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da Silva Coelho FA, Gill S, Tomlin CM, Papavassiliou M, Farley SD, Cook JA, Sonsthagen SA, Sage GK, Heaton TH, Talbot SL, Lindqvist C. Ancient bears provide insights into Pleistocene ice age refugia in Southeast Alaska. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37096383 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
During the Late Pleistocene, major parts of North America were periodically covered by ice sheets. However, there are still questions about whether ice-free refugia were present in the Alexander Archipelago along the Southeast (SE) Alaska coast during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Numerous subfossils have been recovered from caves in SE Alaska, including American black (Ursus americanus) and brown (U. arctos) bears, which today are found in the Alexander Archipelago but are genetically distinct from mainland bear populations. Hence, these bear species offer an ideal system to investigate long-term occupation, potential refugial survival and lineage turnover. Here, we present genetic analyses based on 99 new complete mitochondrial genomes from ancient and modern brown and black bears spanning the last ~45,000 years. Black bears form two SE Alaskan subclades, one preglacial and another postglacial, that diverged >100,000 years ago. All postglacial ancient brown bears are closely related to modern brown bears in the archipelago, while a single preglacial brown bear is found in a distantly related clade. A hiatus in the bear subfossil record around the LGM and the deep split of their pre- and postglacial subclades fail to support a hypothesis of continuous occupancy in SE Alaska throughout the LGM for either species. Our results are consistent with an absence of refugia along the SE Alaska coast, but indicate that vegetation quickly expanded after deglaciation, allowing bears to recolonize the area after a short-lived LGM peak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Crystal M Tomlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Sean D Farley
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sarah A Sonsthagen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - George K Sage
- Far Northwestern Institute of Art and Science, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Timothy H Heaton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sandra L Talbot
- Far Northwestern Institute of Art and Science, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Charlotte Lindqvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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2
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Late-Glacial and Holocene Lake-Level Fluctuations on the Kenai Lowland, Reconstructed from Satellite-Fen Peat Deposits and Ice-Shoved Ramparts, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. QUATERNARY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/quat5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades of warmer climate have brought drying wetlands and falling lake levels to southern Alaska. These recent changes can be placed into a longer-term context of postglacial lake-level fluctuations that include low stands that were as much as 7 m lower than present at eight lakes on the Kenai Lowland. Closed-basin lakes on the Kenai Lowland are typically ringed with old shorelines, usually as wave-cut scarps, cut several meters above modern lake levels; the scarps formed during deglaciation at 25–19 ka in a kettle moraine topography on the western Kenai Lowland. These high-water stands were followed by millennia of low stands, when closed-basin lake levels were drawn down by 5–10 m or more. Peat cores from satellite fens near or adjoining the eight closed-basin lakes show that a regional lake level rise was underway by at least 13.4 ka. At Jigsaw Lake, a detailed study of 23 pairs of overlapping sediment cores, seismic profiling, macrofossil analysis, and 58 AMS radiocarbon dates reveal rapidly rising water levels at 9–8 ka that caused large slabs of peat to slough off and sink to the lake bottom. These slabs preserve an archive of vegetation that had accumulated on a lakeshore apron exposed during the preceding drawdown period. They also preserve evidence of a brief period of lake level rise at 4.7–4.5 ka. We examined plant succession using in situ peat sequences in nine satellite fens around Jigsaw Lake that indicated increased effective moisture between 4.6 and 2.5 ka synchronous with the lake level rise. Mid- to late-Holocene lake high stands in this area are recorded by numerous ice-shoved ramparts (ISRs) along the shores. ISRs at 15 lakes show that individual ramparts typically record several shove events, separated by hundreds or thousands of years. Most ISRs date to within the last 5200 years and it is likely that older ISRs were erased by rising lake levels during the mid- to late Holocene. This study illustrates how data on vegetation changes in hydrologically coupled satellite-fen peat records can be used to constrain the water level histories in larger adjacent lakes. We suggest that this method could be more widely utilized for paleo-lake level reconstruction.
