1
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Li S, Wang T, Zhang C, Lu Z, Chu E, Yu Q, Zhang J. Balancing the Energy and Sensitivity of Primary Explosives: Using Isomers to Prepare Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2025; 64:2020-2029. [PMID: 39847545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The performance of energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) is influenced by their components and structure. Modifying the chemical structure of the ligands can balance the detonation performance and sensitivity. This study introduced Cu(3-PZCA)2(ClO4)2 (ECCs-1) and Cu(2-IZCA)2(ClO4)2 (ECCs-2), using 3-PZCA and 2-IZCA as ligands. ECCs-2, with a higher symmetry and fewer nitrogen chains, showed the highest thermal decomposition temperature (225 °C). Both ECCs displayed high mechanical sensitivity, with ECCs-2 being slightly less sensitive (IS = 3 J, FS = 8 N). They shared similar detonation properties and ignition capabilities, with ECCs-1 having the highest detonation velocity (7.1 km·s-1) and pressure (23.5 GPa). Initiation tests confirmed their excellent performance and similar DDT. The theoretical decomposition mechanism suggests a free radical reaction, explaining their consistent mechanical sensitivity, ignition, and initiation capabilities. A "SP-DM-DSC-MS-DA" structure-property relationship was established, providing a theoretical foundation for studying Cu(ClO4)2-ECCs and their isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Chemical Effects and Control, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zujia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Enyi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Chemical Effects and Control, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Zhou C, Xie Q, Wang J, Song L, Deng H, Chen Z, Wang L, Yang C, Hu B. Intramolecular Cyclization and Energetic Group Modifications for Thermally Stable and Low-Sensitivity Monocyclic Dinitromethyl Zwitterionic Pyrazoles. Inorg Chem 2025; 64:1455-1465. [PMID: 39804989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Zwitterionic energetic materials offer a unique combination of high performance and stability, yet their synthesis and stability enhancement remain key challenges. In this study, we report the synthesis of a highly stable (dinitromethyl-functionalized zwitterionic compound, 1-(amino(iminio)methyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)dinitromethanide (4), with a thermal decomposition temperature of 215 °C, surpassing that of most previously reported energetic monocyclic zwitterions (Td < 150 °C). This compound was synthesized via intramolecular cyclization of a trinitromethyl-functionalized hydrazone precursor. Further chemical modifications, including nitration and fluorination, enabled zwitterion-to-zwitterion transformations, resulting in the formation of nitramines 10 and 12. Additionally, the perchlorate salt (8) of 4 was synthesized, along with ammonium (13), guanidinium (14), and potassium (15) salts derived from 10, all retaining zwitterionic properties. Physicochemical evaluations reveal that zwitterion 12 exhibits excellent thermal stability (Td = 181 °C) and an optimal balance between high energy output (detonation velocity: 8329 m s-1, detonation pressure: 29.4 GPa) and reduced sensitivity (impact sensitivity: 35 J, friction sensitivity: 320 N). Notably, potassium salt 15 demonstrates superior thermal stability (Td = 233 °C), exceeding that of RDX. These results expand the design framework for energetic zwitterions and contribute to the development of high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Qingshan Xie
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Liu Song
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Huiying Deng
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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3
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Ding N, Zhao C, Zhang J, Du Y, Sun Q, Li S, Pang S. Encapsulating Azolates Within Cationic Metal-Organic Frameworks for High-Energy-Density Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2409093. [PMID: 39331843 PMCID: PMC11714169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202409093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite the synthesis of numerous cationic metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs), their counter anions have been primarily limited to inorganic Cl-, NO3 -, ClO4 -, BF4 -, and Cr2O7 2-, which have weak coordination abilities. In this study, a series of new CMOFs is synthesized using azolates with strong coordination abilities as counter anions, which are exclusively employed as ligands for coordinating with metals. Owing to the unique nitrogen-rich composition of azolates, the CMOFs demonstrate significant potential as high-energy-density materials. Notably, CMOF(CuTNPO) has an exceptionally high heat of detonation of 7375 kJ kg-1, surpassing even that of the state-of-art CL-20 (6536 kJ kg-1). To further validate the advantages of employing azolates as counter anions, analogues with azolates serving as ligands are also synthesized. The comparison study indicates that encapsulating azolates within the cationic frameworks confers both high energy and safety properties. X-ray data and quantum calculations indicate that their enhanced performance stems from stronger H─bonds and π-π interactions. This study introduces new roles for azolates in MOFs and expands possibilities for structural diversity and potential applications of framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
