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Li Y, Liu L, Li S, Peng D, Cao Z, Li X. Cenozoic India-Asia collision driven by mantle dragging the cratonic root. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6674. [PMID: 39107316 PMCID: PMC11303558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The driving force behind the Cenozoic India-Asia collision remains elusive. Using global-scale geodynamic modeling, we find that the continuous motion of the Indian plate is driven by a prominent upper-mantle flow pushing the thick Indian lithospheric root, originated from the northward rollover of the detached Neo-Tethyan slab and sinking slabs below East Asia. The maximum mantle drag occurs within the strong Indian lithosphere and is comparable in magnitude to that of slab pull (1013 N m-1). The thick cratonic root enhances both lithosphere-asthenosphere coupling and upper-plate compressional stress, thereby sustaining the topography of Tibetan Plateau. We show that the calculated resistant force from the India-Asia plate boundary is also close to that due to the gravitational potential energy of Tibetan Plateau. Here, we demonstrate that this mantle flow is key for the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and represents part of a hemispheric convergent flow pattern centered on central Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchong Li
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sanzhong Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China.
| | - Diandian Peng
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zebin Cao
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Hu J, Rudi J, Gurnis M, Stadler G. Constraining Earth's nonlinear mantle viscosity using plate-boundary resolving global inversions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318706121. [PMID: 38968110 PMCID: PMC11252765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318706121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Variable viscosity in Earth's mantle exerts a fundamental control on mantle convection and plate tectonics, yet rigorously constraining the underlying parameters has remained a challenge. Inverse methods have not been sufficiently robust to handle the severe viscosity gradients and nonlinearities (arising from dislocation creep and plastic failure) while simultaneously resolving the megathrust and bending slabs globally. Using global plate motions as constraints, we overcome these challenges by combining a scalable nonlinear Stokes solver that resolves the key tectonic features with an adjoint-based Bayesian approach. Assuming plate cooling, variations in the thickness of continental lithosphere, slabs, and broad scale lower mantle structure as well as a constant grain size through the bulk of the upper mantle, a good fit to global plate motions is found with a nonlinear upper mantle stress exponent of 2.43 [Formula: see text] 0.25 (mean [Formula: see text] SD). A relatively low yield stress of 151 [Formula: see text] 19 MPa is required for slabs to bend during subduction and transmit a slab pull that generates asymmetrical subduction. The recovered long-term strength of megathrusts (plate interfaces) varies between different subduction zones, with South America having a larger strength and Vanuatu and Central America having lower values with important implications for the stresses driving megathrust earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Hu
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Johann Rudi
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Michael Gurnis
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Georg Stadler
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY10012
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A Wavelet-Based Adaptive Finite Element Method for the Stokes Problems. FLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids7070221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the mathematical formulation of the new adaptive multiresolution method for the Stokes problems of highly viscous materials arising in computational geodynamics. The method is based on particle-in-cell approach—the Stokes system is solved on a static Eulerian finite element grid and material properties are carried in space by Lagrangian material points. The Eulerian grid is adapted using the wavelet-based adaptation algorithm. Both bilinear (Q1P0, Q1Q1) and biquadratic (Q2P-1) mixed approximations for the Stokes system are supported. The proposed method is illustrated for a number of linear and nonlinear two-dimensional benchmark problems of geophysical relevance. The results of the adaptive numerical simulations using the proposed method are in an excellent agreement with those obtained on non-adaptive grids and with analytical solutions, while computational requirements are few orders of magnitude less compared to the non-adaptive simulations in terms of both time and memory usage.