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3
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Jaeger JM, Shevenell AE. Steering iceberg armadas. Science 2020; 370:662-663. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Asian-Pacific tropics likely instigated millennial-scale climate changes
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Jaeger
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-2120, USA
| | - Amelia E. Shevenell
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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4
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Jones MC, Berkelhammer M, Keller KJ, Yoshimura K, Wooller MJ. High sensitivity of Bering Sea winter sea ice to winter insolation and carbon dioxide over the last 5500 years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaaz9588. [PMID: 32917607 PMCID: PMC7467686 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anomalously low winter sea ice extent and early retreat in CE 2018 and 2019 challenge previous notions that winter sea ice in the Bering Sea has been stable over the instrumental record, although long-term records remain limited. Here, we use a record of peat cellulose oxygen isotopes from St. Matthew Island along with isotope-enabled general circulation model (IsoGSM) simulations to generate a 5500-year record of Bering Sea winter sea ice extent. Results show that over the last 5500 years, sea ice in the Bering Sea decreased in response to increasing winter insolation and atmospheric CO2, suggesting that the North Pacific is highly sensitive to small changes in radiative forcing. We find that CE 2018 sea ice conditions were the lowest of the last 5500 years, and results suggest that sea ice loss may lag changes in CO2 concentrations by several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Jones
- Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
| | - Max Berkelhammer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Katherine J Keller
- Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kei Yoshimura
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew J Wooller
- Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences and Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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5
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Praetorius SK, Condron A, Mix AC, Walczak MH, McKay JL, Du J. The role of Northeast Pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2915. [PMID: 32133399 PMCID: PMC7043920 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Columbia River megafloods occurred repeatedly during the last deglaciation, but the impacts of this fresh water on Pacific hydrography are largely unknown. To reconstruct changes in ocean circulation during this period, we used a numerical model to simulate the flow trajectory of Columbia River megafloods and compiled records of sea surface temperature, paleo-salinity, and deep-water radiocarbon from marine sediment cores in the Northeast Pacific. The North Pacific sea surface cooled and freshened during the early deglacial (19.0-16.5 ka) and Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka) intervals, coincident with the appearance of subsurface water masses depleted in radiocarbon relative to the sea surface. We infer that Pacific meltwater fluxes contributed to net Northern Hemisphere cooling prior to North Atlantic Heinrich Events, and again during the Younger Dryas stadial. Abrupt warming in the Northeast Pacific similarly contributed to hemispheric warming during the Bølling and Holocene transitions. These findings underscore the importance of changes in North Pacific freshwater fluxes and circulation in deglacial climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Condron
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Alan C. Mix
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Maureen H. Walczak
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer L. McKay
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jianghui Du
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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6
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Maier E, Zhang X, Abelmann A, Gersonde R, Mulitza S, Werner M, Méheust M, Ren J, Chapligin B, Meyer H, Stein R, Tiedemann R, Lohmann G. North Pacific freshwater events linked to changes in glacial ocean circulation. Nature 2018; 559:241-245. [PMID: 29995862 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that episodic deposition of large volumes of freshwater into the oceans strongly influenced global ocean circulation and climate variability during glacial periods1,2. In the North Atlantic region, episodes of massive freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic Ocean were related to distinct cold periods known as Heinrich Stadials1-3. By contrast, the freshwater history of the North Pacific region remains unclear, giving rise to persistent debates about the existence and possible magnitude of climate links between the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans during Heinrich Stadials4,5. Here we find that there was a strong connection between changes in North Atlantic circulation during Heinrich Stadials and injections of freshwater from the North American Cordilleran Ice Sheet to the northeastern North Pacific. Our record of diatom δ18O (a measure of the ratio of the stable oxygen isotopes 18O and 16O) over the past 50,000 years shows a decrease in surface seawater δ18O of two to three per thousand, corresponding to a decline in salinity of roughly two to four practical salinity units. This coincided with enhanced deposition of ice-rafted debris and a slight cooling of the sea surface in the northeastern North Pacific during Heinrich Stadials 1 and 4, but not during Heinrich Stadial 3. Furthermore, results from our isotope-enabled model6 suggest that warming of the eastern Equatorial Pacific during Heinrich Stadials was crucial for transmitting the North Atlantic signal to the northeastern North Pacific, where the associated subsurface warming resulted in a discernible freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during Heinrich Stadials 1 and 4. However, enhanced background cooling across the northern high latitudes during Heinrich Stadial 3-the coldest period in the past 50,000 years7-prevented subsurface warming of the northeastern North Pacific and thus increased freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. In combination, our results show that nonlinear ocean-atmosphere background interactions played a complex role in the dynamics linking the freshwater discharge responses of the North Atlantic and North Pacific during glacial periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maier
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - X Zhang
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - A Abelmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R Gersonde
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - S Mulitza
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - M Werner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Méheust
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - J Ren
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Chapligin
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - H Meyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - R Stein
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R Tiedemann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - G Lohmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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7