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4
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Advancing energetic chemistry: the first synthesis of sulfur-based C-C bonded thiadiazole-pyrazine compounds with a nitrimino moiety. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:19112-19115. [PMID: 39584731 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-based energetic materials 3 to 7 were synthesized considering the limited availability of structural combinations of polynitrogen- and oxygen-based organic scaffolds, thereby advancing their limits. All of them were fully characterised using infrared spectroscopy (IR), multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), elemental analysis (EA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Furthermore, the molecular structure of compound 3 was confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies (SC-XRD). All compounds exhibited good density (1.68-1.81 g cm-3), moderate detonation performance (VOD = 5747-7075 m s-1; DP = 14.39-19.35 GPa), high thermal stability (159-246 °C) and insensitivity towards impact and friction stimuli (IS > 40 J and FS > 360 N). This is the first instance of an energetic alliance of pyrazine and thiadiazole frameworks, which can be considered as a developmental step in the field of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Tian B, Ding N, Xu X, Jiang Z, Chang J, Jiang Y, Zhao C, Sun Q, Li S, Pang S. Attaining the Utmost Stability and Energy of Carbonyl Azides by the Synergistic Improvement of Conjugation and H-bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39446555 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyl azides are important precursors to isocyanates and are used as energetic compounds. However, the further development of these compounds is limited by their inherently poor stability. In this study, we present a new family of carbonyl azides, 5-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-carbamoyl-azide (NTCA), which was synthesized through in situ oxidation cleavage of amino-tetrazole. Compared with its precursor (nitrocarbamoyl azide, HNCA), X-ray data and quantum calculations indicate that NTCA has much stronger conjugation (dihedral angle decreased from 13.39° to 1.35°) and more H-bonds (increase from 2 to 7 pairs). As a result, NTCA exhibits the highest thermal stability (decomposition temperature of 212 °C) and highest density (1.820 g cm-3) among all known carbonyl azides. In addition, a series of Curtius rearrangements were performed to generate substituted ionic derivatives, which also exhibit high stability and energy. This study provides an effective strategy for synthesizing carbonyl azides with high stability and energy, paving the way for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojing Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiyi Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinyu Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanda Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Ding N, Sun Q, Xu X, Zhang W, Zhao C, Li S, Pang S. 1-Trinitromethyl-3,5-dinitro-4-nitroaminopyrazole: Intramolecular Full Nitration and Strong Intermolecular H-Bonds toward Highly Dense Energetic Materials. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10467-10471. [PMID: 39031914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Full nitration is one of the most effective strategies used in synthesizing high-density energetic materials, but this strategy has reached its limit because the resultant compounds cannot be further functionalized. To overcome this limitation, we present the synergistic action of full nitration and strong intermolecular H-bonding in designing and synthesizing 1-trinitromethyl-3,5-dinitro-4-nitroaminopyrazole (DNTP) with a density that exceeds those of the reported monocyclic CHON compounds. The detonation velocity and specific impulse of DNTP exceed those of 1-trinitromethyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole (TTP), HMX, and ADN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of the Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Gong W, Guo B, Hu L, Pang S, Shreeve JM. Host-Guest Technique for Designing Highly Energetic Compounds with the Nitroamino Group. Org Lett 2024; 26:4417-4421. [PMID: 38330149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A new energetic material, 2-azido-4,7-nitroamino-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine (ANIP) with a highly sensitive azido group and its host-guest compounds (ANIP/H2O and ANIP/H2O2), and energetic salts were obtained. With the guest and protons in host molecules, an abundant hydrogen bond system can be formed. This results in high crystal density and good sensitivity, which suggests that the host-guest strategy is a promising way to balance the contradiction between energy and sensitivity and provides a new path to obtain a new generation of high energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Gong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Benyue Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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8
