1
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He F, Song K, Guan G, Huo J, Xin Y, Li T, Liu C, Zhu Q, Fan N, Guo Y, Wu L. The Phenomenon of Gene Rearrangement is Frequently Associated with TP53 Mutations and Poor Disease-Free Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:723-736. [PMID: 34188519 PMCID: PMC8233541 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s313848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Gene rearrangements (GRs) have been reported to be related to adverse prognosis in some tumours, but the relationship in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains less studied. The objective of our study was to explore the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients (HCCs) with GRs (GR-HCCs). Patients and Methods This retrospective study included 297 HCCs who underwent hepatectomy and had their tumours sequenced by next-generation sequencing. Categorical variables between groups were compared by the chi-square test. The impact of variables on disease-free survival (DFS) and survival after relapse (SAR) was analysed by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression. Results We observed four repetitive GR events in 297 HCCs: BRD9/TERT, ARID2/intergenic, CDKN2A/intergenic and OBSCN truncation. GR-HCCs frequently presented with low tumour differentiation, tumour necrosis, microvascular invasion, elevated AFP and gene mutations (TP53, NTRK3 and BRD9). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative DFS rates in GR-HCCs were 45.1%, 31.9%, 31.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of GR-negative HCCs (NGR-HCCs) (72.5%, 57.9%, and 49.0%, respectively; P = 0.001). GR was identified as an independent risk factor for inferior DFS in HCCs (HR = 1.980, 95% CI = 1.246–3.147; P = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference in SAR between GR-HCCs and NGR-HCCs receiving targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Conclusion GR is frequently associated with TP53 mutations and significantly affects DFS following radical resection for HCC. We recommend that GR-HCCs should be closely followed up as a high-risk group for postoperative recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu He
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangjian Song
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Guan
- Organ Transplant Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Huo
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xin
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Li
- Organ Transplant Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Fan
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Wu
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Shibata N, Ohoka N, Tsuji G, Demizu Y, Miyawaza K, Ui-Tei K, Akiyama T, Naito M. Deubiquitylase USP25 prevents degradation of BCR-ABL protein and ensures proliferation of Ph-positive leukemia cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:3867-3878. [PMID: 32203161 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusion genes resulting from chromosomal rearrangements are frequently found in a variety of cancer cells. Some of these are known to be driver oncogenes, such as BCR-ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The products of such fusion genes are abnormal proteins that are ordinarily degraded in cells by a mechanism known as protein quality control. This suggests that the degradation of BCR-ABL protein is suppressed in CML cells to ensure their proliferative activity. Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 25 (USP25) suppresses the degradation of BCR-ABL protein in cells harboring Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). USP25 was found proximal to BCR-ABL protein in cells. Depletion of USP25 using shRNA-mediated gene silencing increased the ubiquitylated BCR-ABL, and reduced the level of BCR-ABL protein. Accordingly, BCR-ABL-mediated signaling and cell proliferation were suppressed in BCR-ABL-positive leukemia cells by the depletion of USP25. We further found that pharmacological inhibition of USP25 induced rapid degradation of BCR-ABL protein in Ph-positive leukemia cells, regardless of their sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These results indicate that USP25 is a novel target for inducing the degradation of oncogenic BCR-ABL protein in Ph-positive leukemia cells. This could be an effective approach to overcome resistance to kinase inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Deubiquitinating Enzymes/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Silencing/drug effects
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Genichiro Tsuji
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyawaza
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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3
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Mardis ER. The Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing on Cancer Genomics: From Discovery to Clinic. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036269. [PMID: 30397020 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to the study of cancer genomes has been transformational. Not only has this technology revealed the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of disease onset and progression, but also has redefined our clinical diagnosis and treatment paradigms. This rapid translation from discovery to clinical platform has occurred in the context of new pharmaceutical paradigms, enabling the use of NGS for the diagnosis and definition of therapeutic vulnerabilities of cancer. This review explores this transformation and identifies cutting-edge applications of NGS that will result in its additional utility in cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Mardis
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205
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4
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Shibata N, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Naito M. Development of a Potent Protein Degrader against Oncogenic BCR-ABL Protein. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:165-172. [PMID: 30827996 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation occurs in some cancer cells, resulting in the expression of aberrant oncogenic fusion proteins that include BCR-ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Inhibitors of ABL tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib and dasatinib, exhibit remarkable therapeutic effects, although emergence of drug resistance hampers the therapy during long-term treatment. An alternative approach to treat CML is to downregulate expression of the BCR-ABL protein. Recently, we have devised a protein knockdown system by hybrid molecules named Specific and Nongenetic inhibitor of apoptosis protein [IAP]-dependent Protein Erasers (SNIPER). This system is designed to induce IAP-mediated ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of target proteins. In this review, we describe the development of SNIPER against BCR-ABL, and discuss the features and prospect for treatment of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences