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Lesnek AJ, Briner JP, Lindqvist C, Baichtal JF, Heaton TH. Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar5040. [PMID: 29854947 PMCID: PMC5976267 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The route and timing of early human migration to the Americas have been a contentious topic for decades. Recent paleogenetic analyses suggest that the initial colonization from Beringia took place as early as 16 thousand years (ka) ago via a deglaciated corridor along the North Pacific coast. However, the feasibility of such a migration depends on the extent of the western Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) and the available resources along the hypothesized coastal route during this timeframe. We date the culmination of maximum CIS conditions in southeastern Alaska, a potential bottleneck region for human migration, to ~20 to 17 ka ago with cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating and 14C dating of bones from an ice-overrun cave. We also show that productive marine and terrestrial ecosystems were established almost immediately following deglaciation. We conclude that CIS retreat ensured that an open and ecologically viable pathway through southeastern Alaska was available after 17 ka ago, which may have been traversed by early humans as they colonized the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia J. Lesnek
- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jason P. Briner
- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Charlotte Lindqvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy H. Heaton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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8
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Menounos B, Goehring BM, Osborn G, Margold M, Ward B, Bond J, Clarke GKC, Clague JJ, Lakeman T, Koch J, Caffee MW, Gosse J, Stroeven AP, Seguinot J, Heyman J. Cordilleran Ice Sheet mass loss preceded climate reversals near the Pleistocene Termination. Science 2017; 358:781-784. [PMID: 29123066 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) once covered an area comparable to that of Greenland. Previous geologic evidence and numerical models indicate that the ice sheet covered much of westernmost Canada as late as 12.5 thousand years ago (ka). New data indicate that substantial areas throughout westernmost Canada were ice free prior to 12.5 ka and some as early as 14.0 ka, with implications for climate dynamics and the timing of meltwater discharge to the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Early Bølling-Allerød warmth halved the mass of the CIS in as little as 500 years, causing 2.5 to 3.0 meters of sea-level rise. Dozens of cirque and valley glaciers, along with the southern margin of the CIS, advanced into recently deglaciated regions during the Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Menounos
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute and Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - B M Goehring
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - G Osborn
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Margold
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Ward
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - J Bond
- Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2B5, Canada
| | - G K C Clarke
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - J J Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - T Lakeman
- Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim 7040, Norway
| | - J Koch
- Department of Geography, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada
| | - M W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Gosse
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - A P Stroeven
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Seguinot
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Heyman
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Marcott
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Jeremy D Shakun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Umling NE, Thunell RC. Synchronous deglacial thermocline and deep-water ventilation in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14203. [PMID: 28112161 PMCID: PMC5264251 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep ocean is most likely the primary source of the radiocarbon-depleted CO2 released to the atmosphere during the last deglaciation. While there are well-documented millennial scale Δ14C changes during the most recent deglaciation, most marine records lack the resolution needed to identify more rapid ventilation events. Furthermore, potential age model problems with marine Δ14C records may obscure our understanding of the phase relationship between inter-ocean ventilation changes. Here we reconstruct changes in deep water and thermocline radiocarbon content over the last deglaciation in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) using benthic and planktonic foraminiferal 14C. Our records demonstrate that ventilation of EEP thermocline and deep waters occurred synchronously during the last deglaciation. In addition, both gradual and rapid deglacial radiocarbon changes in these Pacific records are coeval with changes in the Atlantic records. This in-phase behaviour suggests that the Southern Ocean overturning was the dominant driver of changes in the Atlantic and Pacific ventilation during deglaciation. Potential age model problems with marine Δ14C records have obscured our understanding of the role of the deep-ocean in deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise. Here, the authors show that deglacial ventilation of EEP thermocline and deep waters occurred synchronously and was coeval with changes in Atlantic records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Umling
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Robert C Thunell
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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11
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North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming. Nature 2015; 527:362-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Estimating the anomalous diffusion exponent for single particle tracking data with measurement errors - An alternative approach. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11306. [PMID: 26065707 PMCID: PMC4463942 DOI: 10.1038/srep11306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurately characterizing the anomalous diffusion of a tracer particle has become a central issue in biophysics. However, measurement errors raise difficulty in the characterization of single trajectories, which is usually performed through the time-averaged mean square displacement (TAMSD). In this paper, we study a fractionally integrated moving average (FIMA) process as an appropriate model for anomalous diffusion data with measurement errors. We compare FIMA and traditional TAMSD estimators for the anomalous diffusion exponent. The ability of the FIMA framework to characterize dynamics in a wide range of anomalous exponents and noise levels through the simulation of a toy model (fractional Brownian motion disturbed by Gaussian white noise) is discussed. Comparison to the TAMSD technique, shows that FIMA estimation is superior in many scenarios. This is expected to enable new measurement regimes for single particle tracking (SPT) experiments even in the presence of high measurement errors.
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