1
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Yang G, Zhang M, Jin G. Effects of nitrogen addition on species composition and diversity of early spring herbs in a Korean pine plantation. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10498. [PMID: 37674646 PMCID: PMC10480043 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the background of global nitrogen deposition, temperate forest ecosystems are suffering increasing threats, and species diversity is gradually decreasing. In this study, nitrogen addition experiments were conducted on Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations in Northeast China to explore the effect of long-term nitrogen addition on herb species diversity to test the following hypothesis: long-term nitrogen addition further reduced plant species diversity by affecting plant growth, which may be due to soil acidification caused by excessive nitrogen addition. Experimental nitrogen addition was conducted from 2014 to 2021, and the nitrogen treatment levels were as follows: N0 (control treatment, 0/(kg N ha-1 year-1)), N20 (low nitrogen treatment, 20/(kg N ha-1 year-1)), N40 (medium nitrogen treatment, 40/(kg N ha-1 year-1)) and N80 (high nitrogen treatment, 80/(kg N ha-1 year-1)). A herb community survey was conducted in the region from 2015 to 2021. The results showed that long-term nitrogen addition decreased soil pH, changed the species and composition of herbaceous plants, and decreased the species diversity of understory herbaceous plants. With the increase in nitrogen application years, middle- and high-nitrogen treatments significantly reduced the diversity of early-spring flowering herbs and early-spring foliating herbs, and their diversity decreased with the decrease in soil pH, indicating that soil acidification caused by long-term nitrogen addition may lead to the decrease of plant diversity. However, for early-spring growing herbs, adequate nitrogen addition may promote their growth. Our results show that plants have evolved different life-history strategies based on their adaptation mechanisms to the environment, and different life-history strategies have different responses to long-term nitrogen addition. However, for most plants, long-term nitrogen application will have a negative impact on the growth and diversity of herbs in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yang
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- College of Life ScienceHeilongjiang UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management‐Ministry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research CenterNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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2
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Myung CW, Hirshberg B, Parrinello M. Prediction of a Supersolid Phase in High-Pressure Deuterium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:045301. [PMID: 35148160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Supersolid is a mysterious and puzzling state of matter whose possible existence has stirred a vigorous debate among physicists for over 60 years. Its elusive nature stems from the coexistence of two seemingly contradicting properties, long-range order and superfluidity. We report computational evidence of a supersolid phase of deuterium under high pressure (p>800 GPa) and low temperature (T<1.0 K). In our simulations, that are based on bosonic path integral molecular dynamics, we observe a highly concerted exchange of atoms while the system preserves its crystalline order. The exchange processes are favored by the soft core interactions between deuterium atoms that form a densely packed metallic solid. At the zero temperature limit, Bose-Einstein condensation is observed as the permutation probability of N deuterium atoms approaches 1/N with a finite superfluid fraction. Our study provides concrete evidence for the existence of a supersolid phase in high-pressure deuterium and could provide insights on the future investigation of supersolid phases in real materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Myung
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lenseld Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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3
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Kinugawa K, Takemoto A. Quantum polyamorphism in compressed distinguishable helium-4. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224503. [PMID: 34241222 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that two amorphous solid states can exist in 4He consisting of distinguishable Boltzmann atoms under compressed conditions. The isothermal compression of normal or supercritical fluid 4He was conducted at 3-25 K using the isobaric-isothermal path integral centroid molecular dynamics simulation. The compression of fluid first produced the low-dispersion amorphous (LDA) state possessing modest extension of atomic necklaces. Further isothermal compression up to the order of 10 kbar to 1 Mbar or an isobaric cooling of LDA induced the transition to the high-dispersion amorphous (HDA) state. The HDA was characterized by long quantum wavelengths of atoms extended over several Angstroms and the promotion of atomic residual diffusion. They were related to the quantum tunneling of atoms bestriding the potential saddle points in this glass. The change in pressure or temperature induced the LDA-HDA transition reversibly with hysteresis, while it resembled the coil-globule transition of classical polymers. The HDA had lower kinetic and higher Gibbs free energies than the LDA at close temperature. The HDA was absent at T ≥ 13 K, while the LDA-HDA transition pressure significantly decreased with lowering temperature. The LDA and HDA correspond to the trapped and tunneling regimes proposed by Markland et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 136, 074511 (2012)], respectively. The same reentrant behavior as they found was observed for the expansion factor of the quantum wavelength as well as for atomic diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kinugawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takemoto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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4