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5
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Shibata N, Shimokawa K, Nagai K, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Miyamoto N, Ujikawa O, Sameshima T, Nara H, Cho N, Naito M. Pharmacological difference between degrader and inhibitor against oncogenic BCR-ABL kinase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13549. [PMID: 30202081 PMCID: PMC6131351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the oncogenic fusion protein, BCR-ABL protein kinase, against which clinically useful inhibitors have been developed. An alternative approach to treat CML is to degrade the BCR-ABL protein. Recently, potent degraders against BCR-ABL have been developed by conjugating dasatinib to ligands for E3 ubiquitin ligases. Since the degraders contain the dasatinib moiety, they also inhibit BCR-ABL kinase activity, which complicates our understanding of the impact of BCR-ABL degradation by degraders in CML growth inhibition. To address this issue, we chose DAS-IAP, as a potent BCR-ABL degrader, and developed a structurally related inactive degrader, DAS-meIAP, which inhibits kinase activity but does not degrade the BCR-ABL protein. DAS-IAP showed slightly weaker activity than DAS-meIAP in inhibiting cell growth when CML cells were treated for 48 h. However, DAS-IAP showed sustained growth inhibition even when the drug was removed after short-term treatment, whereas CML cell growth rapidly resumed following removal of DAS-meIAP and dasatinib. Consistently, suppression of BCR-ABL levels and downstream kinase signaling were maintained after DAS-IAP removal, whereas kinase signaling rapidly recovered following removal of DAS-meIAP and dasatinib. These results indicate that BCR-ABL degrader shows more sustained inhibition of CML cell growth than ABL kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Shimokawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nagai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Ujikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sameshima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 2-12-15 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit (Wako branch), RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Divisions of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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6
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Shibata N, Miyamoto N, Nagai K, Shimokawa K, Sameshima T, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Imaeda Y, Nara H, Cho N, Naito M. Development of protein degradation inducers of oncogenic BCR-ABL protein by conjugation of ABL kinase inhibitors and IAP ligands. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1657-1666. [PMID: 28556300 PMCID: PMC5543464 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation occurs in some cancer cells, which results in the expression of aberrant oncogenic fusion proteins that include BCR‐ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Inhibitors of ABL tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib and dasatinib, exhibit remarkable therapeutic effects, although emergence of drug resistance hampers the therapy during long‐term treatment. An alternative approach to treat CML is to downregulate the BCR‐ABL protein. We have devised a protein knockdown system by hybrid molecules named Specific and Non‐genetic inhibitor of apoptosis protein [IAP]‐dependent Protein Erasers (SNIPER), which is designed to induce IAP‐mediated ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, and a couple of SNIPER(ABL) against BCR‐ABL protein have been developed recently. In this study, we tested various combinations of ABL inhibitors and IAP ligands, and the linker was optimized for protein knockdown activity of SNIPER(ABL). The resulting SNIPER(ABL)‐39, in which dasatinib is conjugated to an IAP ligand LCL161 derivative by polyethylene glycol (PEG) × 3 linker, shows a potent activity to degrade the BCR‐ABL protein. Mechanistic analysis suggested that both cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) and X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) play a role in the degradation of BCR‐ABL protein. Consistent with the degradation of BCR‐ABL protein, the SNIPER(ABL)‐39 inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and Crk like proto‐oncogene (CrkL), and suppressed the growth of BCR‐ABL‐positive CML cells. These results suggest that SNIPER(ABL)‐39 could be a candidate for a degradation‐based novel anti‐cancer drug against BCR‐ABL‐positive CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nagai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Sameshima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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O’Brien Z, Moghaddam MF. A Systematic Analysis of Physicochemical and ADME Properties of All Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors Approved by US FDA from January 2001 to October 2015. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3159-3184. [PMID: 28545370 PMCID: PMC5748879 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During lead identification and optimization, the advancement criteria may be driven based on scientific principles, prior experiences, and/or by examining the path paved by approved drugs. However, accessing the discovery data on physicochemical and ADME properties of the approved kinase inhibitors is a monumental task as these are either scattered in the literature or have not been published. OBJECTIVE Our goals were: 1) To compile the relevant data on all kinase inhibitors approved prior to 2016 for easy access by the biopharmaceutical community, 2) To provide a retrospective analysis to highlight trends and attributes which may have contributed to the "developability" of these drugs, and 3) To ignite focused debates on what constitutes "actionable", "nice-to-have", and unnecessary data. Such debates bring about more clarity on stage appropriateness of different types of information and prevent confusion due to abundance of unnecessary data, leading to more efficient and less costly drug discovery programs. METHODS A careful and thorough analysis of different bodies of data such as published manuscripts, and available regulatory documents were employed. RESULTS We were able to assemble a large body of data on the first thirty kinase inhibitors approved by US FDA since 2001. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have compiled physicochemical and ADME data on the first 30 approved kinase inhibitors and provided our retrospective analysis, which we hope is helpful in constructing advancement criteria in discovery programs. The examination of this data provides an opportunity to develop an opinion on data prioritization and stage appropriateness of assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong O’Brien
