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Ren X, Liu Q, Zhou P, Zhou T, Wang D, Mei Q, Flavell RA, Liu Z, Li M, Pan W, Zhu S. DHX9 maintains epithelial homeostasis by restraining R-loop-mediated genomic instability in intestinal stem cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3080. [PMID: 38594251 PMCID: PMC11004185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier dysfunction and crypt destruction are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) residing in the crypts play a crucial role in the continuous self-renewal and rapid recovery of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, how ISCs are dysregulated in IBD remains poorly understood. Here, we observe reduced DHX9 protein levels in IBD patients, and mice with conditional DHX9 depletion in the intestinal epithelium (Dhx9ΔIEC) exhibit an increased susceptibility to experimental colitis. Notably, Dhx9ΔIEC mice display a significant reduction in the numbers of ISCs and Paneth cells. Further investigation using ISC-specific or Paneth cell-specific Dhx9-deficient mice demonstrates the involvement of ISC-expressed DHX9 in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. Mechanistically, DHX9 deficiency leads to abnormal R-loop accumulation, resulting in genomic instability and the cGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory response, which together impair ISC function and contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Collectively, our findings highlight R-loop-mediated genomic instability in ISCs as a risk factor in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ren
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Peirong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiao Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510145, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Mortezaee K. Selective targeting or reprogramming of intra-tumoral Tregs. Med Oncol 2024; 41:71. [PMID: 38341821 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical immunosuppressive cells that are frequently present in the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers and enable progression of tumors toward metastasis. The cells expand in response to tumor-associated antigens and are actively involved in bypassing immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors through integrating numerous environmental signals. A point here is that Tregs are clonally distinct in peripheral blood from tumor area. Currently, an effective and novel task in cancer immunotherapy is to selectively destabilize or deplete intra-tumoral Tregs in order to avoid systemic inflammatory events. Helios is a transcription factor expressed selectively by Tregs and promotes their stabilization, and Trps1 is a master regulator of intra-tumoral Tregs. Anti-CCR8 and the IL-2Rβγ agonist Bempegaldesleukin selectively target intra-tumoral Treg population, with the former approved to not elicit autoimmunity. Disarming Treg-related immunosuppression in tumors through diverting their reprogramming or promoting naïve T cell differentiation into cells with effector immune activating profile is another promising area of research in cancer immunotherapy. Blimp-1 inhibitors and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein agonists are example approaches that can be used for diverting Treg differentiation into Th1-like CD4+ T cells, thereby powering immunogenicity against cancer. Finally, selective target of intra-tumoral Tregs and their reprogramming into effector T cells is applicable using low-dose chemotherapy, and high-salt and high-tryptophan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Cui H, Wang N, Li H, Bian Y, Wen W, Kong X, Wang F. The dynamic shifts of IL-10-producing Th17 and IL-17-producing Treg in health and disease: a crosstalk between ancient "Yin-Yang" theory and modern immunology. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:99. [PMID: 38317142 PMCID: PMC10845554 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in T regulatory cell (Treg) and T helper cell (Th) 17 ratios holds paramount importance in ensuring internal homeostasis and disease progression. Recently, novel subsets of Treg and Th17, namely IL-17-producing Treg and IL-10-producing Th17 have been identified. IL-17-producing Treg and IL-10-producing Th17 are widely considered as the intermediates during Treg/Th17 transformation. These "bi-functional" cells exhibit plasticity and have been demonstrated with important roles in multiple physiological functions and disease processes. Yin and Yang represent opposing aspects of phenomena according to the ancient Chinese philosophy "Yin-Yang" theory. Furthermore, Yin can transform into Yang, and vice versa, under specific conditions. This theory has been widely used to describe the contrasting functions of immune cells and molecules. Therefore, immune-activating populations (Th17, M1 macrophage, etc.) and immune overreaction (inflammation, autoimmunity) can be considered Yang, while immunosuppressive populations (Treg, M2 macrophage, etc.) and immunosuppression (tumor, immunodeficiency) can be considered Yin. However, another important connotation of "Yin-Yang" theory, the conversion between Yin and Yang, has been rarely documented in immune studies. The discovery of IL-17-producing Treg and IL-10-producing Th17 enriches the meaning of "Yin-Yang" theory and further promotes the relationship between ancient "Yin-Yang" theory and modern immunology. Besides, illustrating the functions of IL-17-producing Treg and IL-10-producing Th17 and mechanisms governing their differentiation provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the dynamically changing statement of immune statement in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ning Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hanzhou Li
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Weibo Wen
