Ha
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Wonmoo Lee
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Nam
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Myeong Lee
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunjoo Kim
- Catalytic Materials and Process Lab, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Issam Gereige
- Saudi Aramco, Research and Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woo-Bin Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Catalytic Materials and Process Lab, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Yousung Jung
- Advanced Materials Simulations Group, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsu Jeong
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- KAIST-UCB-VNU Global Climate Change Research Center, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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