- Nitto Biopharma, Inc., 10628 Science Center Dr., San Diego, CA92121, USA
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8
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Colecchia D, Rossi M, Sasdelli F, Sanzone S, Strambi A, Chiariello M. MAPK15 mediates BCR-ABL1-induced autophagy and regulates oncogene-dependent cell proliferation and tumor formation. Autophagy 2016; 11:1790-802. [PMID: 26291129 PMCID: PMC4824572 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1084454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reciprocal translocation of the ABL1 gene to the BCR gene results in the expression of the oncogenic BCR-ABL1 fusion protein, which characterizes human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disorder considered invariably fatal until the introduction of the imatinib family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Nonetheless, insensitivity of CML stem cells to TKI treatment and intrinsic or acquired resistance are still frequent causes for disease persistence and blastic phase progression experienced in patients after initial successful therapies. Here, we investigated a possible role for the MAPK15/ERK8 kinase in BCR-ABL1-dependent autophagy, a key process for oncogene-induced leukemogenesis. In this context, we showed the ability of MAPK15 to physically recruit the oncogene to autophagic vesicles, confirming our hypothesis of a biologically relevant role for this MAP kinase in signal transduction by this oncogene. Indeed, by modeling BCR-ABL1 signaling in HeLa cells and taking advantage of a physiologically relevant model for human CML, i.e. K562 cells, we demonstrated that BCR-ABL1-induced autophagy is mediated by MAPK15 through its ability to interact with LC3-family proteins, in a LIR-dependent manner. Interestingly, we were also able to interfere with BCR-ABL1-induced autophagy by a pharmacological approach aimed at inhibiting MAPK15, opening the possibility of acting on this kinase to affect autophagy and diseases depending on this cellular function. Indeed, to support the feasibility of this approach, we demonstrated that depletion of endogenous MAPK15 expression inhibited BCR-ABL1-dependent cell proliferation, in vitro, and tumor formation, in vivo, therefore providing a novel "druggable" link between BCR-ABL1 and human CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Colecchia
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy.,b Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica; Sede di Siena, CNR ; Siena , Italy
| | - Matteo Rossi
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy
| | - Federica Sasdelli
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy.,b Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica; Sede di Siena, CNR ; Siena , Italy
| | - Sveva Sanzone
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy
| | - Angela Strambi
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- a Istituto Toscano Tumori-Core Research Laboratory; Signal Transduction Unit, AOU Senese ; Siena Italy.,b Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica; Sede di Siena, CNR ; Siena , Italy
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10
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Di Stefano C, Mirone G, Perna S, Marfe G. The roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 35:614-24. [PMID: 26718125 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the accumulation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) myeloid cells. Ph+ cells occur via a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in constitutively active BCR-ABL fusion protein. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used against the kinase activity of BCR-ABL protein for the effective treatment of CML. However, the development of drug resistance, caused by different genetic mechanisms, is the major issue in the clinical application of TKIs. These mechanisms include changes in expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are short non-coding regulatory RNAs that control gene expression and play an important role in cancer development and progression. In the present review, we highlight the roles of miRNAs both in the progression and chemotherapy-resistance of CML. Our understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the use of this knowledge not only in the treatment of patients with CML, but also in other type of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Di Stefano
- Department of Hematology, 'Tor Vergata' University, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mirone
- Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, I-00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Perna
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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11
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Wang F, Dai AY, Tao K, Xiao Q, Huang ZL, Gao M, Li H, Wang X, Cao WX, Feng WL. Heat shock protein-70 neutralizes apoptosis inducing factor in Bcr/Abl expressing cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1949-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Black JS, Salto-Tellez M, Mills KI, Catherwood MA. The impact of next generation sequencing technologies on haematological research – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathog.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia: twilight of the imatinib era? ISRN ONCOLOGY 2014; 2014:596483. [PMID: 24634785 PMCID: PMC3929284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/596483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from the clonal expansion of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells containing the active BCR/ABL fusion gene produced by a reciprocal translocation of the ABL1 gene to the BCR gene. The BCR/ABL protein displays a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and confers on leukemic cells growth and proliferation advantage and resistance to apoptosis. Introduction of imatinib (IM) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has radically improved the outcome of patients with CML and some other diseases with BCR/ABL expression. However, a fraction of CML patients presents with resistance to this drug. Regardless of clinical profits of IM, there are several drawbacks associated with its use, including lack of eradication of the malignant clone and increasing relapse rate resulting from long-term therapy, resistance, and intolerance. Second and third generations of TKIs have been developed to break IM resistance. Clinical studies revealed that the introduction of second-generation TKIs has improved the overall survival of CML patients; however, some with specific mutations such as T315I remain resistant. Second-generation TKIs may completely replace imatinib in perspective CML therapy, and addition of third-generation inhibitors may overcome resistance induced by every form of point mutations.
