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Assessment of MODIS Surface Temperature Products of Greenland Ice Sheet Using In-Situ Measurements. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based data have promoted the research progress in polar regions under global climate change, meanwhile the uncertainties and limitations of satellite-derived surface temperatures are widely discussed over Greenland. This study validated the accuracy of ice surface temperature (IST) from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). Daily MODIS IST was validated against the observational surface temperature from 24 automatic weather stations (AWSs) using the mean bias (MB), the root mean square (RMSE), and the correlation coefficient (R). The temporal and spatial variability over the GrIS spanning from March 2000 to December 2019 and the IST melt threshold (−1 °C) were analyzed. Generally, the MODIS IST was underestimated by an average of −2.68 °C compared to AWSs, with cold bias mainly occurring in winter. Spatially, the R and RMSE performed the better accuracy of MODIS IST on the northwest, northeast, and central part of the GrIS. Furthermore, the mean IST is mainly concentrated between −20 °C and −10 °C in summer while between −50 °C and −30 °C in winter. The largest positive IST anomalies (exceeds 3 °C) occurred in southwestern GrIS during 2010. IST shows the positive trends mainly in spring and summer and negative in autumn and winter.
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2
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A New Perspective on Four Decades of Changes in Arctic Sea Ice from Satellite Observations. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14081846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arctic sea ice characteristics have been changing rapidly and significantly in the last few decades. Using a long-term time series of sea ice products from satellite observations—the extended AVHRR Polar Pathfinder (APP-x)—trends in sea ice concentration, ice extent, ice thickness, and ice volume in the Arctic from 1982 to 2020 are investigated. Results show that the Arctic has become less ice-covered in all seasons, especially in summer and autumn. Arctic sea ice thickness has been decreasing at a rate of −3.24 cm per year, resulting in an approximate 52% reduction in thickness from 2.35 m in 1982 to 1.13 m in 2020. Arctic sea ice volume has been decreasing at a rate of −467.7 km3 per year, resulting in an approximate 63% reduction in volume, from 27,590.4 km3 in 1982 to 10,305.5 km3 in 2020. These trends are further examined from a new perspective, where the Arctic Ocean is classified into open water, perennial, and seasonal sea ice-covered areas based on sea ice persistence. The loss of the perennial sea ice-covered area is a major factor in the total sea ice loss in all seasons. If the current rates of sea ice changes in extent, concentration, and thickness continue, the Arctic is expected to have ice-free summers by the early 2060s.
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Le Moullec M, Sandal L, Grøtan V, Buchwal A, Hansen BB. Climate synchronises shrub growth across a high‐arctic archipelago: contrasting implications of summer and winter warming. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Le Moullec
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Lisa Sandal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alaska Anchorage AK USA
- Inst. of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. Poznan Wielkopolskie Poland
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
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4
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Variations in Winter Surface Temperature of the Purog Kangri Ice Field, Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, 2001–2018, Using MODIS Data. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the context of global warming, the land surface temperature (LST) from remote sensing data is one of the most useful indicators to directly quantify the degree of climate warming in high-altitude mountainous areas where meteorological observations are sparse. Using the daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product (MOD11A1 V6) after eliminating pixels that might be contaminated by clouds, this paper analyzes temporal and spatial variations in the mean LST on the Purog Kangri ice field, Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, in winter from 2001 to 2018. There was a large increasing trend in LST (0.116 ± 0.05 °C·a−1) on the Purog Kangri ice field during December, while there was no evident LST rising trend in January and February. In December, both the significantly decreased albedo (−0.002 a−1, based on the MOD10A1 V6 albedo product) on the ice field surface and the significantly increased number of clear days (0.322 d·a−1) may be the main reason for the significant warming trend in the ice field. In addition, although the two highest LST of December were observed in 2017 and 2018, a longer data set is needed to determine whether this is an anomaly or a hint of a warmer phase of the Purog Kangri ice field in December.
