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Abstract
The hydrophobicity of vitamin E poses transport and metabolic challenges to regulate its bioavailability and to prevent its accumulation in lipid-rich tissues such as adipose tissue, brain, and liver. Water-soluble precursors of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT), such as its esters with acetate (αTA), succinate (αTS), or phosphate (αTP), have increased solubility in water and stability against reaction with free radicals, but they are rapidly converted during their uptake into the lipid-soluble vitamin E. Therefore, the bioavailability of these precursors as intact molecules is low; nevertheless, at least for αTS and αTP, the recent research has revealed unique regulatory effects on signal transduction and gene expression and the modulation of cellular events ranging from proliferation, survival/apoptosis, lipid uptake and metabolism, phagocytosis, long term potentiation, cell migration, telomere maintenance, and angiogenesis. Moreover, water-soluble derivatives of vitamin E including some based on αTP are increasingly used as components of nanocarriers for enhanced and targeted delivery of drugs and other molecules (vitamins, including αT and αTP itself, vitamin D3, carnosine, caffeine, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), insulin) and cofactors such as coenzyme Q10. In this review, the chemical characteristics, transport, metabolic pathways, and molecular mechanisms of action of αTP in cells and tissues are summarized and put into perspective with its possible role in the prevention of a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
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Zingg JM, Meydani M, Azzi A. alpha-Tocopheryl phosphate--an active lipid mediator? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:679-92. [PMID: 20169583 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, alphaT) derivative, alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (alphaTP), is detectable in small amounts in plasma, tissues, and cultured cells. Studies done in vitro and in vivo suggest that alphaT can become phosphorylated and alphaTP dephosphorylated, suggesting the existence of enzyme(s) with alphaT kinase or alphaTP phosphatase activity, respectively. As a supplement in animal studies, alphaTP can reach plasma concentrations similar to alphaT and only a part is dephosphorylated; thus, alphaTP may act both as pro-vitamin E, but also as phosphorylated form of vitamin E with possibly novel regulatory activities. Many effects of alphaTP have been described: in the test tube alphaTP modulates the activity of several enzymes; in cell culture alphaTP affects proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and gene expression; in animal studies alphaTP prevents atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and induces hippocampal long-term potentiation. At the molecular level, alphaTP may act as a cofactor for enzymes, as an active lipid mediator similar to other phosphorylated lipids, or indirectly by altering membrane characteristics such as lipid rafts, fluidity, and curvature. In this review, the molecular and cellular activities of alphaTP are examined and the possible functions of alphaTP as a natural compound, cofactor and active lipid mediator involved in signal transduction and gene expression discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- JM USDA-Human Nutr. Res. Ctr. On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Donaldson KO, Nason A. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN E AND LIPIDE COFACTOR IN THE CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE SYSTEM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 43:364-9. [PMID: 16590020 PMCID: PMC528456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.43.5.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K O Donaldson
- McCOLLUM-PRATT INSTITUTE, THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
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PENNIALL R. The effects of salicylic acid on the respiratory activity of mitochondria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 30:247-51. [PMID: 13607439 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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REDFEARN ER, PUMPHREY AM, FYNN GH. The mechanism of reactivation of enzyme systems in mitochondrial preparations treated with organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 44:404-15. [PMID: 13740204 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)91596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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WEBER MM, ROSSO G, NOLL H. The isolation and identification of a naphthoquinone from electron-transport particles of Mycobacterium phlei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 71:355-63. [PMID: 13999394 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(63)91089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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WEBER MM, ROSSO G. ROLE OF AN UNIDENTIFIED FACTOR INVOLVED IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 50:710-7. [PMID: 14077502 PMCID: PMC221250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.50.4.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dayan
- Section of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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10
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Hughes P, Tove S. Synthesis of alpha-tocopherolquinone by the rat and its reduction by mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Identification of an endogenous electron donor for biohydrogenation as alpha-tocopherolquinol. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Leuchtenberger A, Ruttloff H. [Effect of oils and fatty acids on growth and enzyme production of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. I. Effect of oils and fatty acids on the metabolism of microorganisms (review of literature)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1979; 19:609-27. [PMID: 397684 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630190903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Levander OA, Morris VC, Higgs DJ. Selenium catalysis of swelling of rat liver mitochondria and reduction of cytochrome c by sulfur compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 48:405-23. [PMID: 4139883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0943-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hradec J, Dusek Z. Effect of lipids, in particular cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate, on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into transfer ribonucleic acid in vitro. Biochem J 1968; 110:1-8. [PMID: 5722689 PMCID: PMC1187102 DOI: 10.1042/bj1100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Rat liver pH5 enzymes and cell sap extracted with various organic solvents showed a variable decreased incorporation of labelled amino acids into s-RNA (;soluble' or transfer RNA) in vitro. 2. The original enzymic activity could be fully restored, though at different rates, by the addition of lipid extracts in quantities corresponding to those originally present. 3. Of the main lipid groups separated from the extract, only free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were able to reactivate the extracted pH5 enzymes in the same way as the whole lipid extract. 4. Addition of pure cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate also fully restored the enzymic activity. 5. There was no energy-dependent incorporation of labelled amino acids into ribosomal protein in the presence of extracted cell sap. Addition of cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate fully restored the activity of the cell sap to incorporate labelled leucine and lysine into ribosomal protein and enhanced the incorporation of labelled protein hydrolysate and phenylalanine over the level found with the corresponding non-extracted preparations. 6. It is concluded that lipids play an important role in the synthesis of aminoacyl-s-RNA complexes and that cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate may be the active lipid in this respect.