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Zhang L, Lang Q, Zhu M, Zhang X, Jiang S, Lu M, Lin Q. Enhancing Conjugation Effect to Develop Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials with Higher Energy and Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10211-10217. [PMID: 38369818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a strategy by enhancing conjugation effect and synthesizes a symmetrical and planar compound, 1,2-bis (4,5-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)diazene (NL24). The incorporation of azo and 1,2,3-triazole moieties manifests a synergistic effect, amplifying the conjugation effect of the azo bridge and thereby elevating the stability of NL24 (Td: 263 °C, IS: 7 J). Notably, NL24, possessing a structural configuration comprising four tetrazoles harboring a total of 24 nitrogen atoms, exhibits excellent detonation performances (ΔHf: 6.06 kJ g-1, VD: 9002 m s-1). This strategy achieves the balance of energy and stability of polycyclic tetrazoles and provides a direction for high-performance energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qing Lang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mimi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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9
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Zhang H, Cai J, Li Z, Lai Q, Yin P, Pang S. Exploring a Fused Triazole-Tetrazine Binary CN Material for a Promising Initiating Substance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4628-4636. [PMID: 38237118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of binary carbon-nitrogen (CN) materials with high density and good thermal stability presents a significant challenge due to the inherent trade-off between high-energy storage and low bond dissociation energy. In this study, we designed and synthesized (S)-1,2-bis(3-azido-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)diazene (BAzTD) and 2,9-diazidobis([1,2,4]-triazolo)[1,5-d:5',1'-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine (DAzTT) through a straightforward reaction. Remarkably, DAzTT demonstrated a high density of 1.816 g·cm-3 (at 298 K) and a considerable thermal decomposition temperature of 216.86 °C. These properties outperform those of previously reported binary heterocyclic CN compounds and polyazido heterocyclic compounds. The quantum-chemical methods further substantiated the integral role of aromaticity as the driving force behind this difference. Additionally, the initiation capability of DAzTT was evaluated by a notably low minimum primary charge (MPC = 40 mg), surpassing conventional organic primary explosives, such as commercial 2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol (DDNP, MPC = 70 mg). The exceptional priming ability highlights the potential as an environmentally friendly replacement for toxic lead azide. DAzTT sets a new standard for binary CN compounds and provides a valuable precursor for high-nitrogen carbon nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Lai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Lin C, Yi P, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Synthesis and detonation characters of 3,4,5-1 H-trinitropyrazole and its nitrogen-rich energetic salts. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1430-1433. [PMID: 38180128 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials is still facing challenges due to the inherent contradiction between energy and sensitivity. Two new nitrogen-rich energetic salts of 3,4,5-1H-trinitropyrazole (HTNP) were synthesized. They are fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR, MS and IR spectroscopy. The DSC and BAM tests were carried out as well. These TNP salts show high thermostability and high positive heat of formation. Their detonation performances were calculated by the EXPLO5 program. Most noteworthy is that DATr salt exhibits superior sensitivity and detonation performance comparable to secondary explosive RDX, making it promising for use as a new-generation green energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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11
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Jain A, Shkrob IA, Doan HA, Adams K, Moore JS, Assary RS. Active Learning Guided Computational Discovery of Plant-Based Redoxmers for Organic Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58309-58319. [PMID: 38071647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic nonaqueous redox flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are promising energy storage devices due to their scalability and reliance on sourceable materials. However, finding suitable redox-active organic molecules (redoxmers) for these batteries remains a challenge. Using plant-based compounds as precursors for these redoxmers can decrease their costs and environmental toxicity. In this computational study, flavonoid molecules have been examined as potential redoxmers for O-NRFBs. Flavone and isoflavone derivatives were selected as catholyte (positive charge carrier) and anolyte (negative charge carrier) molecules, respectively. To drive their redox potentials to the opposite extremes, in silico derivatization was performed using a novel algorithm to generate a library of > 40000 candidate molecules that penalizes overly complex structures. A multiobjective Bayesian optimization based active learning algorithm was then used to identify best redoxmer candidates in these search spaces. Our study provides methodologies for molecular design and optimization of natural scaffolds and highlights the need of incorporating expert chemistry awareness of the natural products and the basic rules of synthetic chemistry in machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Jain