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Yu Y, Taylor PC, Cai M. Seasonal Variations of Arctic Low-Level Clouds and Its Linkage to Sea Ice Seasonal Variations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:12206-12226. [PMID: 32025450 PMCID: PMC6988461 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using CALIPSO-CloudSat-Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data set, this study documents the seasonal variation of sea ice, cloud, and atmospheric properties in the Arctic (70°N-82°N) for 2007-2010. A surface-type stratification-consisting Permanent Ocean, Land, Permanent Ice, and Transient Sea Ice-is used to investigate the influence of surface type on low-level Arctic cloud liquid water path (LWP) seasonality. The results show significant variations in the Arctic low-level cloud LWP by surface type linked to differences in thermodynamic state. Subdividing the Transient Ice region (seasonal sea ice zone) by melt/freeze season onset dates reveals a complex influence of sea ice variations on low cloud LWP seasonality. We find that lower tropospheric stability is the primary factor affecting the seasonality of cloud LWP. Our results suggest that variations in sea ice melt/freeze onset have a significant influence on the seasonality of low-level cloud LWP by modulating the lower tropospheric thermal structure and not by modifying the surface evaporation rate in late spring and midsummer. We find no significant dependence of the May low-level cloud LWP peak on the melt/freeze onset dates, whereas and September/October low-level cloud LWP maximum shifts later in the season for earlier melt/later freeze onset regions. The Arctic low cloud LWP seasonality is controlled by several surface-atmosphere interaction processes; the importance of each varies seasonally due to the thermodynamic properties of sea ice. Our results demonstrate that when analyzing Arctic cloud-sea ice interactions, a seasonal perspective is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC‐FEMD)/NUIST‐UoR International Research InstituteNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | | | - Ming Cai
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric SciencesFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
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6
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Zhang R, Wang H, Fu Q, Rasch PJ, Wang X. Unraveling driving forces explaining significant reduction in satellite-inferred Arctic surface albedo since the 1980s. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23947-23953. [PMID: 31712425 PMCID: PMC6883849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915258116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic has warmed significantly since the early 1980s and much of this warming can be attributed to the surface albedo feedback. In this study, satellite observations reveal a 1.25 to 1.51% per decade absolute reduction in the Arctic mean surface albedo in spring and summer during 1982 to 2014. Results from a global model and reanalysis data are used to unravel the causes of this albedo reduction. We find that reductions of terrestrial snow cover, snow cover fraction over sea ice, and sea ice extent appear to contribute equally to the Arctic albedo decline. We show that the decrease in snow cover fraction is primarily driven by the increase in surface air temperature, followed by declining snowfall. Although the total precipitation has increased as the Arctic warms, Arctic snowfall is reduced substantially in all analyzed data sets. Light-absorbing soot in snow has been decreasing in past decades over the Arctic, indicating that soot heating has not been the driver of changes in the Arctic snow cover, ice cover, and surface albedo since the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudong Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352;
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352;
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Philip J Rasch
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Xuanji Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies/Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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He M, Hu Y, Chen N, Wang D, Huang J, Stamnes K. High cloud coverage over melted areas dominates the impact of clouds on the albedo feedback in the Arctic. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9529. [PMID: 31266977 PMCID: PMC6606566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming in the Arctic is larger than the global average. A primary reason for this Arctic Amplification is the albedo feedback. The contrasting albedo of sea ice and dark melted surface areas is the key component of albedo feedback. Cloud coverage over the changing surface and the response of the clouds to the changing surface conditions will modify the change in planetary albedo when sea ice melts. Space-based lidar measurements provide a unique opportunity for cloud measurements in the Arctic. The response of clouds to the changing sea ice concentration was directly observed. Based on CALIPSO satellite observations of cloud properties, this study found that cloud coverage in ice-free regions in the Arctic linearly increased with the area of ice-free water during the melt seasons in the past 10 years, while sea ice coverage varies significantly year-to-year. The observations suggest that when sea-ice retreats, cloud fraction of the ice-free region remains fixed at nearly 81%. The high cloud coverage over melted areas significantly reduces the albedo feedback. These results indicate that space-based lidar cloud and surface observations of the Arctic can help constrain and improve climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519028, China.,Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yongxiang Hu
- NASA Langley Research Center, MS420, Hampton, Virginia, 23681-2199, USA.
| | - Nan Chen
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519028, China.