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Foley SB, Hildenbrand ZL, Soyombo AA, Magee JA, Wu Y, Oravecz-Wilson KI, Ross TS. Expression of BCR/ABL p210 from a knockin allele enhances bone marrow engraftment without inducing neoplasia. Cell Rep 2013; 5:51-60. [PMID: 24095735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and some acute lymphoblastic leukemias are characterized by the t(9;22) chromosome, which encodes the BCR/ABL oncogene. Multiple mouse models of CML express BCR/ABL at high levels from non-Bcr promoters, resulting in the development of leukemias. In contrast, a significant fraction of healthy humans have been found to have BCR/ABL-positive hematopoietic cells. To bridge the gap between the information derived from current mouse models and nonleukemic humans with the BCR/ABL oncogene, we generated a knockin model with BCR/ABL p210 expressed from the Bcr locus. Unlike previous models, expression of BCR/ABL from the knockin allele did not induce leukemia. BCR/ABL mutant cells did exhibit favorable bone marrow engraftment compared to control cells. These data suggest that BCR/ABL expression alone is insufficient to induce disease. This model allows for inducible spatial and temporal control of BCR/ABL expression for analysis of early steps in the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL-expressing leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Foley
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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15
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O'Brien Z, Fallah Moghaddam M. Small molecule kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA from 2000 to 2011: a systematic review of preclinical ADME data. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1597-612. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.834046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Shakuov TS. THE COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY DETECTION. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2011; 4:1217-26. [PMID: 17245811 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720006002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The connection between certain human diseases and abnormal changes in chromosomes was discovered nearly 50 years ago. However, the detection of these abnormalities turned out to be a difficult task because both microscopic technologies and biochemical diagnostic techniques have their limitations. In the beginning of the century, a method for multiple comparative genome hybridization (array CGH) was introduced and is now been widely used in clinical practice for biochemical diagnostics. The application of array CGH greatly reduces the statistical errors, but not the noise in the results. As such, the time and material expenses necessary for reliable localization of abnormal parts of chromosomes by the means of biochemical techniques, is not significantly reduced. Algorithms for localization of contrast parts in noisy sequences can improve the situation. We implemented and tested two algorithms for this purpose. The first is the "edge detector" algorithm introduced by J. Canny. The second one is the DotHelix algorithm developed by A. M. Leontovich, L. I. Brodsky, and A. E. Gorbalenya. In this paper we compare the two implementations against biochemical method in processing data produced by array CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur S Shakuov
- The GeneBee Group A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Build. A, MSU, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119899, Russian Federation.
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17
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Low BCR-ABL expression levels in hematopoietic precursor cells enable persistence of chronic myeloid leukemia under imatinib. Blood 2011; 119:530-9. [PMID: 22101898 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-303495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL overexpression and stem cell quiescence supposedly contribute to the failure of imatinib mesylate (IM) to eradicate chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, BCR-ABL expression levels of persisting precursors and the impact of long-term IM therapy on the clearance of CML from primitive and mature bone marrow compartments are unclear. Here, we have shown that the number of BCR-ABL-positive precursors decreases significantly in all bone marrow compartments during major molecular remission (MMR). More importantly, we were able to demonstrate substantially lower BCR-ABL expression levels in persisting MMR colony-forming units (CFUs) compared with CML CFUs from diagnosis. Critically, lower BCR-ABL levels may indeed cause IM insensitivity, because primary murine bone marrow cells engineered to express low amounts of BCR-ABL were substantially less sensitive to IM than BCR-ABL-overexpressing cells. BCR-ABL overexpression in turn catalyzed the de novo development of point mutations to a greater extent than chemical mutagenesis. Thus, MMR is characterized by the persistence of CML clones with low BCR-ABL expression that may explain their insensitivity to IM and their low propensity to develop IM resistance through kinase point mutations. These findings may have implications for future treatment strategies of residual disease in CML.
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18
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Leber B. cml biology for the clinician in 2011: six impossible things to believe before breakfast on the way to cure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:e185-90. [PMID: 21874109 DOI: 10.3747/co.v18i4.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) is a model disease in oncology: it is the first human cancer linked to a distinct chromosomal abnormality, ultimately causing constitutive overactivity of a known oncogenic tyrosine kinase that represents a drug target. The introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib into clinical practice has far exceeded expectations and resurrected hope that the fundamental insights from the "war on cancer" can lead to significant therapeutic advances. Nevertheless, the current perception among clinicians is that imatinib and its newer more potent cousins offer superb long-term disease control for most patients, but that cure without transplantation has remained elusive. However, several important laboratory-based observations over the last few years have changed those perceptions. Several of those developments are discussed here, including direct manipulation of the apoptosis pathway in cancer cells and prevention of disease progression with the use of antioxidants. Intriguing results from a French study indicate that, if disease progression is halted, a small but significant group of patients may be able to stop imatinib therapy without disease recurrence. And for patients whose disease, because of resistant stem cells, needs a more direct attack than tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone, several approaches investigated in laboratory and animal models seem promising, and some are ripe for clinical testing, including inhibitors of Smoothened and 5-lipoxygenase, and suppression of autophagy. Thus, there is realistic hope that true cure of cml, without transplantation, may be a feasible goal in the near future.