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Schwerdtfeger P, Burrows A, Smits OR. The Lennard-Jones Potential Revisited: Analytical Expressions for Vibrational Effects in Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattices. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3037-3057. [PMID: 33787272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical formulas are derived for the zero-point vibrational energy and anharmonicity corrections of the cohesive energy and the mode Grüneisen parameter within the Einstein model for the cubic lattices (sc, bcc, and fcc) and for the hexagonal close-packed structure. This extends the work done by Lennard-Jones and Ingham in 1924, Corner in 1939, and Wallace in 1965. The formulas are based on the description of two-body energy contributions by an inverse power expansion (extended Lennard-Jones potential). These make use of three-dimensional lattice sums, which can be transformed to fast converging series and accurately determined by various expansion techniques. We apply these new lattice sum expressions to the rare gas solids and discuss associated critical points. The derived formulas give qualitative but nevertheless deep insight into vibrational effects in solids from the lightest (helium) to the heaviest rare gas element (oganesson), both presenting special cases because of strong quantum effects for the former and strong relativistic effects for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Antony Burrows
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Odile R Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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5
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Abstract
The article presents the state of the art and reviews the literature on the long-standing problem of the possibility for a sample to be at the same time solid and superfluid. Theoretical models, numerical simulations, and experimental results are discussed.
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6
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Silva MOD, Desmond P, Derlon N, Morgenroth E, Pernthaler J. Source Community and Assembly Processes Affect the Efficiency of Microbial Microcystin Degradation on Drinking Water Filtration Membranes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31057530 PMCID: PMC6482319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms in gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration systems can efficiently degrade the cyanotoxin microcystin (MC), but it is unclear if this function depends on the presence of MC-producing cyanobacteria in the source water habitat. We assessed the removal of MC from added Microcystis aeruginosa biomass in GDMs fed with water from a lake with regular blooms of toxic cyanobacteria (ExpL) or from a stream without such background (ExpS). While initial MC removal was exclusively due to abiotic processes, significantly higher biological MC removal was observed in ExpL. By contrast, there was no difference in MC degradation capacity between lake and stream bacteria in separately conducted liquid enrichments on pure MC. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed a pronounced modularity of the biofilm communities, with a clear hierarchic distinction according to feed water origin and treatment type. Genotypes in the network modules associated with ExpS had significantly more links to each other, indicating that these biofilms had assembled from a more coherent source community. In turn, signals for stochastic community assembly were stronger in ExpL biofilms. We propose that the less "tightly knit" ExpL biofilm assemblages allowed for the better establishment of facultatively MC degrading bacteria, and thus for higher overall functional efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa O. D. Silva
- Limnological Station, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Desmond
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Pernthaler
- Limnological Station, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Varnik F, Franosch T. Non-monotonic effect of confinement on the glass transition. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:133001. [PMID: 26940539 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/13/133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relaxation dynamics of glass forming liquids and their structure are influenced in the vicinity of confining walls. This effect has mostly been observed to be a monotonic function of the slit width. Recently, a qualitatively new behaviour has been uncovered by Mittal and coworkers, who reported that the single particle dynamics in a hard-sphere fluid confined in a planar slit varies in a non-monotonic way as the slit width is decreased from five to roughly two particle diametres (Mittal et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 145901). In view of the great potential of this effect for applications in those fields of science and industry, where liquids occur under strong confinement (e.g. nano-technology), the number of researchers studying various aspects and consequences of this non-monotonic behaviour has been rapidly growing. This review aims at providing an overview of the research activity in this newly emerging field. We first briefly discuss how competing mechanisms such as packing effects and short-range attraction may lead to a non-monotonic glass transition scenario in the bulk. We then analyse confinement effects on the dynamics of fluids using a thermodynamic route which relates the single particle dynamics to the excess entropy. Moreover, relating the diffusive dynamics to the Widom's insertion probability, the oscillations of the local dynamics with density at moderate densities are fairly well described. At high densities belonging to the supercooled regime, however, this approach breaks down signaling the onset of strongly collective effects. Indeed, confinement introduces a new length scale which in the limit of high densities and small pore sizes competes with the short-range local order of the fluid. This gives rise to a non-monotonic dependence of the packing structure on confinement, with a corresponding effect on the dynamics of structural relaxation. This non-monotonic effect occurs also in the case of a cone-plate type channel, where the degree of confinement varies with distance from the apex. This is a very promising issue for future research with the possibility of uncovering the existence of alternating glassy and liquid-like domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathollah Varnik