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Grabreck A, Flament N, Bodur ÖF. Mapping global kimberlite potential from reconstructions of mantle flow over the past billion years. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268066. [PMID: 35679269 PMCID: PMC9182341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kimberlites are the primary source of economic grade diamonds. Their geologically rapid eruptions preferentially occur near or through thick and ancient continental lithosphere. Studies combining tomographic models with tectonic reconstructions and kimberlite emplacement ages and locations have revealed spatial correlations between large low shear velocity provinces in the lowermost mantle and reconstructed global kimberlite eruption locations over the last 320 Myr. These spatial correlations assume that the lowermost mantle structure has not changed over time, which is at odds with mantle flow models that show basal thermochemical structures to be mobile features shaped by cold sinking oceanic lithosphere. Here we investigate the match to the global kimberlite record of stationary seismically slow basal mantle structures (as imaged through tomographic modelling) and mobile hot basal structures (as predicted by reconstructions of mantle flow over the past billion years). We refer to these structures as “basal mantle structures” and consider their intersection with reconstructed thick or ancient lithosphere to represent areas with a high potential for past eruptions of kimberlites, and therefore areas of potential interest for diamond exploration. We use the distance between reconstructed kimberlite eruption locations and kimberlite potential maps as an indicator of model success, and we find that mobile lowermost mantle structures are as close to reconstructed kimberlites as stationary ones. Additionally, we find that mobile lowermost mantle structures better fit major kimberlitic events, such as the South African kimberlite bloom around 100 Ma. Mobile basal structures are therefore consistent with both solid Earth dynamics and with the kimberlite record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Grabreck
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Flament
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ömer F. Bodur
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Flament N, Bodur ÖF, Williams SE, Merdith AS. Assembly of the basal mantle structure beneath Africa. Nature 2022; 603:846-851. [PMID: 35355006 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plate tectonics shapes Earth's surface, and is linked to motions within its deep interior1,2. Cold oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle, and hot mantle plumes rise from the deep Earth, leading to volcanism3,4. Volcanic eruptions over the past 320 million years have been linked to two large structures at the base of the mantle presently under Africa and the Pacific Ocean5,6. This has led to the hypothesis that these basal mantle structures have been stationary over geological time7,8, in contrast to observations and models suggesting that tectonic plates9,10, subduction zones11-14 and mantle plumes15,16 have been mobile, and that basal mantle structures are presently deforming17,18. Here we reconstruct mantle flow from one billion years ago to the present day to show that the history of volcanism is statistically as consistent with mobile basal mantle structures as with fixed ones. In our reconstructions, cold lithosphere sank deep into the African hemisphere between 740 and 500 million years ago, and from 400 million years ago the structure beneath Africa progressively assembled, pushed by peri-Gondwana slabs, to become a coherent structure as recently as 60 million years ago. Our mantle flow models suggest that basal mantle structures are mobile, and aggregate and disperse over time, similarly to continents at Earth's surface9. Our models also predict the presence of continental material in the mantle beneath Africa, consistent with geochemical data19,20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Flament
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ömer F Bodur
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Andrew S Merdith
- UnivLyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France.,School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Calculation and Expression of the Urban Heat Island Indices Based on GeoSOT Grid. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) effect accelerates the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, which has a strong impact on the climate of cities, circulation of material, and health of citizens. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct quantitative monitoring and accurate governance of UHI by calculating the index rapidly and expressing spatial distribution accurately. In this paper, we proposed a model that integrates UHI information with the GeoSOT (Geographic Coordinate Subdividing Grid with One-Dimension Integer Coding on 2n Tree) grid and subsequently designed the calculation method of UHI indices and expression method of UHI spatial distribution. The UHI indices were calculated on Dongcheng and Xicheng District, Beijing, in the Summer of 2014 to 2019. Experimental results showed that the proposed method has higher calculation efficiency, and achieved a more detailed description of the spatial distribution of the urban thermal environment compared with the Gaussian surface fitting method. This method can be used for large-scale and high-frequency monitoring the level of UHI and expressing complicated spatial distribution of UHI inside the city, thus supporting accurate governance of UHI.