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19
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Samanta AK, Chakraborty SN, Wang Y, Schlette E, Reddy EP, Arlinghaus RB. Destabilization of Bcr-Abl/Jak2 Network by a Jak2/Abl Kinase Inhibitor ON044580 Overcomes Drug Resistance in Blast Crisis Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML). Genes Cancer 2011; 1:346-59. [PMID: 20798787 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910372232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcr-Abl is the predominant therapeutic target in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit Bcr-Abl have been successful in treating CML. With progression of CML disease especially in blast crisis stage, cells from CML patients become resistant to imatinib mesylate (IM) and other TKIs, resulting in relapse. Because Bcr-Abl is known to drive multiple signaling pathways, the study of the regulation of stability of Bcr-Abl in IM-resistant CML cells is a critical issue as a possible therapeutic strategy. Here, we report that a new dual-kinase chemical inhibitor, ON044580, induced apoptosis of Bcr-Abl+ IM-sensitive, IM-resistant cells, including the gatekeeper Bcr-Abl mutant, T315I, and also cells from blast crisis patients. In addition, IM-resistant K562-R cells, cells from blast crisis CML patients, and all IM-resistant cell lines tested had reduced ability to form colonies in soft agar in the presence of 0.5 µM ON044580. In in vitro kinase assays, ON044580 inhibited the recombinant Jak2 and Abl kinase activities when the respective Jak2 and Abl peptides were used as substrates. Incubation of the Bcr-Abl+ cells with ON044580 rapidly reduced the levels of the Bcr-Abl protein and also reduced the expression of HSP90 and its client protein levels. Lysates of Bcr-Abl+ cell lines were found to contain a large signaling network complex composed of Bcr-Abl, Jak2, HSP90, and its client proteins as detected by a gel filtration column chromatography, which was rapidly disrupted by ON044580. Therefore, targeting Jak2 and Bcr-Abl kinases is an effective way to destabilize Bcr-Abl and its network complex, which leads to the onset of apoptosis in IM-sensitive and IM-resistant Bcr-Abl+ cells. This inhibitory strategy has potential to manage all types of drug-resistant CML cells, especially at the terminal blast crisis stage of CML, where TKIs are not clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy K Samanta
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Nakamura S, Takemura T, Tan L, Nagata Y, Yokota D, Hirano I, Shigeno K, Shibata K, Fujie M, Fujisawa S, Ohnishi K. Small GTPase RAB45-mediated p38 activation in apoptosis of chronic myeloid leukemia progenitor cells. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1758-72. [PMID: 21890458 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation (9;22) that generates the Bcr-Abl fusion gene. BCR-ABL transforming activity is mediated by critical downstream signaling pathways that are aberrantly activated by tyrosine kinases. However, the mechanisms of BCR-ABL anti-apoptotic effects and the signaling pathways by which BCR-ABL influences apoptosis in BCR-ABL-expressing cells are poorly defined. In this study, we found that treatment with ABL kinase inhibitors or depletion of BCR-ABL induced the expression of RAB45 messenger RNA and protein and induced apoptosis via reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and p38 activation in CML cell lines and BCR-ABL(+) progenitor cells from CML patients. Overexpressed RAB45 induced the activation of caspases-3 and -9 and reduced the expression of Survivin, XIAP, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 in CML cells. Moreover, in colony-forming cells derived from CML-aldehyde dehydrogenase(hi)/CD34(+) cells, treatment with ABL kinase inhibitors induced RAB45 expression and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in inhibited colony formation of Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells. The overexpression of RAB45 significantly decreased colony numbers and induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases-3 and -9. Furthermore, the overexpression of RAB45 increased the phosphorylation levels of p38, resulting in the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of CML progenitor cells. Our results identify a new signaling molecule involved in BCR-ABL modulation of apoptosis and suggest that RAB45 induction strategies may have therapeutic utility in patients with CML.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Primers
- Enzyme Activation
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Membrane Potentials
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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21
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Nakamura S, Yokota D, Tan L, Nagata Y, Takemura T, Hirano I, Shigeno K, Shibata K, Fujisawa S, Ohnishi K. Down-regulation of Thanatos-associated protein 11 by BCR-ABL promotes CML cell proliferation through c-Myc expression. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1046-59. [PMID: 21400515 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bcr-Abl activates various signaling pathways in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. The proliferation of Bcr-Abl transformed cells is promoted by c-Myc through the activation of Akt, JAK2 and NF-κB. However, the mechanism by which c-Myc regulates CML cell proliferation is unclear. In our study, we investigated the role of Thanatos-associated protein 11 (THAP11), which inhibits c-Myc transcription, in CML cell lines and in hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from CML patients. The induction of THAP11 expression by Abl kinase inhibitors in CML cell lines and in CML-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in the suppression of c-Myc. In addition, over-expression of THAP11 inhibited CML cell proliferation. In colony forming cells derived from CML-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)(hi) /CD34(+) cells, treatment with Abl kinase inhibitors and siRNA depletion of Bcr-Abl induced THAP11 expression and reduced c-Myc expression, resulting in inhibited colony formation. Moreover, overexpression of THAP11 significantly decreased the colony numbers, and also inhibited the expression of c-myc target genes such as Cyclin D1, ODC and induced the expression of p21(Cip1) . The depletion of THAP11 inhibited JAK2 or STAT5 inactivation-mediated c-Myc reduction in ALDH(hi) /CD34(+) CML cells. Thus, the induced THAP11 might be one of transcriptional regulators of c-Myc expression in CML cell. Therefore, the induction of THAP11 has a potential possibility as a target for the inhibition of CML cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
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22