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation (ICAMS), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Angelone A, Mezzacapo F, Pupillo G. Superglass Phase of Interaction-Blockaded Gases on a Triangular Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:135303. [PMID: 27081986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the quantum phases of monodispersed bosonic gases confined to a triangular lattice and interacting via a class of soft-shoulder potentials. The latter correspond to soft-core potentials with an additional hard-core onsite interaction. Using exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the low temperature phases for weak and strong interactions following a temperature quench are a homogeneous superfluid and a glass, respectively. The latter is an insulating phase characterized by inhomogeneity in the density distribution and structural disorder. Remarkably, we find that for intermediate interaction strengths a superglass occurs in an extended region of the phase diagram, where glassy behavior coexists with a sizable finite superfluid fraction. This glass phase is obtained in the absence of geometrical frustration or external disorder and is a result of the competition of quantum fluctuations and cluster formation in the corresponding classical ground state. For high enough temperature, the glass and superglass turn into a floating stripe solid and a supersolid, respectively. Given the simplicity and generality of the model, these phases should be directly relevant for state-of-the-art experiments with Rydberg-dressed atoms in optical lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Angelone
- icFRC, IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabio Mezzacapo
- icFRC, IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guido Pupillo
- icFRC, IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Cinti F, Macrì T, Lechner W, Pupillo G, Pohl T. Defect-induced supersolidity with soft-core bosons. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3235. [PMID: 24492681 PMCID: PMC3926003 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years ago, Andreev, Lifshitz and Chester suggested the possible existence of a peculiar solid phase of matter, the microscopic constituents of which can flow superfluidly without resistance due to the formation of zero-point defects in the ground state of self-assembled crystals. Yet, a physical system where this mechanism is unambiguously established remains to be found, both experimentally and theoretically. Here we investigate the zero-temperature phase diagram of two-dimensional bosons with finite-range soft-core interactions. For low particle densities, the system is shown to feature a solid phase in which zero-point vacancies emerge spontaneously and give rise to superfluid flow of particles through the crystal. This provides the first example of defect-induced, continuous-space supersolidity consistent with the Andreev-Lifshitz-Chester scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cinti
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics (NITheP), Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - T. Macrì
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - W. Lechner
- IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G. Pupillo
- IPCMS (UMR 7504) and ISIS (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - T. Pohl
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Abstract
We provide here a brief perspective on the glass transition field. It is an assessment, written from the point of view of theory, of where the field is and where it seems to be heading. We first give an overview of the main phenomenological characteristics, or "stylised facts," of the glass transition problem, i.e., the central observations that a theory of the physics of glass formation should aim to explain in a unified manner. We describe recent developments, with a particular focus on real space properties, including dynamical heterogeneity and facilitation, the search for underlying spatial or structural correlations, and the relation between the thermal glass transition and athermal jamming. We then discuss briefly how competing theories of the glass transition have adapted and evolved to account for such real space issues. We consider in detail two conceptual and methodological approaches put forward recently, that aim to access the fundamental critical phenomenon underlying the glass transition, be it thermodynamic or dynamic in origin, by means of biasing of ensembles, of configurations in the thermodynamic case, or of trajectories in the dynamic case. We end with a short outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Biroli
- IPhT, CEA/DSM-CNRS/URA 2306, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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11
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Sinha D, Sengupta S, Dasgupta C, Valls OT. Out of equilibrium plasticity dynamics and the annealing of supersolidity in solid ⁴He. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:295601. [PMID: 23803347 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/29/295601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of a continuum plasticity field coupled to a Ginzburg-Landau model for superfluidity. The results suggest that a supersolid fraction may appear as a long-lived transient during the time evolution of the plasticity field at higher temperatures where both dislocation climb and glide are allowed. Supersolidity, however, vanishes with annealing. As the temperature is decreased, dislocation climb is arrested and any residual supersolidity due to incomplete annealing remains frozen. Our results may provide a resolution of many perplexing issues concerning a variety of experiments on bulk solid (4)He.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Sinha
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500075, India
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12