| | | | - Knut Stamnes
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
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8
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A Multilayer Surface Temperature, Surface Albedo and Water Vapor Product of Greenland from MODIS. REMOTE SENSING 2018; 10. [PMID: 33005442 DOI: 10.3390/rs10040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multilayer, daily ice-surface temperature (IST)-albedo-water vapor product of Greenland, extending from March 2000 through December 2016, has been developed using standard MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data products from the Terra satellite. To meet the needs of the ice sheet modeling community, this new Earth Science Data Record (ESDR) is provided in a polar stereographic projection in NetCDF format, and includes the existing standard MODIS Collection-6.1 IST and derived melt maps, and Collection 6 snow albedo and water vapor maps, along with ancillary data, and is provided at a spatial resolution of ~0.78 km. This ESDR enables relationships between IST, surface melt, albedo and water vapor to be evaluated easily. We show examples of the components of the ESDR and describe some uses of the ESDR such as for comparison with skin temperature, albedo and water vapor output from Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). Additionally we show validation of the MODIS IST using in situ and aircraft data, and validation of MERRA-2 skin temperature maps using MODIS IST and in situ data. The ESDR has been assigned a DOI and will be available through the National Snow and Ice Data Center by the summer of 2018.
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10
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Taylor PC, Kato S, Xu KM, Cai M. Covariance between Arctic sea ice and clouds within atmospheric state regimes at the satellite footprint level. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:12656-12678. [PMID: 27818851 PMCID: PMC5070557 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cloud response to sea ice change is necessary for modeling Arctic climate. Previous work has primarily addressed this problem from the interannual variability perspective. This paper provides a refined perspective of sea ice-cloud relationship in the Arctic using a satellite footprint-level quantification of the covariance between sea ice and Arctic low cloud properties from NASA A-Train active remote sensing data. The covariances between Arctic low cloud properties and sea ice concentration are quantified by first partitioning each footprint into four atmospheric regimes defined using thresholds of lower tropospheric stability and midtropospheric vertical velocity. Significant regional variability in the cloud properties is found within the atmospheric regimes indicating that the regimes do not completely account for the influence of meteorology. Regional anomalies are used to account for the remaining meteorological influence on clouds. After accounting for meteorological regime and regional influences, a statistically significant but weak covariance between cloud properties and sea ice is found in each season for at least one atmospheric regime. Smaller average cloud fraction and liquid water are found within footprints with more sea ice. The largest-magnitude cloud-sea ice covariance occurs between 500 m and 1.2 km when the lower tropospheric stability is between 16 and 24 K. The covariance between low cloud properties and sea ice is found to be largest in fall and is accompanied by significant changes in boundary layer temperature structure where larger average near-surface static stability is found at larger sea ice concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Taylor
- NASA Langley Research Center Climate Science Branch Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Seiji Kato
- NASA Langley Research Center Climate Science Branch Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Kuan-Man Xu
- NASA Langley Research Center Climate Science Branch Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
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11
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Validation of the Suomi NPP VIIRS Ice Surface Temperature Environmental Data Record. REMOTE SENSING 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/rs71215880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Cox CJ, Walden VP, Rowe PM, Shupe MD. Humidity trends imply increased sensitivity to clouds in a warming Arctic. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10117. [PMID: 26657324 PMCID: PMC4682107 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared radiative processes are implicated in Arctic warming and sea-ice decline. The infrared cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface is modulated by cloud properties; however, CRE also depends on humidity because clouds emit at wavelengths that are semi-transparent to greenhouse gases, most notably water vapour. Here we show how temperature and humidity control CRE through competing influences between the mid- and far-infrared. At constant relative humidity, CRE does not decrease with increasing temperature/absolute humidity as expected, but rather is found to be approximately constant for temperatures characteristic of the Arctic. This stability is disrupted if relative humidity varies. Our findings explain observed seasonal and regional variability in Arctic CRE of order 10 W m(-2). With the physical properties of Arctic clouds held constant, we calculate recent increases in CRE of 1-5 W m(-2) in autumn and winter, which are projected to reach 5-15 W m(-2) by 2050, implying increased sensitivity of the surface to clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cox
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Von P Walden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, USA
