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Krahne R, Lin ML, Tan PH. Interplay of Phonon Directionality and Emission Polarization in Two-Dimensional Layered Metal Halide Perovskites. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2476-2489. [PMID: 39167606 PMCID: PMC11376265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusLayered metal halide perovskites represent a natural quantum well system for charge carriers that provides rich physics, and the organic encapsulation of the inorganic metal halide layers not only increases their stability in devices but also provides an immense freedom to design their functionality. Intriguingly, these organic moieties strongly impact the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, not only through their dielectric, elastic, and chemical properties but also because of induced mechanical distortions in the inorganic lattice. This tunability makes two-dimensional layered perovskites (2DLPs) highly attractive as light emitters. Common consensus is that exciton-phonon coupling plays an important role in radiative recombination. For bulk and some two-dimensional (2D) materials, the band edge emission broadening can be described by the classic models for polar inorganic semiconductors, while for the temperature dependence of the self-trapped exciton emission, an analysis developed for color centers has been successfully applied. For many 2DLPs these approaches do not work because of the complexity of their vibrational spectra. However, their emission is still strongly determined by phonons, and therefore, an adequate understanding of the electron-phonon coupling needs to be developed.With polarized and angle-resolved Raman spectroscopy studies on single 2DLP flakes based on different ammonium molecules as organic cations, in 2020 we revealed very rich phonon spectra in the low-frequency regime. Although the phonon bands at low frequency can generally be attributed to the vibrations of the inorganic lattice, we found very different responses by only changing the type of organic cations. In addition, the intensity of the different phonon modes depended strongly on the angle of the linearly polarized excitation beam with respect to the in-plane axes of the octahedron lattice. In 2022, we mapped this angular dependence of the phonon modes, which allowed identification of the directionality of the different lattice vibrations. By correlating the phonon spectra with the temperature-dependent emission for a set of 2DLPs that featured very different self-trapped exciton (STE) emission, we demonstrated that the exciton relaxation cannot be related to coupling with a single (longitudinal-optical) phonon band and that several phonon bands should be involved in the emission process. To gain insights into the exciton-phonon coupling effects on the band edge emission, we performed both angle-resolved polarized emission and Raman spectroscopy on single 2D lead iodide perovskite microcrystals. These experiments revealed the impact of the organic cations on the linear polarization of the emission and corroborated that multiple phonon bands should be involved in the radiative recombination process. Analysis of the temperature-dependent line width broadening of the band edge emission showed that for many systems, the behavior cannot be described by assuming the involvement of only one phonon mode in the electron-phonon coupling process. Our studies revealed a wealth of highly directional low-frequency phonons in 2DLPs from which several bands are involved in the emission process, which leads to diverse optical and vibrational properties depending on the type of organic cation in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Krahne
- Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Miao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering and CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering and CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Gan Z, Gloor CJ, Yan L, Zhong X, You W, Moran AM. Elucidating phonon dephasing mechanisms in layered perovskites with coherent Raman spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:074202. [PMID: 39158047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0216472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite quantum wells exhibit electronic structures with properties intermediate between those of inorganic semiconductors and molecular crystals. In these systems, periodic layers of organic spacer molecules occupy the interstitial spaces between perovskite sheets, thereby confining electronic excitations to two dimensions. Here, we investigate spectroscopic line broadening mechanisms for phonons coupled to excitons in lead-iodide layered perovskites with phenyl ethyl ammonium (PEA) and azobenzene ethyl ammonium (AzoEA) spacer cations. Using a modified Elliot line shape analysis for the absorbance and photoluminescence spectra, polaron binding energies of 11.2 and 17.5 meV are calculated for (PEA)2PbI4 and (AzoEA)2PbI4, respectively. To determine whether the polaron stabilization processes influence the dephasing mechanisms of coupled phonons, five-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopies are applied to the two systems under electronically resonant conditions. The prominence of inhomogeneous line broadening mechanisms detected in (AzoEA)2PbI4 suggests that thermal fluctuations involving the deformable organic phase broaden the distributions of phonon frequencies within the quantum wells. In addition, our data indicate that polaron stabilization primarily involves photoinduced reorganization of the organic phases for both systems, whereas the impulsively excited phonons represent less than 10% of the total polaron binding energy. The signal generation mechanisms associated with our fifth-order coherent Raman experiments are explored with a perturbative model in which cumulant expansions are used to account for time-coincident vibrational dephasing and polaron stabilization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Camryn J Gloor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Lytle KM, Brass EL, Roman BJ, Sheldon MT. Thermal Activation of Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: The Role of Surface Polaron States. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18457-18464. [PMID: 38965899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Optically driven cooling of a material, or optical refrigeration, is possible when optical up-conversion via anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) is achieved with near-unity quantum yield. The recent demonstration of optical cooling of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) has provided a path forward in the development of semiconductor-based optical refrigeration strategies. However, the mechanism of ASPL in CsPbBr3 NCs is not yet settled, and the prospects for cooling technologies strongly depend on details of the mechanism. By analyzing the Arrhenius behavior of ASPL in CsPbBr3 NCs, we investigated the relationship between the average energy gained per photon during up conversion, ΔE, and the thermal activation energy, Ea. We find that Ea is systematically larger than ΔE, and that Ea increases for larger ΔE. We suggest that the additional energetic cost is due to a rearrangement of the crystal lattice as charge carriers pass from surface localized, structurally distinct sub-gap polaron states to the free exciton state during up-conversion. Our interpretation is further corroborated by quantifying the impact of ligand coverage on the NC surface. These findings help inform the development of CsPbBr3 NCs for applications in optical refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Lytle
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
| | - Emma L Brass
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
| | - Matthew T Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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4
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Ou Z, Wang C, Tao ZG, Li Y, Li Z, Zeng Y, Li Y, Shi E, Chu W, Wang T, Xu H. Organic Ligand Engineering for Tailoring Electron-Phonon Coupling in 2D Hybrid Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5975-5983. [PMID: 38726841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In the emerging two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, the electronic structures and carrier behaviors are strongly impacted by intrinsic electron-phonon interactions, which have received inadequate attention. In this study, we report an intriguing phenomenon of negative carrier diffusion induced by electron-phonon coupling in (2T)2PbI4. Theoretical calculations reveal that the electron-phonon coupling drives the band alignment in (2T)2PbI4 to alternate between type I and type II heterostructures. As a consequence, photoexcited holes undergo transitions between the organic ligands and inorganic layers, resulting in abnormal carrier transport behavior compared to other two-dimensional hybrid perovskites. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of electron-phonon coupling in shaping the band alignments and carrier behaviors in two-dimensional hybrid perovskites. They also open up exciting avenues for designing and fabricating functional semiconductor heterostructures with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Ou
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Weibin Chu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ti Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
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5
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Li Y, Li X, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang M. Optimization of the structure, morphology and luminescent properties of NaYF 4 upconversion nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19716-19734. [PMID: 38859100 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We designed and constructed rare earth doped upconversion nanoparticles β-Na(Y0.78Yb0.18Er0.04)F4, sensitizing layer encapsulated β-Na(Y0.9Er0.1)F4@β-NaYbF4 and inert layer encapsulated β-Na(Y0.9Er0.1)F4@β-NaYbF4@β-NaYF4. Compared with the mononuclear material, the luminescence intensity of the particles encapsulated with double shells in the three main bands of blue, green and red emissions increased by 346, 22, and 54 times respectively. While improving the upconversion luminescence performance, the underlying reasons for this improvement were analyzed in detail. The effects of shell coating on the fluorescence lifetime, thermal stability and energy level transition are discussed. On this basis, the composite film material was constructed by combining the shell coating strategy and the plasma resonance interaction strategy, which further improved the upconversion efficiency. In addition, by combining performance optimized upconversion particles with information coding, we explored its potential as an anti-counterfeiting material.