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Larson D, Kao YJ. Tuning the disorder in superglasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:157202. [PMID: 23102360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.157202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the interplay of superfluidity, glassy, and magnetic orders in the XXZ model with random Ising interactions on a three dimensional cubic lattice. In the classical limit, this model reduces to a ±J Edwards-Anderson Ising model with concentration p of ferromagnetic bonds, which hosts a glassy-ferromagnetic transition at a critical concentration p(c)(cl)~0.77. Our quantum Monte Carlo simulation results show that quantum fluctuations stabilize the coexistence of superfluidity and glassy order (superglass), and shift the (super)glassy-ferromagnetic transition to p(c)>p(c)(cl). In contrast, antiferromagnetic order coexists with superfluidity to form a supersolid, and the transition to the glassy phase occurs at a higher p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Larson
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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13
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Kim DY, Chan MHW. Absence of supersolidity in solid helium in porous Vycor glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:155301. [PMID: 23102323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2004, Kim and Chan carried out torsional oscillator measurements of solid helium confined in porous Vycor glass and found an abrupt drop in the resonant period below 200 mK. The period drop was interpreted as probable experimental evidence of nonclassical rotational inertia. This experiment sparked considerable activities in the studies of superfluidity in solid helium. More recent ultrasound and torsional oscillator studies, however, found evidence that shear modulus stiffening is responsible for at least a fraction of the period drop found in bulk solid helium samples. The experimental configuration of Kim and Chan makes it unavoidable to have a small amount of bulk solid inside the torsion cell containing the Vycor disk. We report here the results of a new helium in Vycor experiment with a design that is completely free from any bulk solid shear modulus stiffening effect. We found no measurable period drop that can be attributed to nonclassical rotational inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Y Kim
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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14
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Mason P, Josserand C, Rica S. Activated nucleation of vortices in a dipole-blockaded supersolid condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:045301. [PMID: 23006094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate theoretically and numerically a model of a supersolid in a dipole-blockaded Bose-Einstein condensate. The dependence of the superfluid fraction with an imposed thermal bath and a uniform boost velocity on the condensate is considered. Specifically, we observe a critical velocity for the nucleation of vortices in our system that is strongly linked to a steplike decrease in the superfluid fraction. We are able to use a scaling argument based on the energy required to activate a vortex, relating the critical temperature to the critical velocity, and find that this relationship is in good agreement with the numerical simulations carried out on the nonlocal Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mason
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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15
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Henkel N, Cinti F, Jain P, Pupillo G, Pohl T. Supersolid vortex crystals in Rydberg-dressed Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:265301. [PMID: 23004994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.265301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study rotating quasi-two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates, in which atoms are dressed to a highly excited Rydberg state. This leads to weak effective interactions that induce a transition to a mesoscopic supersolid state. Considering slow rotation, we determine its superfluidity using quantum Monte Carlo simulations as well as mean field calculations. For rapid rotation, the latter reveal an interesting competition between the supersolid crystal structure and the rotation-induced vortex lattice that gives rise to new phases, including arrays of mesoscopic vortex crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Henkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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16
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Choi H, Takahashi D, Choi W, Kono K, Kim E. Staircaselike suppression of supersolidity under rotation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:105302. [PMID: 22463420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of distinct signatures of superfluids, one of which is the appearance of quantized vortices. There have been some attempts to understand the putative supersolid 4He in the vortex framework, but no conclusive evidence that supports the existence of the vortices has been reported. Here, we investigate the rotation velocity dependence of the torsional oscillation of solid 4He at various temperatures. The velocity sweep reveals intriguing periodic staircaselike features below about 300 mK. The staircase patterns show remarkable periodicity, and we interpret these patterns as a consequence of vortex injection. However, there are some features that cannot be accounted for with simple injection of vortices into superfluid, and further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choi
- Department of Physics and Center for Supersolid and Quantum Matter Research, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lu M, Burdick NQ, Youn SH, Lev BL. Strongly dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate of dysprosium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:190401. [PMID: 22181585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.190401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of the most magnetic element, dysprosium. The Dy BEC is the first for an open f-shell lanthanide (rare-earth) element and is produced via forced evaporation in a crossed optical dipole trap loaded by an unusual, blue-detuned and spin-polarized narrowline magneto-optical trap. Nearly pure condensates of 1.5 × 10(4) (164)Dy atoms form below T = 30 nK. We observe that stable BEC formation depends on the relative angle of a small polarizing magnetic field to the axis of the oblate trap, a property of trapped condensates only expected in the strongly dipolar regime. This regime was heretofore only attainable in Cr BECs via a Feshbach resonance accessed at a high-magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Lu