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Nakamura S, Yagyu T, Takemura T, Tan L, Nagata Y, Yokota D, Hirano I, Shibata K, Fujie M, Fujisawa S, Ohnishi K. Bcr-Abl-mediated Raf kinase inhibitor protein suppression promotes chronic myeloid leukemia progenitor cells proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2011.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Takemura T, Nakamura S, Yokota D, Hirano I, Ono T, Shigeno K, Fujisawa S, Ohnishi K. Reduction of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression by Bcr-Abl contributes to chronic myelogenous leukemia proliferation. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:6585-94. [PMID: 20028985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.075788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation (9;22) that generates the Bcr-Abl fusion gene. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway is constitutively activated in Bcr-Abl-transformed cells, and Ras activity enhances the oncogenic ability of Bcr-Abl. However, the mechanism by which Bcr-Abl activates the Ras pathway is not completely understood. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits activation of MEK by Raf-1 and its downstream signal transduction, resulting in blocking the MAP kinase pathway. In the present study, we found that RKIP was depleted in CML cells. We investigated the interaction between RKIP and Bcr-Abl in CML cell lines and Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells from CML patients. The Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced the expression of RKIP and reduced the pERK1/2 status, resulting in inhibited proliferation of CML cells. Moreover, RKIP up-regulated cell cycle regulator FoxM1 expression, resulting in G(1) arrest via p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) accumulation. In colony-forming unit granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage, megakaryocyte, colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, and burst-forming unit erythroid, treatment with the Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced RKIP and reduced FoxM1 expressions, and inhibited colony formation of Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells, whereas depletion of RKIP weakened the inhibition of colony formation activity by the Abl kinase inhibitors in Bcr-Abl(+) progenitor cells. Thus, Bcr-Abl represses the expression of RKIP, continuously activates pERK1/2, and suppresses FoxM1 expression, resulting in proliferation of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Takemura
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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24
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Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:692-706. [PMID: 19733976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, eight tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved for cancer treatment and numerous are under investigation. These drugs are rationally designed to target specific tyrosine kinases that are mutated and/or over-expressed in cancer tissues. Post marketing study commitments have been made upon (accelerated) approval such as additional pharmacokinetic studies in patients with renal- or hepatic impairment, in children, additional interactions studies and studies on the relative or absolute bioavailability. Therefore, much information will emerge on the pharmacokinetic behavior of these drugs after their approval. In the present manuscript, the pharmacokinetic characteristics; absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), of the available TKIs are reviewed. Results from additional studies on the effect of drug transporters and drug-drug interactions have been incorporated. Overall, the TKIs reach their maximum plasma levels relatively fast; have an unknown absolute bioavailability, are extensively distributed and highly protein bound. The drugs are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 with other CYP-enzymes playing a secondary role. They are predominantly excreted with the feces and only a minor fraction is eliminated with the urine. All TKIs appear to be transported by the efflux ATP binding-cassette transports B1 and G2. Additionally these drugs can inhibit some of their own metabolizing enzymes and transporters making steady-state metabolism and drug-drug interactions both complex and unpredictable. By understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of these drugs and their similarities, factors that influence drug exposure will be better recognized and this knowledge may be used to limit sub- or supra-therapeutic drug exposure.
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25
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Lima-de-Faria A, Bianchi NO, Nowell PC. Patterns of chromosome replication in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia. Hereditas 2009; 58:31-62. [PMID: 5239544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1967.tb02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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26
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Hirano I, Nakamura S, Yokota D, Ono T, Shigeno K, Fujisawa S, Shinjo K, Ohnishi K. Depletion of Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 1 and 2 by Bcr-Abl promotes chronic myelogenous leukemia cell proliferation through continuous phosphorylation of Akt isoforms. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22155-22165. [PMID: 19261608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808182200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway commonly occurs in cancers and is a crucial event in tumorigenesis. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation (9;22) that generates the Bcr-Abl fusion gene. The PI3K/Akt pathway is activated by Bcr-Abl chimera protein and mediates the leukemogenesis in CML. However, the mechanism by which Bcr-Abl activates the PI3K/Akt pathway is not completely understood. In the present study, we found that pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PHLPP1 and PHLPP2) were depleted in CML cells. We investigated the interaction between PHLPPs and Bcr-Abl in CML cell lines and Bcr-Abl+ progenitor cells from CML patients. The Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced the expression of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, which dephosphorylated Ser-473 on Akt1, -2, and -3, resulting in inhibited proliferation of CML cells. The reduction of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 expression by short interfering RNA in CML cells weakened the Abl kinase inhibitor-mediated inhibition of proliferation. In colony-forming unit-granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage, megakaryocyte; colony-forming unit-granulocyte, macrophage; and burst-forming unit-erythroid, treatment with the Abl kinase inhibitors and depletion of Bcr-Abl induced PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 expression and inhibited colony formation of Bcr-Abl+ progenitor cells, whereas depletion of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 weakened the inhibition of colony formation activity by the Abl kinase inhibitors in Bcr-Abl+ progenitor cells. Thus, Bcr-Abl represses the expression of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 and continuously activates Akt1, -2, and -3 via phosphorylation on Ser-473, resulting in the proliferation of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hirano