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Yu J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Fang W, Liu B, Xing J. Intrinsic Self-Trapped Excitons in Graphitic Carbon Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4439-4446. [PMID: 38498723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) as low-cost, chemically stable, and ecofriendly layered semiconductors have attracted rapidly growing interest in optoelectronics and photocatalysis. However, the nature of photoexcited carriers in g-C3N4 is still controversial, and an independent charge-carrier picture based on the band theory is commonly adopted. Here, by performing transient spectroscopy studies, we show characteristics of self-trapped excitons (STEs) in g-C3N4 nanosheets including broad trapped exciton-induced absorption, picosecond exciton trapping without saturation at high photoexcitation density, and transient STE-induced stimulated emissions. These features, together with the ultrafast exciton trapping polarization memory, strongly suggest that STEs intrinsically define the nature of the photoexcited states in g-C3N4. These observations provide new insights into the fundamental photophysics of carbon nitrides, which may enlighten novel designs to boost energy conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- LUMINOUS! Centre of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 266042 Qingdao, China
| | - Yubu Zhou
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baiquan Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 266042 Qingdao, China
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7
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Yang K, Kang Y, Meng S, Zhang J, Ma W. Interlayer Carrier Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Perovskites Determined by the Length of Conjugated Organic Cations. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38587481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Unlocking the restricted interlayer carrier transfer in a two-dimensional perovskite is a crucial means to achieve the harmonization of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells. In this work, the effects of conjugated organic molecules on the interlayer carrier dynamics of 2D perovskites were investigated through nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We found that elongated conjugated organic cations contributed significantly to the accelerated interlayer carrier dynamics, originating from lowered transport barrier and boosted π-p coupling between organic and inorganic layers. Utilizing conjugated molecules of moderate length as spacer cations can yield both superior efficiency and exceptional stability simultaneously. However, conjugated chains that are too long lead to structural instability and stronger carrier recombination. The potential of conjugated chain-like molecules as spacer cations in 2D perovskites has been demonstrated in our work, offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchong Kang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
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Li C, Li X, Liu X, Ma L, Yan H, Tong L, Yang Z, Liu J, Bao D, Yin J, Li X, Wang P, Li R, Huang L, Yu M, Jia S, Wang T. On-Substrate Fabrication of CsPbBr 3 Single-Crystal Microstructures via Nanoparticle Self-Assembly-Assisted Low-Temperature Sintering. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9128-9136. [PMID: 38492230 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The growth of all-inorganic perovskite single-crystal microstructures on substrates is a promising approach for constructing photonic and electronic microdevices. However, current preparation methods typically involve direct control of ions or atoms, which often depends on specific lattice-matched substrates for epitaxial growth and other stringent conditions that limit the mild preparation and flexibility of device integration. Herein, we present the on-substrate fabrication of CsPbBr3 single-crystal microstructures obtained via a nanoparticle self-assembly assisted low-temperature sintering (NSALS) method. Sintering guided by self-assembled atomically oriented superlattice embryos facilitated the formation of single-crystal microstructures under mild conditions without substrate dependence. The as-prepared on-substrate microstructures exhibited a consistent out-of-plane orientation with a carrier lifetime of up to 82.7 ns. Photodetectors fabricated by using these microstructures exhibited an excellent photoresponse of 9.15 A/W, and the dynamic optical response had a relative standard deviation as low as 0.1831%. The discrete photosensor microarray chip with 174000 pixels in a 100 mm2 area showed a response difference of less than 6%. This method of nanoscale particle-controlled single crystal growth on a substrate offers a perspective for mild-condition preparation and in situ repair of crystals of various types. This advancement can propel the flexible integration and widespread application of perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Lindong Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jikun Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Xiujun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Miao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Sitong Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Du W, Liu X. Photophysics and its application in photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2747-2764. [PMID: 38250819 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) upconversion is a phenomenon involving light-matter interaction, where the energy of the emitted photons is higher than that of the incident photons. PL upconversion has promising applications in optoelectronic devices, displays, photovoltaics, imaging, diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of PL upconversion and ultrafast PL physical processes. In particular, we highlight the advances in laser cooling, biological imaging, volumetric displays and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenna Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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