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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18
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Pratt EJ, Hunt B, Gadagkar V, Yamashita M, Graf MJ, Balatsky AV, Davis JC. Interplay of Rotational, Relaxational, and Shear Dynamics in Solid
4
He. Science 2011; 332:821-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1203080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Pratt
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93016, USA
| | - B. Hunt
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - V. Gadagkar
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M. Yamashita
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - M. J. Graf
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A. V. Balatsky
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - J. C. Davis
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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19
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Choi H, Takahashi D, Kono K, Kim E. Evidence of Supersolidity in Rotating Solid Helium. Science 2010; 330:1512-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1196409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Choi
- Department of Physics and Center for Supersolid and Quantum Matter Research, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - D. Takahashi
- Low Temperature Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K. Kono
- Low Temperature Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - E. Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Supersolid and Quantum Matter Research, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Chu KHW. 3He impurities in nearly frictionless transport of solid 4He at low temperatures. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3485-90. [PMID: 20848634 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glassy matter, when subjected to high shear rates exhibit shear thinning, that is, the viscosity diminishes with increasing shear rate. One possible outcome for the almost vanishing viscosity is nearly frictionless transport, which is possible in solid (4)He due to the presence of minute concentrations of (3)He. The glassy state of solid (4)He is also relevant to the possible onset of superfluidity in solid (4)He. By treating the solid (4)He locally as an amorphous matter and using the transition-rate dependent model together with the specific activation energy, we observe a series of sudden changes of the shearing stresses (which directly relates to the resistance) at corresponding onset temperatures of supersolid (4)He (ranging from 175 to 1200 mK) for different activation volumes of (3)He. Even at higher concentrations of (3)He than previous reported (around 1700 ppm), the supersolidity of (4)He still occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hua W Chu
- Wu C-S Centre, 3/F, 24, Lane 260, First Section, Road Muzha, Taipei, Taiwan 116, China.
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21
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Su JJ, Graf MJ, Balatsky AV. Glass anomaly in the shear modulus of solid 4He. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:045302. [PMID: 20867856 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.045302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The shear modulus of solid H{4}e exhibits an anomalous increase at low temperatures that behaves qualitatively similar to the frequency change in torsional oscillator experiments. We propose that this stiffening of the shear modulus with decreasing temperature can be described with a glass susceptibility assuming a temperature-dependent relaxation time τ(T). Below a characteristic crossover temperature T{X}, where ωτ(T{X})∼1, a significant slowing down of dynamics leads to an increase in the shear modulus. We predict that the maximum change of the amplitude of the shear modulus and the height of the dissipation peak are independent of the applied frequency ω. Our calculations also show a qualitative difference in behavior of the shear modulus depending on the temperature dependence of τ(T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jung Su
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Eyal A, Pelleg O, Embon L, Polturak E. Evidence for a high-temperature disorder-induced mobility in solid 4He. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:025301. [PMID: 20867713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.025301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out torsional oscillator experiments on solid 4He at temperatures between 1.3 K and 1.9 K. We discovered phenomena similar to those observed at temperatures below 0.2 K, which currently are under debate regarding their interpretation in terms of supersolidity. These phenomena include a partial decoupling of the solid helium mass from the oscillator, a change of the dissipation, and a velocity dependence of the decoupled mass. These were all observed both in the bcc and hcp phases of solid 4He. The onset of this behavior is coincidental with the creation of crystalline disorder but does not depend strongly on the crystalline symmetry or on the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eyal
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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23
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Reppy JD. Nonsuperfluid origin of the nonclassical rotational inertia in a bulk sample of solid 4He. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:255301. [PMID: 20867391 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The torsional oscillator experiments described here examine the effect of disorder on the nonclassical rotational inertia (NCRI) of a solid 4He sample. The NCRI increases with increasing disorder, but the period changes responsible for this increase occur primarily at higher temperatures. Contrary to expectations based on a supersolid scenario, the oscillator period remains relatively unaffected at the lowest temperatures. This result points to a nonsuperfluid origin for the NCRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Reppy
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA.