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Panda A, Peters E, Baltussen M, Kuipers J. Fully resolved scalar transport for high Prandtl number flows using adaptive mesh refinement. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2019.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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O'Neill C, Turner S, Rushmer T. The inception of plate tectonics: a record of failure. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170414. [PMID: 30275162 PMCID: PMC6189556 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of plate tectonics from a pre-plate tectonics regime requires both the initiation of subduction and the development of nascent subduction zones into long-lived contiguous features. Subduction itself has been shown to be sensitive to system parameters such as thermal state and the specific rheology. While generally it has been shown that cold-interior high-Rayleigh-number convection (such as on the Earth today) favours plates and subduction, due to the ability of the interior stresses to couple with the lid, a given system may or may not have plate tectonics depending on its initial conditions. This has led to the idea that there is a strong history dependence to tectonic evolution-and the details of tectonic transitions, including whether they even occur, may depend on the early history of a planet. However, intrinsic convective stresses are not the only dynamic drivers of early planetary evolution. Early planetary geological evolution is dominated by volcanic processes and impacting. These have rarely been considered in thermal evolution models. Recent models exploring the details of plate tectonic initiation have explored the effect of strong thermal plumes or large impacts on surface tectonism, and found that these 'primary drivers' can initiate subduction, and, in some cases, over-ride the initial state of the planet. The corollary of this, of course, is that, in the absence of such ongoing drivers, existing or incipient subduction systems under early Earth conditions might fail. The only detailed planetary record we have of this development comes from Earth, and is restricted by the limited geological record of its earliest history. Many recent estimates have suggested an origin of plate tectonics at approximately 3.0 Ga, inferring a monotonically increasing transition from pre-plates, through subduction initiation, to continuous subduction and a modern plate tectonic regime around that time. However, both numerical modelling and the geological record itself suggest a strong nonlinearity in the dynamics of the transition, and it has been noted that the early history of Archaean greenstone belts and trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite record many instances of failed subduction. Here, we explore the history of subduction failure on the early Earth, and couple these with insights from numerical models of the geodynamic regime at the time.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig O'Neill
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Simon Turner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Tracy Rushmer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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9
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Shephard GE, Matthews KJ, Hosseini K, Domeier M. On the consistency of seismically imaged lower mantle slabs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10976. [PMID: 28887461 PMCID: PMC5591187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geoscience community is increasingly utilizing seismic tomography to interpret mantle heterogeneity and its links to past tectonic and geodynamic processes. To assess the robustness and distribution of positive seismic anomalies, inferred as subducted slabs, we create a set of vote maps for the lower mantle with 14 global P-wave or S-wave tomography models. Based on a depth-dependent threshold metric, an average of 20% of any given tomography model depth is identified as a potential slab. However, upon combining the 14 models, the most consistent positive wavespeed features are identified by an increasing vote count. An overall peak in the most robust anomalies is found between 1000-1400 km depth, followed by a decline to a minimum around 2000 km. While this trend could reflect reduced tomographic resolution in the middle mantle, we show that it may alternatively relate to real changes in the time-dependent subduction flux and/or a mid-lower mantle viscosity increase. An apparent secondary peak in agreement below 2500 km depth may reflect the degree-two lower mantle slow seismic structures. Vote maps illustrate the potential shortcomings of using a limited number or type of tomography models and slab threshold criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Shephard
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - K J Matthews
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - K Hosseini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - M Domeier
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Flament N, Williams S, Müller RD, Gurnis M, Bower DJ. Origin and evolution of the deep thermochemical structure beneath Eurasia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14164. [PMID: 28098137 PMCID: PMC5253668 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique structure in the Earth's lowermost mantle, the Perm Anomaly, was recently identified beneath Eurasia. It seismologically resembles the large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the Pacific, but is much smaller. This challenges the current understanding of the evolution of the plate–mantle system in which plumes rise from the edges of the two LLSVPs, spatially fixed in time. New models of mantle flow over the last 230 million years reproduce the present-day structure of the lower mantle, and show a Perm-like anomaly. The anomaly formed in isolation within a closed subduction network ∼22,000 km in circumference prior to 150 million years ago before migrating ∼1,500 km westward at an average rate of 1 cm year−1, indicating a greater mobility of deep mantle structures than previously recognized. We hypothesize that the mobile Perm Anomaly could be linked to the Emeishan volcanics, in contrast to the previously proposed Siberian Traps. The Perm anomaly is found in the lower mantle beneath Eurasia, but how this structure formed has remained unclear. Here, the authors show that the anomaly has been mobile since it formed in isolation within a closed subduction network and propose that the anomaly is linked to the Emeishan volcanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Flament
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, Madsen Building F09, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S Williams