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Shirai Y, Suwa T, Kobayashi M, Koyasu S, Harada H. DDX5 enhances HIF-1 activity by promoting the interaction of HIF-1α with HIF-1β and recruiting the resulting heterodimer to its target gene loci. Biol Cell 2024; 116:e2300077. [PMID: 38031929 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cancer cells acquire malignant characteristics and therapy resistance by employing the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-dependent adaptive response to hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumors. Since the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, difficulties are associated with establishing effective therapeutic strategies. RESULTS We herein identified DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) as a novel activator of HIF-1 and found that it enhanced the heterodimer formation of HIF-1α and HIF-1β and facilitated the recruitment of the resulting HIF-1 to its recognition sequence, hypoxia-response element (HRE), leading to the expression of a subset of cancer-related genes under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the regulation of HIF-1 recruitment to HRE is an important regulatory step in the control of HIF-1 activity. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides novel insights for the development of strategies to inhibit the HIF-1-dependent expression of cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Shirai
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwa
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Koyasu
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Xu J, Liu LY, Zhi FJ, Song YJ, Zhang ZH, Li B, Zheng FY, Gao PC, Zhang SZ, Zhang YY, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Jiang B, Li YQ, Peng C, Chu YF. DDX5 inhibits inflammation by modulating m6A levels of TLR2/4 transcripts during bacterial infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:770-795. [PMID: 38182816 PMCID: PMC10897170 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
DExD/H-box helicases are crucial regulators of RNA metabolism and antiviral innate immune responses; however, their role in bacteria-induced inflammation remains unclear. Here, we report that DDX5 interacts with METTL3 and METTL14 to form an m6A writing complex, which adds N6-methyladenosine to transcripts of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, promoting their decay via YTHDF2-mediated RNA degradation, resulting in reduced expression of TLR2/4. Upon bacterial infection, DDX5 is recruited to Hrd1 at the endoplasmic reticulum in an MyD88-dependent manner and is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This process disrupts the DDX5 m6A writing complex and halts m6A modification as well as degradation of TLR2/4 mRNAs, thereby promoting the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and downstream NF-κB activation. The role of DDX5 in regulating inflammation is also validated in vivo, as DDX5- and METTL3-KO mice exhibit enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings show that DDX5 acts as a molecular switch to regulate inflammation during bacterial infection and shed light on mechanisms of quiescent inflammation during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei-Jie Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yin-Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fu-Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Su-Zi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yue-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Li F, Ling X, Chakraborty S, Fountzilas C, Wang J, Jamroze A, Liu X, Kalinski P, Tang DG. Role of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 (p68) in cancer DNA repair, immune suppression, cancer metabolic control, virus infection promotion, and human microbiome (microbiota) negative influence. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:213. [PMID: 37596619 PMCID: PMC10439624 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating the significant role of DDX5 (also called p68), acting as a master regulator and a potential biomarker and target, in tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis and treatment resistance for cancer therapy. However, DDX5 has also been reported to act as an oncosuppressor. These seemingly contradictory observations can be reconciled by DDX5's role in DNA repair. This is because cancer cell apoptosis and malignant transformation can represent the two possible outcomes of a single process regulated by DDX5, reflecting different intensity of DNA damage. Thus, targeting DDX5 could potentially shift cancer cells from a growth-arrested state (necessary for DNA repair) to apoptosis and cell killing. In addition to the increasingly recognized role of DDX5 in global genome stability surveillance and DNA damage repair, DDX5 has been implicated in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. DDX5 appears to utilize distinct signaling cascades via interactions with unique proteins in different types of tissues/cells to elicit opposing roles (e.g., smooth muscle cells versus cancer cells). Such unique features make DDX5 an intriguing therapeutic target for the treatment of human cancers, with limited low toxicity to normal tissues. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted functions of DDX5 in DNA repair in cancer, immune suppression, oncogenic metabolic rewiring, virus infection promotion, and negative impact on the human microbiome (microbiota). We also provide new data showing that FL118, a molecular glue DDX5 degrader, selectively works against current treatment-resistant prostate cancer organoids/cells. Altogether, current studies demonstrate that DDX5 may represent a unique oncotarget for effectively conquering cancer with minimal toxicity to normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Program of Developmental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Canget BioTekpharma LLC, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Program of Developmental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Program of Developmental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Anmbreen Jamroze
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Xiaozhuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Program of Tumor Immunology & Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Program of Developmental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
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