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Bagatolli LA, Stock RP. Lipids, membranes, colloids and cells: A long view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183684. [PMID: 34166642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper revisits long-standing ideas about biological membranes in the context of an equally long-standing, but hitherto largely unappreciated, perspective of the cell based on concepts derived from the physics and chemistry of colloids. Specifically, we discuss important biophysical aspects of lipid supramolecular structure to understand how the intracellular milieu may constrain lipid self-assembly. To this end we will develop four lines of thought: first, we will look at the historical development of the current view of cellular structure and physiology, considering also the plurality of approaches that influenced its formative period. Second, we will review recent basic research on the structural and dynamical properties of lipid aggregates as well as the role of phase transitions in biophysical chemistry and cell biology. Third, we will present a general overview of contemporary studies into cellular compartmentalization in the context of a very rich and mostly forgotten general theory of cell physiology called the Association-Induction Hypothesis, which was developed around the time that the current view of cells congealed into its present form. Fourth, we will examine some recent developments in cellular studies, mostly from our laboratory, that raise interesting issues about the dynamical aspects of cell structure and compartmentalization. We will conclude by suggesting what we consider are relevant questions about the nature of cellular processes as emergent phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Bagatolli
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra - INIMEC (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; MEMPHYS - International and Interdisciplinary research network, Denmark.
| | - Roberto P Stock
- MEMPHYS - International and Interdisciplinary research network, Denmark
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van den Broek K, Epple M, Kersten LS, Kuhn H, Zielesny A. Quantitative Estimation of Cyclotide-Induced Bilayer Membrane Disruption by Lipid Extraction with Mesoscopic Simulation. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3027-3040. [PMID: 34008405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotide-induced membrane disruption is studied at the microsecond timescale by dissipative particle dynamics to quantitatively estimate a kinetic rate constant for membrane lipid extraction with a ″sandwich″ interaction model where two bilayer membranes enclose a cyclotide/water compartment. The obtained bioactivity trends for cyclotides Kalata B1, Cycloviolacin O2, and selected mutants with different membrane types are in agreement with experimental findings: For all membranes investigated, Cycloviolacin O2 shows a higher lipid extraction activity than Kalata B1. The presence of cholesterol leads to a decreased cyclotide activity compared to cholesterol-free membranes. Phosphoethanolamine-rich membranes exhibit an increased membrane disruption. A cyclotide's ″hydrophobic patch″ surface area is important for its bioactivity. A replacement of or with charged amino acid residues may lead to super-mutants with above-native activity but without simple charge-activity patterns. Cyclotide mixtures show linearly additive bioactivities without significant sub- or over-additive effects. The proposed method can be applied as a fast and easy-to-use tool for exploring structure-activity relationships of cyclotide/membrane systems: With the open software provided, the rate constant of a single cyclotide/membrane system can be determined in about 1 day by a scientific end-user without programming skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina van den Broek
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Sophie Kersten
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kuhn
- CAM-D Technologies GmbH, 42697 Solingen, Germany
| | - Achim Zielesny
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, 45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
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Abstract
Robertson recounts the historical experiments that gave rise to our current understanding of cell membranes. In 1918, the year the Journal of General Physiology was founded, there was little understanding of the structure of the cell membrane. It was evident that cells had invisible barriers separating the cytoplasm from the external solution. However, it would take decades before lipid bilayers were identified as the essential constituent of membranes. It would take even longer before it was accepted that there existed hydrophobic proteins that were embedded within the membrane and that these proteins were responsible for selective permeability in cells. With a combination of intuitive experiments and quantitative thinking, the last century of cell membrane research has led us to a molecular understanding of the structure of the membrane, as well as many of the proteins embedded within. Now, research is turning toward a physical understanding of the reactions of membrane proteins and lipids in this unique and incredibly complex solvent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Robertson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Deamer D. Membranes and the Origin of Life: A Century of Conjecture. J Mol Evol 2016; 83:159-168. [PMID: 27913841 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the units of all life today, and are defined by their membranous boundaries. The membranes have multiple functions; the most obvious being that, in the absence of a boundary, the systems of functional macromolecular components of the cytosol would spill into the environment and disperse. Membranes also contain the pigments essential for photosynthesis, electron transport enzymes that pump and maintain proton gradients, the ATP synthase that uses proton gradients to produce energy for the cell, and enzymes that use ATP to maintain ion gradients essential for life. But what about the function of membranes in the first forms of cellular life? Could life have begun in the absence of membranous boundaries? In order to answer that question, this review presents a history of the key research observations that began over a century ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deamer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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Shimizu H, Matsunaga S, Yamada T, Kobayashi T, Kawai M. Formation of Ordered Phospholipid Monolayer on a Hydrophilically Modified Au(111) Substrate. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7811-7820. [PMID: 27494363 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular arrangement of phospholipid molecules was investigated on a hydrophilically modified gold surface within an aqueous solution by scanning tunneling microscopy. By suspending phospholipid (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, POPC) nanoparticles in the aqueous electrolyte surrounding a hydrophilically modified gold (111) substrate with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (SH-C2H4-COOH, 3-MPA), well-ordered adlattices of POPC were observed. Traces of particle fusion were visualized before formation of the adlattice. Addition of cholesterol to the suspension seems to facilitate accommodation of POPC on this surface. The observed unit cells of POPC adlattices had dimensions of 0.5 nm × 1.9-2.5 nm. By high-resolution imaging, each unit cell was discerned to be occupied by one upright POPC molecule. The POPC + cholesterol suspension also leads to formation of a flat integrated POPC layer, which may be a lipid bilayer covering the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimizu
- RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Soichiro Matsunaga
- RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Taro Yamada
- RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Maki Kawai
- RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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Abstract
All biological membranes consist of a complex composite of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies, of which the fluid lipid-bilayer component is a core element with regard to cell encapsulation and barrier properties. The fluid lipid bilayer also supports the functional machinery of receptors, channels and pumps that are associated with the membrane. This bilayer is stabilized by weak physical and colloidal forces, and its nature is that of a self-assembled system of amphiphiles in water. Being only approximately 5 nm in thickness and still encapsulating a cell that is three orders of magnitude larger in diameter, the lipid bilayer as a material has very unusual physical properties, both in terms of structure and dynamics. Although the lipid bilayer is a fluid, it has a distinct and structured trans-bilayer profile, and in the plane of the bilayer the various molecular components, viz different lipid species and membrane proteins, have the capacity to organize laterally in terms of differentiated domains on different length and time scales. These elements of small-scale structure and order are crucial for the functioning of the membrane. It has turned out to be difficult to quantitatively study the small-scale structure of biological membranes. A major part of the insight into membrane micro- and nano-domains and the concepts used to describe them have hence come from studies of simple lipid bilayers as models of membranes, by use of a wide range of theoretical, experimental and simulational approaches. Many questions remain to be answered as to which extent the result from model studies can carry over to real biological membranes.
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Lombard J. Once upon a time the cell membranes: 175 years of cell boundary research. Biol Direct 2014; 9:32. [PMID: 25522740 PMCID: PMC4304622 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-014-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All modern cells are bounded by cell membranes best described by the fluid mosaic model. This statement is so widely accepted by biologists that little attention is generally given to the theoretical importance of cell membranes in describing the cell. This has not always been the case. When the Cell Theory was first formulated in the XIX(th) century, almost nothing was known about the cell membranes. It was not until well into the XX(th) century that the existence of the plasma membrane was broadly accepted and, even then, the fluid mosaic model did not prevail until the 1970s. How were the cell boundaries considered between the articulation of the Cell Theory around 1839 and the formulation of the fluid mosaic model that has described the cell membranes since 1972? In this review I will summarize the major historical discoveries and theories that tackled the existence and structure of membranes and I will analyze how these theories impacted the understanding of the cell. Apart from its purely historical relevance, this account can provide a starting point for considering the theoretical significance of membranes to the definition of the cell and could have implications for research on early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lombard
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 W. Main Street Suite A200, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
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Fettiplace R, Andrews DM, Haydon DA. The thickness, composition and structure of some lipid bilayers and natural membranes. J Membr Biol 2013; 5:277-96. [PMID: 24173132 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1970] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the capacitance, thickness and composition of black lipid films may depend strongly on the hydrocarbon solvent used in their formation. By the use of n-hexadecane, films have been formed which contain effectively no solvent and which are comparable to the leaflets of the mesomorphic phase of the pure lipid. These films have capacitances of ca. 0.6 μF/cm(2) and hydrocarbon thicknesses of ca. 31 Å. Thinner black films of higher capacitances are also described.The capacitances of biological membranes are, in contrast, nearer to 1 μF/cm(2), and it is suggested that the hydrocarbon region in these membranes may often be thinner than in the lipid leaflets. This suggestion is consistent with some X-ray and lipid composition data. It is pointed out that if the membranes contain abnormally thin lipid leaflets, the area per polar head group of the phospholipid must be increased, and that hydrocarbon is thereby exposed to the aqueous phases. Non-polar protein residues could then interact with these hydrocarbon areas, thus tending to stabilize the expanded leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fettiplace
- Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, England
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Bagatolli LA, Ipsen JH, Simonsen AC, Mouritsen OG. An outlook on organization of lipids in membranes: Searching for a realistic connection with the organization of biological membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:378-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effect of integral membrane proteins on the lateral mobility of plastoquinone in phosphatidylcholine proteoliposomes. Biophys J 2010; 58:1259-71. [PMID: 19431774 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(90)82466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PYRENE FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING BY PLASTOQUINONE WAS USED TO ESTIMATE THE RATE OF PLASTOQUINONE LATERAL DIFFUSION IN SOYBEAN PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE PROTEOLIPOSOMES CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS: gramicidin D, spinach cytochrome bf complex, spinach cytochrome f, reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1), and beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. The measured plastoquinone lateral diffusion coefficient varied between 1 and 3 . 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) in control liposomes that lacked protein. When proteins were added, these values decreased: a 10-fold decrease was observed when 16-26% of the membrane surface area was occupied by protein for all the proteins but gramicidin. The larger protein complexes (cytochrome bf, Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers, cytochrome bc(1), and cytochrome oxidase), whose hydrophobic volumes were 15-20 times as large as that of cytochrome f and the gramicidin transmembrane dimer, were 15-20 times as effective in decreasing the lateral-diffusion coefficient over the range of concentrations studied. These proteins had a much stronger effect than that observed for bacteriorhodopsin in fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements. The effect of high-protein concentrations in gramicidin proteoliposomes was in close agreement with fluorescence photobleaching measurements. The results are compared with the predictions of several theoretical models of lateral mobility as a function of integral membrane concentration.