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, Madsen Building F09, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - R D Müller
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, Madsen Building F09, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - M Gurnis
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D J Bower
- Institute of Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhua Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China, and Center for the Study of Matter at Extreme Conditions, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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12
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Ishida T, Sato T, Ishikawa T, Oguma M, Itamura N, Goda K, Sasaki N, Fujita H. Time-lapse nanoscopy of friction in the non-Amontons and non-Coulomb regime. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1476-1480. [PMID: 25330166 DOI: 10.1021/nl5032502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Originally discovered by Leonard da Vinci in the 15th century, the force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load (known as Amontons' first law of friction). Furthermore, kinetic friction is independent of the sliding speed (known as Coulomb's law of friction). These empirical laws break down at high normal pressure (due to plastic deformation) and low sliding speed (in the transition regime between static friction and kinetic friction). An important example of this phenomenon is friction between the asperities of tectonic plates on the Earth. Despite its significance, little is known about the detailed mechanism of friction in this regime due to the lack of experimental methods. Here we demonstrate in situ time-lapse nanoscopy of friction between asperities sliding at ultralow speed (∼0.01 nm/s) under high normal pressure (∼GPa). This is made possible by compressing and rubbing a pair of nanometer-scale crystalline silicon anvils with electrostatic microactuators and monitoring its dynamical evolution with a transmission electron microscope. Our analysis of the time-lapse movie indicates that superplastic behavior is induced by decrystallization, plastic deformation, and atomic diffusion at the asperity-asperity interface. The results hold great promise for a better understanding of quasi-static friction under high pressure for geoscience, materials science, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ishida
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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13
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Conrad CP, Steinberger B, Torsvik TH. Stability of active mantle upwelling revealed by net characteristics of plate tectonics. Nature 2013; 498:479-82. [PMID: 23803848 DOI: 10.1038/nature12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viscous convection within the mantle is linked to tectonic plate motions and deforms Earth's surface across wide areas. Such close links between surface geology and deep mantle dynamics presumably operated throughout Earth's history, but are difficult to investigate for past times because the history of mantle flow is poorly known. Here we show that the time dependence of global-scale mantle flow can be deduced from the net behaviour of surface plate motions. In particular, we tracked the geographic locations of net convergence and divergence for harmonic degrees 1 and 2 by computing the dipole and quadrupole moments of plate motions from tectonic reconstructions extended back to the early Mesozoic era. For present-day plate motions, we find dipole convergence in eastern Asia and quadrupole divergence in both central Africa and the central Pacific. These orientations are nearly identical to the dipole and quadrupole orientations of underlying mantle flow, which indicates that these 'net characteristics' of plate motions reveal deeper flow patterns. The positions of quadrupole divergence have not moved significantly during the past 250 million years, which suggests long-term stability of mantle upwelling beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean. These upwelling locations are positioned above two compositionally and seismologically distinct regions of the lowermost mantle, which may organize global mantle flow as they remain stationary over geologic time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton P Conrad
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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14
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Ismail-Zadeh A, Honda S, Tsepelev I. Linking mantle upwelling with the lithosphere descent [corrected] and the Japan Sea evolution: a hypothesis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1137. [PMID: 23355951 PMCID: PMC3555085 DOI: 10.1038/srep01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent seismic tomography studies image a low velocity zone (interpreted as a high temperature anomaly) in the mantle beneath the subducting Pacific plate near the Japanese islands at the depth of about 400 km. This thermal feature is rather peculiar in terms of the conventional view of mantle convection and subduction zones. Here we present a dynamic restoration of the thermal state of the mantle beneath this region assimilating geophysical, geodetic, and geological data up to 40 million years. We hypothesise that the hot mantle upwelling beneath the Pacific plate partly penetrated through the subducting plate into the mantle wedge and generated two smaller hot upwellings, which contributed to the rapid subsidence in the basins of the Japan Sea and to back-arc spreading. Another part of the hot mantle migrated upward beneath the Pacific lithosphere, and the presently observed hot anomaly is a remnant part of this mantle upwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alik Ismail-Zadeh
- Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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15
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Hines JM, Billen MI. Sensitivity of the short- to intermediate-wavelength geoid to rheologic structure in subduction zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Attreyee Ghosh
- Geosciences Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - William E. Holt
- Geosciences Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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17
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Jadamec MA, Billen MI. The role of rheology and slab shape on rapid mantle flow: Three-dimensional numerical models of the Alaska slab edge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Powerful numerical methods are enabling the creation of fine-grained models of Earth's dynamic geology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Becker
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089–0740, USA
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