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24
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Tam KM, Geraedts S, Inglis S, Gingras MJP, Melko RG. Superglass phase of interacting bosons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:215301. [PMID: 20867111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian with random disordered interactions as a model to study the interplay of superfluidity and glassiness in a system of three-dimensional hard-core bosons at half-filling. Solving the model using large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we show that these disordered interactions promote a stable superglass phase, where superflow and glassy density localization coexist in equilibrium without exhibiting phase separation. The robustness of the superglass phase is underlined by its existence in a replica mean-field calculation on the infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Ming Tam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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25
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Syshchenko O, Day J, Beamish J. Frequency dependence and dissipation in the dynamics of solid helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:195301. [PMID: 20866971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.195301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Torsional oscillator experiments on solid 4He show frequency changes which suggest mass decoupling, but the onset is broad and is accompanied by a dissipation peak. We have measured the elastic shear modulus over a broad frequency range, from 0.5 Hz to 8 kHz, and observe similar behavior-stiffening and a dissipation peak. These features are associated with a dynamical crossover in a thermally activated relaxation process in a disordered system rather than a true phase transition. If there is a transition to a dc response, e.g., to a supersolid state, it must occur below 55 mK.
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26
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Henkel N, Nath R, Pohl T. Three-dimensional roton excitations and supersolid formation in Rydberg-excited Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:195302. [PMID: 20866972 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.195302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study the behavior of a Bose-Einstein condensate in which atoms are weakly coupled to a highly excited Rydberg state. Since the latter have very strong van der Waals interactions, this coupling induces effective, nonlocal interactions between the dressed ground state atoms, which, opposed to dipolar interactions, are isotropically repulsive. Yet, one finds partial attraction in momentum space, giving rise to a roton-maxon excitation spectrum and a transition to a supersolid state in three-dimensional condensates. A detailed analysis of decoherence and loss mechanisms suggests that these phenomena are observable with current experimental capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Henkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Kletenik-Edelman O, Rabani E, Reichman DR. Analytic continuation average spectrum method for transport in quantum liquids. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Day J, Syshchenko O, Beamish J. Nonlinear elastic response in solid helium: critical velocity or strain? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:075302. [PMID: 20366894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Torsional oscillator experiments show evidence of mass decoupling in solid 4He. This decoupling is amplitude dependent, suggesting a critical velocity for supersolidity. We observe similar behavior in the elastic shear modulus. By measuring the shear modulus over a wide frequency range, we can distinguish between an amplitude dependence which depends on velocity and one which depends on some other parameter such as displacement. In contrast with the torsional oscillator behavior, the modulus depends on the magnitude of stress, not velocity. We interpret our results in terms of the motion of dislocations which are weakly pinned by 3He impurities but which break away when large stresses are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Day
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
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30
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Carleo G, Tarzia M, Zamponi F. Bose-Einstein condensation in quantum glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:215302. [PMID: 20366050 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.215302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of geometrical frustration in strongly interacting bosonic systems is studied with a combined numerical and analytical approach. We demonstrate the existence of a novel quantum phase featuring both Bose-Einstein condensation and spin-glass behavior. The differences between such a phase and the otherwise insulating "Bose glasses" are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Carleo
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati and CNR-INFM DEMOCRITOS-National Simulation Center, via Beirut 2-4, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
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31
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West JT, Lin X, Cheng ZG, Chan MHW. Supersolid behavior in confined geometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:185302. [PMID: 19518884 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.185302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out torsional oscillator and heat capacity measurements on solid 4He samples grown within a geometry which restricts the helium to thin (150 microm) cylindrical disks. In contrast with previously reported values from Rittner and Reppy of 20% nonclassical rotational inertia for similar confining dimensions, 0.9% nonclassical rotational inertia (consistent with that found in bulk samples and samples embedded in porous media) was observed in our torsional oscillator cell. In this confined geometry, the heat capacity peak is consistent with that found in bulk solid samples of high crystalline quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T West
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John Saunders
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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