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ilya A Shkrob
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hieu A Doan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Keir Adams
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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12
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Dong Y, Li M, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang W, Shreeve JM, Tang Y. Pushing the limits of the heat of detonation via the construction of polynitro bipyrazole. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5729-5733. [PMID: 37800191 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The trinitromethyl group is a highly oxidized group that is found as an active functionality in many high-energy-density materials. The most frequently used previous synthetic method for the introduction of the trinitromethyl group is the nitration of heterocyclic compounds containing an acetonyl/ethyl acetate/chloroxime group. Now a novel strategy for constructing a trinitromethyl group (5) via nitration of an ethylene bridged compound, dipyrazolo[1,5-a:5',1'-c]pyrazine (2), is reported. In addition, the other two nitrated products (3 and 4) were obtained under different nitrating conditions. Compound 5 has excellent detonation performance (Dv = 9047 m s-1, P = 35.6 GPa), and a low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 10 J, FS = 216 N), with an especially attractive heat of detonation of 6921 kJ kg-1, which significantly exceeds that of the state-of-the-art explosive CL-20 (Q: 6162 kJ kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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13
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Zhang C, Wang T, Xu M, Kuang B, Xie Z, Yi Z, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhu S, Zhang J. Regulating the Coordination Environment by Using Isomeric Ligands: Enhancing the Energy and Sensitivity of Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17417-17424. [PMID: 37827495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming the energy storage structure is an effective approach to achieve a balance between the detonation performance and the sensitivity of energetic compounds, with a goal of high energy and low sensitivity. Building upon previous work, this study employed an isomeric compound 1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (3-PZCA) as a ligand and creatively designed the energetic coordination compound (ECC) Ag(3-HPZCA)2(ClO4)3 (ECC-1). It is a novel material with a dual structure of ionic salts and coordination compounds, which represents the first report of such a structure in Ag(I)-based ECCs. With its unique structures, ECC-1 exhibits a larger [ClO4-] content, a higher oxygen balance constant (OB = 0%), and superior mechanical sensitivity (IS = 13 J and FS = 40 N). Theoretical calculations indicate that ECC-1 has a higher detonation performance compared to previous work. Furthermore, the explosive experiment testing results demonstrate that it can be ignited by lower-threshold lasers and possesses excellent initiation capability and explosive power, making it suitable not only as a primary explosive but also as a secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baolong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zujia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Meng J, Fei T, Cai J, Lai Q, Zhang J, Pang S, He C. Backbone Isomerization to Enhance Thermal Stability and Decrease Mechanical Sensitivities of 10 Nitro-Substituted Bipyrazoles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48346-48353. [PMID: 37801729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel, environmentally friendly, and high-energy oxidizers remains interesting and challenging for replacing halogen-containing ammonium perchloride (AP). The trinitromethyl moiety is one of the most promising substituents for designing high-energy density oxidizers. In this study, a backbone isomerization strategy was utilized to manipulate the properties of 10 nitro group-substituted bipyrazoles containing the largest number of nitro groups among the bis-azole backbones so far. Another advanced high-energy density oxidizer, 3,3',5,5'-tetranitro-1,1'-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H,1'H-4,4'-bipyrazole (3), was designed and synthesized. Compared to the isomer 4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2,2'-bis(trinitromethyl)-2H,2'H-3,3'-bipyrazole (4) (Td = 125 °C), 3 possesses better thermostability (Td = 156 °C), which is close to that of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Td = 159 °C), and it possesses better mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivity (IS) = 13 J and friction sensitivity (FS) = 240 N) than that of 4 (IS = 9 J and FS = 215 N), thereby demonstrating a promising perspective for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Meng
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Test Technique Institute, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Lai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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15
