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Lenk R, Kleindienst W, Szabó GT, Baiersdörfer M, Boros G, Keller JM, Mahiny AJ, Vlatkovic I. Understanding the impact of in vitro transcription byproducts and contaminants. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1426129. [PMID: 39050733 PMCID: PMC11266732 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1426129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of messenger (m)RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid growth and innovation in the field of mRNA-based therapeutics. However, mRNA production, whether in small amounts for research or large-scale GMP-grade for biopharmaceutics, is still based on the In Vitro Transcription (IVT) reaction developed in the early 1980s. The IVT reaction exploits phage RNA polymerase to catalyze the formation of an engineered mRNA that depends on a linearized DNA template, nucleotide building blocks, as well as pH, temperature, and reaction time. But depending on the IVT conditions and subsequent purification steps, diverse byproducts such as dsRNA, abortive RNAs and RNA:DNA hybrids might form. Unwanted byproducts, if not removed, could be formulated together with the full-length mRNA and cause an immune response in cells by activating host pattern recognition receptors. In this review, we summarize the potential types of IVT byproducts, their known biological activity, and how they can impact the efficacy and safety of mRNA therapeutics. In addition, we briefly overview non-nucleotide-based contaminants such as RNases, endotoxin and metal ions that, when present in the IVT reaction, can also influence the activity of mRNA-based drugs. We further discuss current approaches aimed at adjusting the IVT reaction conditions or improving mRNA purification to achieve optimal performance for medical applications.
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Karaselek MA, Duran T, Kuccukturk S, Hazar E, Dogar O, Kıykım A, Guner S, Reisli I, Keles S. Molecular investigations on T cell subsets in patients affected by Hypomorphic DCLRE1C Mutation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024. [PMID: 38706114 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2352479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the expression of transcription factors, cytokines, and co-stimulatory molecules within the helper T (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg) of patients with hypomorphic DCLRE1C gene mutations. METHODS The study comprised eight patients and five controls. Transcription factor and cytokine expressions of Th subsets and co-stimulatory molecules were investigated by qPCR and flow cytometric following T cell stimulation. The findings were compared between patients (non-HSCT) and with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). RESULTS Flow cytometric analyses; while the Treg rate was significantly lower in non-HSCT than in controls (p = 0.010), the IFN-γ rate was significantly higher in patients than in the control and HSCT groups (p = 0.016, p = 0.022 respectively). Co-stimulatory molecule expressions were significantly lower in non-HSCT than in control (p < 0.001), and there was a significant improvement after HSCT. Post-stimulation qPCR analysis, significant changes were detected in non-HSCT/control, non-HSCT/HSCT and HSCT/control comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first study to molecularly investigate Th cell subsets in hypomorphic DCLRE1C patients. It was determined that abnormalities in Th cell subsets still persisted despite HSCT. There are still many conditions to be explained in these patients, and we believe that our study may shed light on future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Karaselek
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tugce Duran
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medical Genetic, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serkan Kuccukturk
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Esra Hazar
- Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Oznur Dogar
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kıykım
- Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Guner
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Reisli
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ren X, Liu Q, Zhou P, Zhou T, Wang D, Mei Q, Flavell RA, Liu Z, Li M, Pan W, Zhu S. DHX9 maintains epithelial homeostasis by restraining R-loop-mediated genomic instability in intestinal stem cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3080. [PMID: 38594251 PMCID: PMC11004185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier dysfunction and crypt destruction are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) residing in the crypts play a crucial role in the continuous self-renewal and rapid recovery of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, how ISCs are dysregulated in IBD remains poorly understood. Here, we observe reduced DHX9 protein levels in IBD patients, and mice with conditional DHX9 depletion in the intestinal epithelium (Dhx9ΔIEC) exhibit an increased susceptibility to experimental colitis. Notably, Dhx9ΔIEC mice display a significant reduction in the numbers of ISCs and Paneth cells. Further investigation using ISC-specific or Paneth cell-specific Dhx9-deficient mice demonstrates the involvement of ISC-expressed DHX9 in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. Mechanistically, DHX9 deficiency leads to abnormal R-loop accumulation, resulting in genomic instability and the cGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory response, which together impair ISC function and contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Collectively, our findings highlight R-loop-mediated genomic instability in ISCs as a risk factor in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ren