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The Appearance and General Properties of Free Radicals in Electron Transport Particles from Mycobacterium phlei. J Biol Chem 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ubiquinones (Coenzymes Q), Ubichromenols, and Related Substances. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hendlin D, Cook TM. The Activity of Coenzyme Q10 and Its Analogues in the Succinoxidase System of Electron Transport Particles. J Biol Chem 1960. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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ALLEN JR, SULLIVAN BA, DOBSON HL. Cytochrome oxidase and reductase in muscle from vitamin E-deficient rabbits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1960; 86:6-9. [PMID: 13792761 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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KOCHEN J, CRAWFORD RB, MARINETTI GV, MORRISON M, STOTZ E. The reactivation of the succinate-cytochrome c reductase system by a hydrocarbon residue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 38:553-5. [PMID: 14410345 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)91292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pollard C, Bieri J. Further Observations on the Effect of Isooctane on Respiratory Enzymes. J Biol Chem 1959. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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CRAWFORD RB, MORRISON M, STOTZ E. Studies on the role of lipides in mammalian cytochrome C reductase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959; 33:543-50. [PMID: 13670928 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(59)90147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Petrushka E, Quastel JH, Scholefield PG. ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959. [DOI: 10.1139/y59-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The addition of small amounts (50 μg protein) of heated snake venom to respiring preparations of mitochondria from rat liver or kidney brings about an uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation as measured by a fall in the P/O ratio. When larger amounts (250 μg protein) of heated venom are added a rapid decline in the respiratory activity eventually takes place which coincides with a breakdown in the mitochondrial structure. On addition of smaller amounts (e.g. 7.5 μg protein) of heated venom to liver or kidney mitochondria there occurs a release of soluble proteins including enzymes, e.g. ATP-ase.Various phospholipids are able to exert a specific protective effect against the uncoupling action of heated venom. Albumin exhibits a non-specific effect but glutathionine, which helps to maintain the respiratory activity of mitochondria in the presence of heated venom, does not prevent the accompanying fall in the P/O ratio.The importance of the structural integrity of mitochondria for their enzymic activities is discussed, special reference being made to the role of phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Petrushka
- McGill-Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 3619 University Street, Montreal, Quebec
| | - J. H. Quastel
- McGill-Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 3619 University Street, Montreal, Quebec
| | - P. G. Scholefield
- McGill-Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 3619 University Street, Montreal, Quebec
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Weber F, Wiss O. Hemmung der Bernsteinsäure-Cytochrom-c-Reduktase und deren Reaktivierung durch isoprenartige Verbindungen. Helv Chim Acta 1959. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19590420425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lynen F, Eggerer H, Henning U, Kessel I. Farnesyl-pyrophosphat und 3-Methyl-Δ3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphat, die biologischen Vorstufen des Squalens. Zur Biosynthese der Terpene, III. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1958. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19580702403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton M. Weber
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arnold F. Brodie
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane E. Merselis
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Weber MM, Brodie AF, Merselis JE. Possible Role for Vitamin K in Electron Transport. Science 1958. [DOI: 10.1126/science.128.3329.896-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M. Weber
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arnold F. Brodie
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane E. Merselis
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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DEUL D, SLATER EC, VELDSTRA L. The possible role of alpha-tocopherol in the respiratory chain. II. Reactivation by alpha-tocopherol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1958; 27:133-41. [PMID: 13510258 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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DONALDSON KO, NASON A, MOORE KB, GARRETT RH. Specific restoration of mammalian cytochrome c reductase by tocopherol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1957; 26:665-6. [PMID: 13499441 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(57)90130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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NASON A, DONALDSON KO, LEHMAN IR. The role of vitamin E at the enzymatic level. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1957; 20:27-50. [PMID: 13507116 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1957.tb00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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COWLISHAW B, SONDERGAARD E, PRANGE I, DAM H. Intracellular distribution of vitamin E and vitamin A in chicken liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1957; 25:644-5. [PMID: 13479440 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(57)90540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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CRAWFORD R, MORRISON M, STOTZ E. The reactivation by lipids of the succinate-cytochrome c reductase system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1956; 22:579-81. [PMID: 13382894 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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NITOWSKY HM, TILDON JT. Some studies of tocopherol deficiency in infants and children. III. Relation of blood catalase activity and other factors to hemolysis of erythrocytes in hydrogen peroxide. Am J Clin Nutr 1956; 4:397-401. [PMID: 13339711 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/4.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Devlin TM, Lehninger AL. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION BY AN ENZYME COMPLEX FROM EXTRACTS OF MITOCHONDRIA. J Biol Chem 1956. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)65816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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NASON A, AVERBACH BC, TERRELL AJ. Activation of cytochrome c reductases by a lipid bound to crystalline bovine serum albumin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1956; 19:395-7. [PMID: 13315298 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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