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, Idaho, USA.,Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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13
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Sweet SK, Griffin KL, Steltzer H, Gough L, Boelman NT. Greater deciduous shrub abundance extends tundra peak season and increases modeled net CO2 uptake. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2394-409. [PMID: 25556338 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Satellite studies of the terrestrial Arctic report increased summer greening and longer overall growing and peak seasons since the 1980s, which increases productivity and the period of carbon uptake. These trends are attributed to increasing air temperatures and reduced snow cover duration in spring and fall. Concurrently, deciduous shrubs are becoming increasingly abundant in tundra landscapes, which may also impact canopy phenology and productivity. Our aim was to determine the influence of greater deciduous shrub abundance on tundra canopy phenology and subsequent impacts on net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) during the growing and peak seasons in the arctic foothills region of Alaska. We compared deciduous shrub-dominated and evergreen/graminoid-dominated community-level canopy phenology throughout the growing season using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We used a tundra plant-community-specific leaf area index (LAI) model to estimate LAI throughout the green season and a tundra-specific NEE model to estimate the impact of greater deciduous shrub abundance and associated shifts in both leaf area and canopy phenology on tundra carbon flux. We found that deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier compared to evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season. The combined effect of the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled the modeled net carbon uptake of deciduous shrub communities compared to evergreen/graminoid communities, while the longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub communities. These results suggest that greater deciduous shrub abundance increases carbon uptake not only due to greater leaf area, but also due to an extension of the period of peak greenness, which extends the period of maximum carbon uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan K Sweet
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
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14
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Comiso JC, Hall DK. Climate trends in the Arctic as observed from space. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. CLIMATE CHANGE 2014; 5:389-409. [PMID: 25810765 PMCID: PMC4368101 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming in the region has been amplified, as expected from ice-albedo feedback effects, with the rate of warming observed to be ∼0.60 ± 0.07°C/decade in the Arctic (>64°N) compared to ∼0.17°C/decade globally during the last three decades. This increase in surface temperature is manifested in all components of the cryosphere. In particular, the sea ice extent has been declining at the rate of ∼3.8%/decade, whereas the perennial ice (represented by summer ice minimum) is declining at a much greater rate of ∼11.5%/decade. Spring snow cover has also been observed to be declining by -2.12%/decade for the period 1967-2012. The Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass at the rate of ∼34.0 Gt/year (sea level equivalence of 0.09 mm/year) during the period from 1992 to 2011, but for the period 2002-2011, a higher rate of mass loss of ∼215 Gt/year has been observed. Also, the mass of glaciers worldwide declined at the rate of 226 Gt/year from 1971 to 2009 and 275 Gt/year from 1993 to 2009. Increases in permafrost temperature have also been measured in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere while a thickening of the active layer that overlies permafrost and a thinning of seasonally frozen ground has also been reported. To gain insight into these changes, comparative analysis with trends in clouds, albedo, and the Arctic Oscillation is also presented. How to cite this article:WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:389�409. doi: 10.1002/wcc.277.
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Xiao F, Jiang H, Wu B, Wang H, Li X. The leading correlation of the winter Aleutian Low with surface air temperature during the subsequent summer over the Arctic and its possible mechanism. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Estimating Temperature Fields from MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Air Temperature Observations in a Sub-Arctic Alpine Environment. REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6020946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Callaghan TV, Johansson M, Key J, Prowse T, Ananicheva M, Klepikov A. Feedbacks and Interactions: From the Arctic Cryosphere to the Climate System. AMBIO 2011; 40:75-86. [PMCID: PMC3357779 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-011-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the Arctic’s climate are a result of complex interactions between the cryosphere, atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere. More feedbacks from the cryosphere to climate warming are positive and result in further warming than are negative, resulting in a reduced rate of warming or cooling. Feedbacks operate at different spatial scales; many, such as those operating through albedo and evapotranspiration, will have significant local effects that together could result in global impacts. Some processes, such as changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, are likely to have very small global effects but uncertainty is high whereas others, such as subsea methane (CH4) emissions, could have large global effects. Some cryospheric processes in the Arctic have teleconnections with other regions and major changes in the cryosphere have been largely a result of large-scale processes, particularly atmospheric and oceanic circulation. With continued climate warming it is highly likely that the cryospheric components will play an increasingly important climatic role. However, the net effect of all the feedbacks is difficult to assess because of the variability in spatial and temporal scales over which they operate. Furthermore, general circulation models (GCMs) do not include all major feedbacks while those included may not be accurately parameterized. The lack of full coupling between surface dynamics and the atmosphere is a major gap in current GCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margareta Johansson