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Peirong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiao Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Cottrell KA, Ryu S, Pierce JR, Soto Torres L, Bohlin HE, Schab AM, Weber JD. Induction of Viral Mimicry Upon Loss of DHX9 and ADAR1 in Breast Cancer Cells. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:986-1003. [PMID: 38530197 PMCID: PMC10993856 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Detection of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important component of innate immunity. However, many endogenous RNAs containing double-stranded regions can be misrecognized and activate innate immunity. The IFN-inducible ADAR1-p150 suppresses dsRNA sensing, an essential function for adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) in many cancers, including breast. Although ADAR1-p150 has been well established in this role, the functions of the constitutively expressed ADAR1-p110 isoform are less understood. We used proximity labeling to identify putative ADAR1-p110-interacting proteins in breast cancer cell lines. Of the proteins identified, the RNA helicase DHX9 was of particular interest. Knockdown of DHX9 in ADAR1-dependent cell lines caused cell death and activation of the dsRNA sensor PKR. In ADAR1-independent cell lines, combined knockdown of DHX9 and ADAR1, but neither alone, caused activation of multiple dsRNA sensing pathways leading to a viral mimicry phenotype. Together, these results reveal an important role for DHX9 in suppressing dsRNA sensing by multiple pathways. SIGNIFICANCE These findings implicate DHX9 as a suppressor of dsRNA sensing. In some cell lines, loss of DHX9 alone is sufficient to cause activation of dsRNA sensing pathways, while in other cell lines DHX9 functions redundantly with ADAR1 to suppress pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sua Ryu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jackson R. Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Luisangely Soto Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Holly E. Bohlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Angela M. Schab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason D. Weber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biology, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. Individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) particles exit by exocytosis and accumulate at preferential egress sites. J Virol 2024; 98:e0178523. [PMID: 38193690 PMCID: PMC10883806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect are cell type dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appear to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.IMPORTANCEAlpha herpesviruses produce lifelong infections in their human and animal hosts. The majority of people in the world are infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes recurrent oral or genital lesions. However, HSV-1 can also spread to the central nervous system, causing severe encephalitis, and might also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Many of the steps of how these viruses infect and replicate inside host cells are known in depth, but the final step, exiting from the infected cell, is not fully understood. In this study, we engineered a novel variant of HSV-1 that allows us to visualize how individual virus particles exit from infected cells. With this imaging assay, we investigated preferential egress site formation in certain cell types and their contribution to the cell-cell spread of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michaella Q. Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jake A. Drewes
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wesley M. Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Junior A. Enow
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Li R, Zan Y, Wang D, Chen X, Wang A, Tan H, Zhang G, Ding S, Shen C, Wu H, Zhu S. A mouse model to distinguish NLRP6-mediated inflammasome-dependent and -independent functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321419121. [PMID: 38289959 PMCID: PMC10861855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321419121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) serves as a sensor for microbial dsRNA or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and initiating multiple pathways including inflammasome pathway and type I interferon (IFN) pathway, or regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. NLRP6 can exert its function in both inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent manners. However, there is no tool to distinguish the contribution of individual NLRP6-mediated pathway to the physiology and pathology in vivo. Here, we validated that Arg39 and Trp50 residues in the pyrin domain (PYD) of murine NLRP6 are required for ASC recruitment and inflammasome activation, but are not important for the RNA binding and PYD-independent NLRP6 oligomerization. We further generated the Nlrp6R39E&W50E mutant mice, which showed reduced inflammasome activation in either steady state intestine or during viral infection. However, the type I IFN production in cells or intestine tissue from Nlrp6R39E&W50E mutant mice remain normal. Interestingly, NLRP6-mediated inflammasome activation or the IFN-I production seems to play distinct roles in the defense responses against different types of RNA viruses. Our work generated a useful tool to study the inflammasome-dependent role of NLRP6 in vivo, which might help to understand the complexity of multiple pathways mediated by NLRP6 in response to the complicated and dynamic environmental cues in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Li
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Yang Zan
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei230051, China
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Anmin Wang
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Haoyuan Tan
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Chen Shen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230001, China
- Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei230051, China
