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Abstract
Frailty is a complex syndrome affecting a growing sector of the global population as medical developments have advanced human mortality rates across the world. Our current understanding of frailty is derived from studies conducted in the laboratory as well as the clinic, which have generated largely phenotypic information. Far fewer studies have uncovered biological underpinnings driving the onset and progression of frailty, but the stage is set to advance the field with preclinical and clinical assessment tools, multiomics approaches together with physiological and biochemical methodologies. In this article, we provide comprehensive coverage of topics regarding frailty assessment, preclinical models, interventions, and challenges as well as clinical frameworks and prevalence. We also identify central biological mechanisms that may be at play including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and oxidative stress that in turn, affect metabolism, stress responses, and endocrine and neuromuscular systems. We review the role of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and visceral obesity, focusing on glucose homeostasis, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) as critical players influencing the age-related loss of health. We further focus on how immunometabolic dysfunction associates with oxidative stress in promoting sarcopenia, a key contributor to slowness, weakness, and fatigue. We explore the biological mechanisms involved in stem cell exhaustion that affect regeneration and may contribute to the frailty-associated decline in resilience and adaptation to stress. Together, an overview of the interplay of aging biology with genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that contribute to frailty, as well as potential therapeutic targets to lower risk and slow the progression of ongoing disease is covered. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-46, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís R. Perazza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly M. Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - LaDora V. Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Aliper AM, Csoka AB, Buzdin A, Jetka T, Roumiantsev S, Moskalev A, Zhavoronkov A. Signaling pathway activation drift during aging: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome fibroblasts are comparable to normal middle-age and old-age cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:26-37. [PMID: 25587796 PMCID: PMC4350323 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For the past several decades, research in understanding the molecular basis of human aging has progressed significantly with the analysis of premature aging syndromes. Progerin, an altered form of lamin A, has been identified as the cause of premature aging in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), and may be a contributing causative factor in normal aging. However, the question of whether HGPS actually recapitulates the normal aging process at the cellular and organismal level, or simply mimics the aging phenotype is widely debated. In the present study we analyzed publicly available microarray datasets for fibroblasts undergoing cellular aging in culture, as well as fibroblasts derived from young, middle-age, and old-age individuals, and patients with HGPS. Using GeroScope pathway analysis and drug discovery platform we analyzed the activation states of 65 major cellular signaling pathways. Our analysis reveals that signaling pathway activation states in cells derived from chronologically young patients with HGPS strongly resemble cells taken from normal middle-aged and old individuals. This clearly indicates that HGPS may truly represent accelerated aging, rather than being just a simulacrum. Our data also points to potential pathways that could be targeted to develop drugs and drug combinations for both HGPS and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Aliper
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, MD 21218, USA.,Federal Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonei Benjamin Csoka
- Vision Genomics LLC, Washington DC 20011, USA.,Epigenetics Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, MD 21218, USA.,Pathway Pharmaceuticals, Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Tomasz Jetka
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergey Roumiantsev
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, MD 21218, USA.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Alexy Moskalev
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, MD 21218, USA.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, MD 21218, USA.,Federal Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,The Biotechnology Research Foundation, BGRF, London W1J 5NE, UK
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