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Cancer Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Satoki Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokota
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Cancer Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Cancer Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Shigeno
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujisawa
- Division of Hematology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, 328 Tomitsuka, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8580, Japan
| | - Kaori Shinjo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ohnishi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Cancer Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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27
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HOXA10 expression induced by Abl kinase inhibitors enhanced apoptosis through PI3K pathway in CML cells. Leuk Res 2008; 32:962-71. [PMID: 18190961 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by the reciprocal chromosomal translocation (9;22), which generates a novel fusion gene, BCR-ABL. Bcr-Abl-expressing leukemia cells are highly resistant to apoptosis. Imatinib an Abl kinase inhibitor, is a highly effective agent for patients with CML. However, a small percentage of these patients and most advanced-phase patients relapse on imatinib therapy. It is poorly understood whether the Abl kinase inhibitors are able to eradicate CML progenitor or stem cells. In this study, we investigated the role of HOXA10 in CML cell lines and the hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from CML patients, and whether the regulation of HOXA10 eradicates Bcr-Abl(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. The Abl kinase inhibitors and PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, induced the expression of HOXA10, and it enhanced apoptosis in CML cells. Moreover, the reduction of HOXA10 expression by siRNA in CML cells inhibited apoptosis by treatment with the Abl kinase inhibitors and LY294002. These results revealed that HOXA10 had an important role in induction of apoptosis by the Abl kinase inhibitors in CML cells. Finally, we showed that the inhibition of HOXA10 expression by siRNA increased the numbers of CFU-GEMM, BFU-E, and CFU-GM when the cells were treated with the combination of BMS354825 and LY294002 compared to control cells, and HOXA10 played a critical role in the committed colony-formation in CML. This study shows for the first time that the Abl kinase inhibitor and LY294002 induced HOXA10, and HOXA10 had an important role in apoptosis or cell growth inhibition in CML cells in vitro.
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28
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Burchert A, Wang Y, Cai D, von Bubnoff N, Paschka P, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Ottmann OG, Duyster J, Hochhaus A, Neubauer A. Compensatory PI3-kinase/Akt/mTor activation regulates imatinib resistance development. Leukemia 2005; 19:1774-82. [PMID: 16136169 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BCR/ABL-kinase mutations frequently mediate clinical resistance to the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib mesylate (IM, Gleevec). However, mechanisms that promote survival of BCR/ABL-positive cells before clinically overt IM resistance occurs have poorly been defined so far. Here, we demonstrate that IM-treatment activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor)-pathway in BCR/ABL-positive LAMA-cells and primary leukemia cells in vitro, as well as in a chronic phase CML patient in vivo. In fact, PI3K/Akt-activation critically mediated survival during the early phase of IM resistance development before manifestation of BCR/ABL-dependent strong IM resistance such as through a kinase mutation. Accordingly, inhibition of IM-induced Akt activation using mTor inhibitors and Akt-specific siRNA effectively antagonized development of incipient IM-resistance in vitro. In contrast, IM-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with BCR/ABL kinase mutations (n=15), and IM-refractory BCR/ABL-positive acute lymphatic leukemia patients (n=2) displayed inconsistent and kinase mutation-independent autonomous patterns of Akt-pathway activation, and mTor-inhibition overcame IM resistance only if Akt was strongly activated. Together, an IM-induced compensatory Akt/mTor activation may represent a novel mechanism for the persistence of BCR/ABL-positive cells in IM-treated patients. Treatment with mTor inhibitors may thus be particularly effective in IM-sensitive patients, whereas Akt-pathway activation variably contributes to clinically overt IM resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Everolimus
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mutagenesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Sirolimus/analogs & derivatives
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burchert
- Klinikum der Philipps Universität Marburg, Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Immunologie, Marburg, Germany.
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Hughes DT. The role of chromosomes in the characterisation of human neoplasms. 1965. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:1951-9. [PMID: 15315803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Mayall BH, Carrano AV, Moore DH, Ashworth LK, Bennett DE, Mendelsohn ML. The DNA-based human karyotype. CYTOMETRY 1984; 5:376-85. [PMID: 6205836 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Image cytometry and computer analysis are used to determine the relative DNA content and the DNA-based centromeric index of the 24 chromosomes of the human karyotype. A two-step procedure is used. Chromosomes of cells in metaphase first are stained with quinacrine and identified visually by their fluorescent Q-band patterns. They then are stained for DNA using gallocyanin-chrome alum. The chromosome images are scanned and recorded as digital values of optical density by an CYDAC image cytometric microscope system, CYDAC. The digital images are processed by computer to measure for each chromosome the relative DNA stain contents of the whole chromosome and of the p and q arms and the DNA-based centromeric index. About ten cells are analyzed for each of the donors, who are phenotypically normal men and women. The chromosome measurements are pooled by chromosome type for each donor and are compared among donors. The means of the chromosome measurements give the DNA-based human karyotype. Analysis of the DNA-based data shows that some chromosomes or portions of chromosomes vary significantly among donors. These variants do not correlate with detectable morphologic polymorphisms, such as Q- or C-band variants; thus they represent new and otherwise undetectable chromosome polymorphisms whose genetic basis and clinical significance are yet to be determined.