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Chen F, Wang Y, Song S, Tan LL, Wei M, Huang C, Chen JB, Chen S, Huang M, Zhang Q. Promising Energetic Melt-Castable Material with Balanced Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24408-24415. [PMID: 37186773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used energetic materials to date, trinitrotoluene (TNT) suffers from several generally known drawbacks such as high toxicity, oil permeability, and poor mechanical properties, which are driving researchers to explore new high-performance energetic melt-castable materials for replacing TNT. However, it still remains a great challenge to discover a promising TNT alternative due to the multidimensional requirements for practical applications. Herein, we reported a new promising energetic melt-castable molecule, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (named as DMDNP). Besides a reasonable melting point (Tm: 94.8 °C), good thermostability (Td: 293.2 °C), and excellent chemical compatibility, DMDNP exhibits some obvious advantages over TNT including more environmentally friendly synthesis, high yield, low toxicity, low volume shrinkage, low mechanical and electrostatic sensitivities, etc., demonstrating well-balanced properties and great promise as a TNT replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Siwei Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Li-Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jian-Bo Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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16
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Li Y, Xia H, Song S, Wang K, Zhang Q. One-step synthesis of 6-amino-5-nitro-2-(trinitromethyl)-pyrimidin-4(3H)-one as potential energetic material. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Ding N, Sun Q, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao C, Li S, Pang S. Can a heavy trinitromethyl group always result in a higher density? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1939-1942. [PMID: 36722983 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Density is an important property of energetic materials and is believed to increase with the addition of heavy trinitromethyl groups, as shown in previous literature. However, this study determined that the introduction of these groups produced a decrease in density, as evidenced by the lower density of 1-trinitromethyl-4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole ((TN-116), 1.899 g cm-3) compared to that of its precursor (4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole (LLM-116), 1.900 g cm-3). Mechanistic studies indicated that the reduced density was due to the significantly weaker H-bonding and π-π interactions of TN-116, which produced looser stacking compared to that of LLM-116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yaqiong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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18
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Jiang J, Wang HR, Zhao FQ, Xu SY, Ju XH. Decomposition mechanism of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene under thermal and shock stimuli using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3799-3805. [PMID: 36647743 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To obtain atomic-level insights into the decomposition behavior of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene (TNTNB) under different stimulations, this study applied reactive molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the effects of thermal and shock stimuli on the TNTNB crystal. The results show that the initial decomposition of the TNTNB crystal under both thermal and shock stimuli starts with the breakage of the N-NO2 bond. However, the C6 ring in TNTNB undergoes structural rearrangement to form a C3-C5 bicyclic structure at a constant high temperature. Then, the C3 and C5 rings break in turn. The main final products of TNTNB under shock are N2, CO2, and H2O, while NO, N2, H2O and CO are formed instead at 1 atm under a constant high temperature. Pressure is the main reason for this difference. High pressure promotes the complete oxidation of the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Xu
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Hai Ju
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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19
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Chen P, Dou H, Zhang J, He C, Pang S. Trinitromethyl Energetic Groups Enhance High Heats of Detonation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4144-4151. [PMID: 36629788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of groups with high enthalpies of formation can effectively improve the detonation performance of the compounds. A series of novel energetic compounds (10-13) with high enthalpies of formation, high density, and high nitrogen-oxygen content were designed and synthesized by combining gem-polynitromethyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, furoxan, and azo groups. All the new compounds were thoroughly characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 10 and 11 were also further characterized with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 11 has high density (1.93 g cm-3), high enthalpy of formation (993.5 kJ mol-1), high detonation velocity (9411 m s-1), and high heat of detonation (6889 kJ kg-1) and is a potentially excellent secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