- Division of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analyses, Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeff Key
- NOAA/NESDIS, 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Terry Prowse
- Environment Canada, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Maria Ananicheva
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny per 29, Moscow, Russia 119017
| | - Alexander Klepikov
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 38 Bering Street, St. Petersburg, Russia 199397
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18
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Wang X, Key JR, Liu Y. A thermodynamic model for estimating sea and lake ice thickness with optical satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Palm SP, Strey ST, Spinhirne J, Markus T. Influence of Arctic sea ice extent on polar cloud fraction and vertical structure and implications for regional climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Luke EP, Kollias P, Shupe MD. Detection of supercooled liquid in mixed-phase clouds using radar Doppler spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Euskirchen ES, McGuire AD, Rupp TS, Chapin FS, Walsh JE. Projected changes in atmospheric heating due to changes in fire disturbance and the snow season in the western Arctic, 2003–2100. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Hall DK, Nghiem SV, Schaaf CB, DiGirolamo NE, Neumann G. Evaluation of surface and near-surface melt characteristics on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and QuikSCAT data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Jia GJ, Epstein HE, Walker DA. Vegetation greening in the Canadian Arctic related to decadal warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:2231-8. [PMID: 20024021 DOI: 10.1039/b911677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is presented within the context that climate warming and sea-ice decline has been occurring throughout much of the Arctic over the past several decades, and that terrestrial ecosystems at high latitudes are sensitive to the resultant alterations in surface temperatures. Results are from analyzing interannual satellite records of vegetation greenness across a bioclimate gradient of the Canadian Arctic over the period of 1982-2006. Here, we combine multi-scale sub-pixel analysis and remote sensing time-series analysis to investigate recent decadal changes in vegetation greenness along spatial gradients of summer temperature and vegetation. Linear autoregression temporal analysis of vegetation greenness was performed with relatively "pure" vegetation pixels of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, spanning Low Arctic, High Arctic and polar desert ecosystems. Vegetation greenness generally increased over tundra ecosystems in the past two decades. Peak annual greenness increased 0.49-0.79%/yr over the High Arctic where prostrate dwarf shrubs, forbs, mosses and lichens dominate and 0.46-0.67%/yr over the Low Arctic where erect dwarf shrubs and graminoids dominate. However, magnitudes of vegetation greenness differ with length of time series and periods considered, indicating a nonlinear response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. The decadal increases of greenness reflect increasing vegetation production during the peak of the growing season, and were likely driven by the recent warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gensuo J Jia
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, PO Box 9804, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Zhao H, Fernandes R. Daily snow cover estimation from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder data over Northern Hemisphere land surfaces during 1982–2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Still CJ, Riley WJ, Biraud SC, Noone DC, Buenning NH, Randerson JT, Torn MS, Welker J, White JWC, Vachon R, Farquhar GD, Berry JA. Influence of clouds and diffuse radiation on ecosystem-atmosphere CO2and CO18O exchanges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zuidema P, Joyce R. Water vapor, cloud liquid water paths, and rain rates over northern high latitude open seas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Univ. of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Robert Joyce
- NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Climate Prediction Center; Camp Springs Maryland USA
