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Gao X, Gu Z, Ma Q, Chen BJ, Shum KM, Cui WY, You JW, Cui TJ, Chan CH. Terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network for diffractive information recognition and processing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6686. [PMID: 39107313 PMCID: PMC11303375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
All-optical diffractive neural networks, as analog artificial intelligence accelerators, leverage parallelism and analog computation for complex data processing. However, their low space transmission efficiency or large spatial dimensions hinder miniaturization and broader application. Here, we propose a terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network on a planar diffractive platform for direct multi-target recognition. Our approach employs a spoof surface plasmon polariton coupler array to construct a diffractive network layer, resulting in a compact, efficient, and easily integrable architecture. We designed three schemes: basis vector classification, multi-user recognition, and MNIST handwritten digit classification. Experimental results reveal that the terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network successfully classifies basis vectors, recognizes multi-user orientation information, and directly processes handwritten digits using a designed input framework comprising a metal grating array, transmitters, and receivers. This work broadens the application of terahertz plasmonic metamaterials, paving the way for terahertz on-chip integration, intelligent communication, and advanced computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bao Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Man Shum
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wei You
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Gao S, Chen H, Wang Y, Duan Z, Zhang H, Sun Z, Shen Y, Lin X. Super-resolution diffractive neural network for all-optical direction of arrival estimation beyond diffraction limits. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38987253 PMCID: PMC11237115 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Wireless sensing of the wave propagation direction from radio sources lays the foundation for communication, radar, navigation, etc. However, the existing signal processing paradigm for the direction of arrival estimation requires the radio frequency electronic circuit to demodulate and sample the multichannel baseband signals followed by a complicated computing process, which places the fundamental limit on its sensing speed and energy efficiency. Here, we propose the super-resolution diffractive neural networks (S-DNN) to process electromagnetic (EM) waves directly for the DOA estimation at the speed of light. The multilayer meta-structures of S-DNN generate super-oscillatory angular responses in local angular regions that can perform the all-optical DOA estimation with angular resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. The spatial-temporal multiplexing of passive and reconfigurable S-DNNs is utilized to achieve high-resolution DOA estimation over a wide field of view. The S-DNN is validated for the DOA estimation of multiple radio sources over 5 GHz frequency bandwidth with estimation latency over two to four orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art commercial devices in principle. The results achieve the angular resolution over an order of magnitude, experimentally demonstrated with four times, higher than diffraction-limited resolution. We also apply S-DNN's edge computing capability, assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, for extremely low-latency integrated sensing and communication with low power consumption. Our work is a significant step towards utilizing photonic computing processors to facilitate various wireless sensing and communication tasks with advantages in both computing paradigms and performance over electronic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengyang Duan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiou Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Işıl Ç, Gan T, Ardic FO, Mentesoglu K, Digani J, Karaca H, Chen H, Li J, Mengu D, Jarrahi M, Akşit K, Ozcan A. All-optical image denoising using a diffractive visual processor. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:43. [PMID: 38310118 PMCID: PMC10838318 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Image denoising, one of the essential inverse problems, targets to remove noise/artifacts from input images. In general, digital image denoising algorithms, executed on computers, present latency due to several iterations implemented in, e.g., graphics processing units (GPUs). While deep learning-enabled methods can operate non-iteratively, they also introduce latency and impose a significant computational burden, leading to increased power consumption. Here, we introduce an analog diffractive image denoiser to all-optically and non-iteratively clean various forms of noise and artifacts from input images - implemented at the speed of light propagation within a thin diffractive visual processor that axially spans <250 × λ, where λ is the wavelength of light. This all-optical image denoiser comprises passive transmissive layers optimized using deep learning to physically scatter the optical modes that represent various noise features, causing them to miss the output image Field-of-View (FoV) while retaining the object features of interest. Our results show that these diffractive denoisers can efficiently remove salt and pepper noise and image rendering-related spatial artifacts from input phase or intensity images while achieving an output power efficiency of ~30-40%. We experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of this analog denoiser architecture using a 3D-printed diffractive visual processor operating at the terahertz spectrum. Owing to their speed, power-efficiency, and minimal computational overhead, all-optical diffractive denoisers can be transformative for various image display and projection systems, including, e.g., holographic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağatay Işıl