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20
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Jiang X, Yang Y, Du H, Yang B, Tang P, Wu B, Ma C. Triazene-bridged energetic materials based on nitrotriazole: synthesis, characterization, and laser-ignited combustion performance. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5226-5233. [PMID: 36971188 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A new family of triazene-bridged energetic materials based on nitrotriazole with excellent combustion properties was synthesized and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yalin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Huiying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Congming Ma
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
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21
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Reaction of Bi(NO3)3 with quinoxaline in the presence of HI. Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetranitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3-diol by serendipity: Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld and optical study of a novel energetic compound. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Yin Z, Yi Z, Tang Y, Wei H, Huang W. Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Halogen-substituted 1,1-Diamino-2-nitro-2-(1-amino-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) Ethene Derivatives as Energetic Materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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23
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Yin Z, Huang W, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Shreeve JM, Tang Y. Toward Advanced High-Performance Insensitive FOX-7-like Energetic Materials via Positional Isomerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49847-49853. [PMID: 36264561 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For an energetic molecule with a definite elemental composition, the substituent type and position are the most important factors to influence its detonation performance and mechanical sensitivities. In this work, two pairs of FOX-7-like energetic isomers based on (2 and HTz-FOX; 5 and 6) were synthesized and characterized. Through positional isomerization, advanced high-performance insensitive explosives were obtained. Compounds 2 and 5 with an amino group adjacent to the electron-withdrawing side of the ethene bridge show both higher thermal stability and lower mechanical sensitivities (2: Td = 258 °C, impact sensitivity (IS) = 25 J, and friction sensitivity (FS) = 300 N; 5: Td = 264 °C, IS = 30 J, and FS = 320 N). In addition, 2 shows ultrahigh detonation performance (Dv = 9224 m s-1 and P = 31.1 GPa). These promising physicochemical properties are comparable to those of HMX (Dv = 9193 m s-1, P = 37.8 GPa, Td = 275 °C, IS = 7.4 J, and FS = 120 N), which suggests that 2 may be a promising energetic material in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844-2343, United States
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
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24
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Chen P, Dou H, He C, Pang S. Boosting the Energetic Performance of Trinitromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Moiety by Increasing Nitrogen-Oxygen in the Bridge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710002. [PMID: 36077400 PMCID: PMC9456194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trinitromethyl moiety is a useful group for the design and development of novel energetic compounds with high nitrogen and oxygen content. In this work, by using an improved nitration method, the dinitromethyl precursor was successfully nitrated to the trinitromethyl product (2), and its structure was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 has a high density (1.897 g cm−3), high heat of formation (984.8 kJ mmol−1), and a high detonation performance (D: 9351 m s−1, P: 37.46 GPa) that may find useful applications in the field of high energy density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
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25
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Stierstorfer J, Benz M, Klapötke TM. 1‐Nitrimino‐5‐azidotetrazole ‒ Extending Energetic Tetrazole Chemistry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200186. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Stierstorfer
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Chemistry and Biochemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13Haus D 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Benz
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81477 München GERMANY
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26
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Qu Y, Qian W, Zhang J, Gong F, Xie Z, Yang Z, Nie F, Zhao X. Interfacial engineered RDX/TATB energetic co-particles for enhanced safety performance and thermal stability. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10527-10534. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) has attracted considerable attentions in energy related fields. However, the safety performance of RDX needs to be improved in terms of various external stimulations. Herein, such issues of...
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