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Templating membrane assembly, structure, and dynamics using engineered interfaces. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:839-50. [PMID: 20079336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of biological membranes are intimately linked to their bounding aqueous interfaces. Supported phospholipid bilayers, obtained by surface-assisted rupture, fusion, and spreading of vesicular microphases, offer a unique opportunity, because engineering the substrate allows manipulation of one of the two bilayer interfaces as well. Here, we review a collection of recent efforts, which illustrates deliberate substrate-membrane coupling using structured surfaces exhibiting chemical and topographic patterns. Vesicle fusion on chemically patterned substrates results in co-existing lipid phases, which reflect the underlying pattern of surface energy and wettability. These co-existing bilayer/monolayer morphologies are useful both for fundamental biophysical studies (e.g., studies of membrane asymmetry) as well as for applied work, such as synthesizing large-scale arrays of bilayers or living cells. The use of patterned, static surfaces provides new models to design complex membrane topographies and curvatures. Dynamic switchable-topography surfaces and sacrificial trehalose based-substrates reveal abilities to dynamically introduce membrane curvature and change the nature of the membrane-substrate interface. Taken together, these studies illustrate the importance of controlling interfaces in devising model membrane platforms for fundamental biophysical studies and bioanalytical devices.
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Pohorille A, Deamer D. Self-assembly and function of primitive cell membranes. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:449-56. [PMID: 19580865 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe possible pathways for separating amphiphilic molecules from organic material on the early earth to form membrane-bound structures required for the start of cellular life. We review properties of the first membranes and their function as permeability barriers. Finally, we discuss the emergence of protein-mediated ion transport across membranes, which facilitated many other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pohorille
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Somerharju P, Virtanen JA, Cheng KH, Hermansson M. The superlattice model of lateral organization of membranes and its implications on membrane lipid homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:12-23. [PMID: 19007747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Most biological membranes are extremely complex structures consisting of hundreds of different lipid and protein molecules. According to the famous fluid-mosaic model lipids and many proteins are free to diffuse very rapidly in the plane of the membrane. While such fast diffusion implies that different membrane lipids would be laterally randomly distributed, accumulating evidence indicates that in model and natural membranes the lipid components tend to adopt regular (superlattice-like) distributions. The superlattice model, put forward based on such evidence, is intriguing because it predicts that 1) there is a limited number of allowed compositions representing local minima in membrane free energy and 2) those energy minima could provide set-points for enzymes regulating membrane lipid compositions. Furthermore, the existence of a discrete number of allowed compositions could help to maintain organelle identity in the face of rapid inter-organelle membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pentti Somerharju
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Reduction-induced micellization of a diblock copolymer containing stable nitroxyl radicals. Colloid Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deuticke B. Properties and structural basis of simple diffusion pathways in the erythrocyte membrane. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 78:1-97. [PMID: 322240 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
This article is mostly about the beginnings of the molecular biology of membranes, covering the decade 1964-1974. It is difficult to read (or write) this article because of a sense of deja vu. Most of the material in it is considered commonplace today, having been established experimentally since then. But at the time this work was begun, practically nothing was known about the molecular structure and the mechanisms of the functions of membranes. This situation existed because no membrane proteins of the kind I called integral had as yet been isolated in a pure state, and therefore none had had their amino acid sequence determined. The first integral membrane protein to be so characterized was human erythrocyte glycophorin, in 1978. It was the use of the thermodynamic reasoning that had been developed for the study of water-soluble proteins, together with the information from several key experiments carried out in a number of laboratories during the early decade, that led us to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure in 1972. Without direct evidence to confirm the model in 1971-1972, my colleagues and I nevertheless had the confidence in it to pursue some of the consequences of the model for a new understanding of many membrane functions, which I present here in some detail. Finally, I discuss two recent high-resolution X-ray crystallographic studies of integral proteins to ask how well the structural and functional proposals that we derived from the fluid mosaic model fit these remarkably detailed X-ray results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jonathan Singer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0322, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Our present picture of cell membranes as lipid bilayers is the legacy of a century's study that concentrated on the lipids and proteins of cell-surface membranes. Recent work is changing the picture and is turning the snapshot into a video.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edidin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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Abstract