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Zhang K, Kimball JS, Zhao M, Oechel WC, Cassano J, Running SW. Sensitivity of pan-Arctic terrestrial net primary productivity simulations to daily surface meteorology from NCEP-NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Dutton EG, Nelson DW, Stone RS, Longenecker D, Carbaugh G, Harris JM, Wendell J. Decadal variations in surface solar irradiance as observed in a globally remote network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garrett TJ, Zhao C. Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes. Nature 2006; 440:787-9. [PMID: 16598255 DOI: 10.1038/nature04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is consensus among climate models that Arctic climate is particularly sensitive to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and that, over the next century, Arctic surface temperatures are projected to rise at a rate about twice the global mean. The response of Arctic surface temperatures to greenhouse gas thermal emission is modified by Northern Hemisphere synoptic meteorology and local radiative processes. Aerosols may play a contributing factor through changes to cloud radiative properties. Here we evaluate a previously suggested contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to cloud emission and surface temperatures in the Arctic. Using four years of ground-based aerosol and radiation measurements obtained near Barrow, Alaska, we show that, where thin water clouds and pollution are coincident, there is an increase in cloud longwave emissivity resulting from elevated haze levels. This results in an estimated surface warming under cloudy skies of between 3.3 and 5.2 W m(-2) or 1 and 1.6 degrees C. Arctic climate is closely tied to cloud longwave emission, but feedback mechanisms in the system are complex and the actual climate response to the described sensitivity remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Howell SEL, Tivy A, Yackel JJ, Scharien RK. Application of a SeaWinds/QuikSCAT sea ice melt algorithm for assessing melt dynamics in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Chapin FS, Sturm M, Serreze MC, McFadden JP, Key JR, Lloyd AH, McGuire AD, Rupp TS, Lynch AH, Schimel JP, Beringer J, Chapman WL, Epstein HE, Euskirchen ES, Hinzman LD, Jia G, Ping CL, Tape KD, Thompson CDC, Walker DA, Welker JM. Role of Land-Surface Changes in Arctic Summer Warming. Science 2005; 310:657-60. [PMID: 16179434 DOI: 10.1126/science.1117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in predicting Earth's future climate state is to understand feedbacks that alter greenhouse-gas forcing. Here we synthesize field data from arctic Alaska, showing that terrestrial changes in summer albedo contribute substantially to recent high-latitude warming trends. Pronounced terrestrial summer warming in arctic Alaska correlates with a lengthening of the snow-free season that has increased atmospheric heating locally by about 3 watts per square meter per decade (similar in magnitude to the regional heating expected over multiple decades from a doubling of atmospheric CO2). The continuation of current trends in shrub and tree expansion could further amplify this atmospheric heating by two to seven times.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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Abstract
Long-term variations in solar radiation at Earth's surface (S) can affect our climate, the hydrological cycle, plant photosynthesis, and solar power. Sustained decreases in S have been widely reported from about the year 1960 to 1990. Here we present an estimate of global temporal variations in S by using the longest available satellite record. We observed an overall increase in S from 1983 to 2001 at a rate of 0.16 watts per square meter (0.10%) per year; this change is a combination of a decrease until about 1990, followed by a sustained increase. The global-scale findings are consistent with recent independent satellite observations but differ in sign and magnitude from previously reported ground observations. Unlike ground stations, satellites can uniformly sample the entire globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pinker
- Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Overpeck JT, Sturm M, Francis JA, Perovich DK, Serreze MC, Benner R, Carmack EC, Chapin FS, Gerlach SC, Hamilton LC, Hinzman LD, Holland M, Huntington HP, Key JR, Lloyd AH, McDonald GM, McFadden J, Noone D, Prowse TD, Schlosser P, Vörösmarty C. Arctic system on trajectory to new, seasonally ice-free state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005eo340001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Suk WA, Avakian MD, Carpenter D, Groopman JD, Scammell M, Wild CP. Human exposure monitoring and evaluation in the Arctic: the importance of understanding exposures to the development of public health policy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:113-20. [PMID: 14757538 PMCID: PMC1241818 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic indigenous peoples face significant challenges resulting from the contamination of Arctic air, water, and soil by persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and radionuclides. International cooperative efforts among governments and research institutions are under way to collect the information needed by environmental health scientists and public health officials to address environmental contamination in the Arctic. However, the climatic, political, and cultural conditions of the land and its native populations combine to present a unique set of scientific and logistic challenges to addressing this important public health issue. Public health officials have the responsibility to respect the cultural traditions of indigenous communities, while simultaneously designing strategies that will reduce their exposure to environmental contaminants and rates of disease and dysfunction. Researchers can better understand the link between environmental exposures and disease through monitoring programs for both the subsistence diets and health status of the indigenous populations. We suggest that the incorporation of community-based participatory research methods into programs designed to assess biomarkers of contaminant exposure in children and adults may be a valuable addition to ongoing and newly developed research programs. This approach could serve as a model for international environmental health initiatives, because it involves the participation of the local communities and seeks to builds trust between all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Suk
- Center for Risk and Integrated Strategies, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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