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tianyi Gan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fazil Onuralp Ardic
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Koray Mentesoglu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jagrit Digani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Huseyin Karaca
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hanlong Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jingxi Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kaan Akşit
- University College London, Department of Computer Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Qiu X, Yang X, Guo Q, Liu J, Zhang X. Ln-HOF Nanofiber Organogels with Time-Resolved Luminescence for Programmable and Reliable Encryption. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11916-11924. [PMID: 38055678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing tunable luminescent materials for high throughput information storage is highly desired following the explosive growth of global data. Although considerable success has been achieved, achieving programmable information encryption remains challenging due to current signal crosstalk problems. Here, we developed long-lived room-temperature phosphorescent organogels enabled by lanthanum-coordinated hydrogen-bonded organic framework nanofibers for time-resolved information programming. Via modulating coassembled lanthanum concentration and Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency, the lifetimes are prolonged and facilely manipulated (20-644 ms), realizing encoding space enlargement and multichannel data outputs. The aggregated strong interfacial supramolecular bonding endows organogels with excellent mechanical toughness (36.16 MJ m-2) and self-healing properties (95.7%), synergistically achieving photostability (97.6% lifetime retention in 10000 fatigue cycles) via suppressing nonradiative decays. This work presents a lifetime-gated information programmable strategy via lanthanum-coordination regulation that promisingly breaks through limitations of current responsive luminescent materials, opening unprecedented avenues for high-level information encryption and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quanquan Guo
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Jize Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Chen Y, Nazhamaiti M, Xu H, Meng Y, Zhou T, Li G, Fan J, Wei Q, Wu J, Qiao F, Fang L, Dai Q. All-analog photoelectronic chip for high-speed vision tasks. Nature 2023; 623:48-57. [PMID: 37880362 PMCID: PMC10620079 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Photonic computing enables faster and more energy-efficient processing of vision data1-5. However, experimental superiority of deployable systems remains a challenge because of complicated optical nonlinearities, considerable power consumption of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for downstream digital processing and vulnerability to noises and system errors1,6-8. Here we propose an all-analog chip combining electronic and light computing (ACCEL). It has a systemic energy efficiency of 74.8 peta-operations per second per watt and a computing speed of 4.6 peta-operations per second (more than 99% implemented by optics), corresponding to more than three and one order of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art computing processors, respectively. After applying diffractive optical computing as an optical encoder for feature extraction, the light-induced photocurrents are directly used for further calculation in an integrated analog computing chip without the requirement of analog-to-digital converters, leading to a low computing latency of 72 ns for each frame. With joint optimizations of optoelectronic computing and adaptive training, ACCEL achieves competitive classification accuracies of 85.5%, 82.0% and 92.6%, respectively, for Fashion-MNIST, 3-class ImageNet classification and time-lapse video recognition task experimentally, while showing superior system robustness in low-light conditions (0.14 fJ μm-2 each frame). ACCEL can be used across a broad range of applications such as wearable devices, autonomous driving and industrial inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Chen
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Han Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiankuang Zhou
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtao Fan
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Jia B, Zhang M. Three-Dimensional Displacement Measurement of Micro-Milling Tool Based on Fiber Array Encoding. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:631. [PMID: 36985038 PMCID: PMC10051266 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The vibration of the micro-milling tool presents a significant chaotic vibration phenomenon, which has a great influence on the tool life and part machining precision, and is one of the basic problems restricting the improvement of machining efficiency and machining accuracy in micro-milling. To overcome the difficulty of the traditional vibration measurement method with the online measurement of micro-milling tool multi-dimensional vibration, a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method of the micro-milling tool is proposed based on multi-fiber array coding, which converts the tool space motion into a decoding process of the optical coding array employing the tool modulating the multi-fiber array encoding. A 6 × 6 optical fiber array was designed, and a 3D motion platform for micro-milling tools was built to verify the characteristics of the optical fiber measurement system. The measurement results show that the measuring accuracy of the system reached 1 µm, and the maximum linear error in x-, y-, and z-direction are 1.5%, 2.58%, and 2.43%, respectively; the tool space motion position measurement results show that the maximum measurement error of the measuring system was 3.4%. The designed system has unique coding characteristics for the tool position in the space of 100 µm3. It provides a new idea and realization means for the online vibration measurement of micro-milling tools.
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