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31
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Jalkanen M, Larjava H, Turakainen H, Tammi M. Improved application of the diphenylamine reaction for the determination of DNA. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1980; 3:195-9. [PMID: 7451812 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(80)90057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An improved procedure is described for the separation and quantitation of DNA from biological samples. Following papain digestion, DNA was separated from other cell material with CdCl2 precipitation onto a glass-fiber filter and quantitated easily by the modified diphenylamine reaction.
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32
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Geraedts JP, Van der Ploeg M. DNA measurements of chromosomes 9 and 22 of six patients with t(9;22) and chronic myeloid leukemia. CYTOMETRY 1980; 1:152-5. [PMID: 7028426 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of the cases of chronic myeloid leukemia are characterized by the presence of a so-called Philadelphia chromosome. This Philadelphia chromosome has been shown to be a product of a translocation between chromosomes 9 an 22 in the majority of cases. It is present in the bone marrow and unstimulated blood cultures. Visual examination of this chromosome gave the impression that small differences in length might exist between patients. Therefore, DNA measurements were undertaken on six patients with t(9;22) and chronic myeloid leukemia. Metaphases obtained from unstimulated peripheral blood cultures were Q-banded for photography and identification of chromosomes 9 and 22. Feulgen staining was performed, and the preidentified cells were photographed again. Cytophotometry of the photographic negatives was done using a Hidacsys-Arrayscan computer program. Relative DNA contents were calculated for the normal chromosomes 9 and 22 and both chromosomes involved in the translocation. Between 7 and 17 cells were measured per patient. The results indicated that no differences existed between the patients regarding the amount of material translocated from chromosome 22 to 9. In all patients from the sum of the DNA contents of the normal chromosomes 9 and 22 was less than that of the translocation chromosomes. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
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34
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Thiessen G, Thiessen H. Microspectrophotometric cell analysis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1977; 9:1-158. [PMID: 323921 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(77)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Distèche C, Bontemps J. Method for the determination of mean densitometric profiles of chromosomes: application to human chromosomes stained by quinacrine mustard, ethidium bromide or by the Feulgen reaction. Chromosoma 1976; 54:39-59. [PMID: 55336 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When comparing the densitometric profiles of corresponding chromosomes registered from different metaphases or homologous pairs, one is always faced with the variability of their length and overall height. This makes difficult the quantitative comparison of a given chromosome treated by various staining procedures.--A simple and rapid method has been developed for normalizing the densitometric profiles and averaging them in order to obtain a "mean density pattern" of each chromosome. The analysis involves: photographic images, digitalization of the densitometric profiles and processing of the data by a mini-computer.--The method, based on a linear relationship between the area of the densitometric profiles and their length, has been applied to five human chromosomes (1, 2, 6, 12 and 16) stained by ethidium bromide, quinacrine mustard (with or without acidic hydrolysis), pararosaniline and bisaminophenyl-oxadiazole (Feulgen reaction).
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van der Ploeg M, van Duijn P, Ploem JS. High-resolution scanning-densitometry of photographic negatives of human metaphase chromosomes. II. Feulgen-DNA measurements. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 42:31-46. [PMID: 4140180 DOI: 10.1007/bf00498477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
MESH Headings
- Chromosomes
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- DNA/analysis
- DNA/metabolism
- Densitometry
- Fluorometry
- Histological Techniques
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Karyotyping/methods
- Mitosis
- Photometry
- Photomicrography
- Staining and Labeling
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39
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van der Ploeg M, van Duijn P, Ploem JS. High-resolution scanning-densitometry of photographic negatives of human metaphase chromosomes. I. Instrumentation. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 42:9-29. [PMID: 4140181 DOI: 10.1007/bf00498476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
MESH Headings
- Chromosomes
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- DNA/analysis
- Densitometry
- Fluorometry
- Histological Techniques
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Karyotyping/methods
- Mitosis
- Photometry
- Staining and Labeling
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Chapter 12 Measurements of Mammalian Cellular DNA and Its Localisation in Chromosomes. Methods Cell Biol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Johnston AW, Main RA. Hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Lancet 1973; 1:1250. [PMID: 4122597 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Rowley JD. Letter: A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukaemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining. Nature 1973; 243:290-3. [PMID: 4126434 DOI: 10.1038/243290a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2810] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Bottura C, Coutinho V. A possible explanation for the origin of the Philadelphia chromosome. BLUT 1971; 22:273-6. [PMID: 5282617 DOI: 10.1007/bf01678920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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47
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48
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49
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Nitsch B, Murken JD, Brück HJ. Determining Feulgen-DNA of individual chromosomes by fluorescence cytophotometry with incident light. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1970; 23:254-65. [PMID: 4918738 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Nitsch B, Murken JD. [Problems of characterizing individual chromosomes by measuring DNA content]. HUMANGENETIK 1970; 9:16-22. [PMID: 4922976 DOI: 10.1007/bf00696008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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