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Peng C, Ye Z, Ju Y, Huang X, Zhan C, Wei K, Zhang Z. Mechanism of action and treatment of type I interferon in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:326-337. [PMID: 37402970 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by HBV, HCV infection, and other factors is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although, percutaneous treatments such as surgery, ethanol injection, radiofrequency ablation, and transcatheter treatments such as arterial chemoembolization are useful for local tumor control, they are not sufficient to improve the prognosis of patients with HCC. External interferon agents that induce interferon-related genes or type I interferon in combination with other drugs can reduce the recurrence rate and improve survival in HCC patients after surgery. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent advances in the mechanism of action of type I interferons, emerging therapies, and potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC using IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhijian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chenjie Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ke Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Luo J, Ji Y, Chen N, Song G, Zhou S, Niu X, Yu D. Nuclear miR-150 enhances hepatic lipid accumulation by targeting RNA transcripts overlapping the PLIN2 promoter. iScience 2023; 26:107837. [PMID: 37736048 PMCID: PMC10509351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease is a prevalent chronic liver disease caused by excessive ethanol consumption. This study aims to investigate the role of miR-150 in regulating hepatic lipid homeostasis in alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). miR-150 was mainly distributed in the nucleus of hepatocytes and correlated with the degree of liver injury. The decreased expression of miR-150 observed in AFL was a compensatory response to ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis. Overexpression of miR-150 facilitated hepatic lipid accumulation in cellulo and exacerbated ethanol-induced liver steatosis in vivo. In silico analysis identified perilipin-2 (PLIN2) as a potential target gene of miR-150. miR-150 activated PLIN2 transcription by directly binding the RNA transcripts overlapping PLIN2 promoter and facilitating the recruitment of DNA helicase DHX9 and RNA polymeraseⅡ. Overall, our study provides fresh insights into the homeostasis regulation of hepatic steatosis induced by ethanol and identifies miR-150 as a pro-steatosis effector driving transcriptional PLIN2 gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Ji
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Song
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyue Zhou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Huang N, Song Y, Shi W, Guo J, Zhang Z, He Q, Wu L, Li X, Xu F. DHX9-mediated pathway contributes to the malignant phenotype of myelodysplastic syndromes. iScience 2023; 26:106962. [PMID: 37305700 PMCID: PMC10250162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DHX9 is a member of the DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) helicase family and regulates DNA replication and RNA processing. DHX9 dysfunction promotes tumorigenesis in several solid cancers. However, the role of DHX9 in MDS is still unknown. Here, we analyzed the expression of DHX9 and its clinical significance in 120 MDS patients and 42 non-MDS controls. Lentivirus-mediated DHX9-knockdown experiments were performed to investigate its biological function. We also performed cell functional assays, gene microarray, and pharmacological intervention to investigate the mechanistic involvement of DHX9. We found that overexpression of DHX9 is frequent in MDS and associated with poor survival and high risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation. DHX9 is essential for the maintenance of malignant proliferation of leukemia cells, and DHX9 suppression increases cell apoptosis and causes hypersensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Besides, knockdown of DHX9 inactivates the PI3K-AKT and ATR-Chk1 signaling, promotes R-loop accumulation, and R-loop-mediated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanfang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wenhui Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
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Shan F, Shen S, Wang X, Chen G. BST2 regulated by the transcription factor STAT1 can promote metastasis, invasion and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2023; 62:54. [PMID: 36929425 PMCID: PMC10019759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the main types of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Although progress has been made in treating OSCC, it remains a threat to human health, and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to extend the lifespan of patients with OSCC. The present study, evaluated whether bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) and STAT1 were potential therapeutic targets in OSCC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) or overexpression plasmids were used to regulate BST2 or STAT1 expression. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed to assess changes in the protein and mRNA expression levels of signaling pathway components. The effects of BST2 and STAT1 expression changes on the migration, invasion and proliferation of OSCC cells were assessed using the scratch test assay, Transwell assay and colony formation assay in vitro, respectively. Cell‑derived xenograft models were used to evaluate the impact of BST2 and STAT1 on the occurrence and development of OSCC in vivo. Finally, it was demonstrated that BST2 expression was significantly upregulated in OSCC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that high expression of BST2 in OSCC contributed to the metastasis, invasion and proliferation of OSCC cells. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the promoter region of BST2 was regulated by the transcription factor STAT1, and that the STAT1/BST2 axis could affect the behavior of OSCC via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In vivo studies also demonstrated that STAT1 downregulation inhibited OSCC growth by down‑regulating BST2 expression via the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayu Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Si Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Environmental Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Xinxing Wang, Environmental Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Dr Gang Chen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Qi Xinang Tai Road, Heping, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China, E-mail:
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