An analysis of lipid distribution in the membranes of BHK cells has been carried out based on published information concerning the lipid composition of cells and subcellular fractions. This work may be useful in the quantitative analysis of cell fractionation studies and for the interpretation of the results of experiments involving the breakdown of specific pools of lipid by lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan
- Department of Physiology, University College London, UK
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Connor J, Bucana C, Fidler IJ, Schroit AJ. Differentiation-dependent expression of phosphatidylserine in mammalian plasma membranes: quantitative assessment of outer-leaflet lipid by prothrombinase complex formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:3184-8. [PMID: 2717615 PMCID: PMC287091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is asymmetrically distributed in mammalian cell membranes, being preferentially localized in the inner leaflet. Some studies have suggested that a disturbance in the normal asymmetric distribution of PS--e.g., PS exposure in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, which can occur upon platelet activation as well as in certain pathologic red cells--serves as a potent procoagulant surface and as a signal for triggering their recognition by macrophages. These studies suggest that the regulation of PS distribution in cell membranes may be critical in controlling coagulation and in determining the survival of pathologic cells in the circulation. In this paper we describe a sensitive technique, based on PS-dependent prothrombinase complex activity, for assessing the amount of PS on the external leaflet of intact viable cells. Our results indicate that tumorigenic, undifferentiated murine erythroleukemic cells express 7- to 8-fold more PS in their outer leaflet than do their differentiated, nontumorigenic counterparts. Increased expression of PS in the tumorigenic cells directly correlated with their ability to be recognized and bound by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Connor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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22
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KINT J, LEROY J. An anniversary for the lipid bilayer. Nature 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/319017b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davies R, Goodwin G, Lyle I, Jones M. The interaction of glycophorin with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at the air—water interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(84)80120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The membranes of living organisms are involved in many aspects of the life, growth and development of all cells. The predominant structural elements of these membranes are lipids and proteins and the basic strucvture of these molecules has been reviewed. The physical properties of the lipid constituents particularly their behavior in aqueous systems has led to the concepts of thermotropic and lyotropic mesomorphism; the interaction between different types of lipid molecules modulate this behavior. Interaction of phospholipids in aqueous systems with cholesterol, ions and drugs have been examined in this context. In addition a variety of model lipid-protein systems have been investigated and the implications of interactions between lipids and different proteins in biological membranes has been evaluated. This leads to a detailed consideration of the way lipids and proteins ae organized in cell membranes and contains an appraisal of the evidence supporting contemporary views of membrane structure. Particular attention has been devoted to the question of how mobile the components are within the structure. Particular attention has been devoted to the question of how mobile the components are within the structure. Finally the biosynthesis, turnover and modulation of the properties of interacting membrane constituents is critically reviewed and possible ways of controlling the behavior of cells and organisms by altering the structural parameters of different membranes has been considered.
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25
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Kirkpatrick FH. New models of cellular control: membrane cytoskeletons, membrane curvature potential, and possible interactions. Biosystems 1979; 11:93-109. [PMID: 40629 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(79)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of "membrane cytoskeletons" (proteins attached to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane to give rigidity and control of lateral protein diffusion) and of membrane curvature potential are briefly reviewed. Possible modes of attachment of the membrane cytoskeleton to the bilayer are discussed, and a detailed calculation of possible sources of membrane curvature potential in the red cell is made. The 2 control systems are then used to illustrate possible mechanisms for some cellular processes, such as vesicle formation and release, pseudopod formation, and red cell aging. It is concluded that combination of these concepts allows control mechanisms which appear to act at a distance, or have other unusual systems properties.
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Sitte P. Biomembranes: high protein concentration. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1979; 66:315-6. [PMID: 471072 DOI: 10.1007/bf00441279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Borochov A, Borochov H. Increase in membrane fluidity in liposomes and plant protoplasts upon osmotic swelling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 550:546-9. [PMID: 420831 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osmotic gradient across the membrane of nonsonicated liposomes and rose petal protoplasts are shown to induce swelling. Concomitantly, the lipid fluidity as measured by fluorescence depolarization is increased, probably due to increase in molar free volume. It is suggested that osmotic swelling can affect cell physiology via changes in membrane fluidity.
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28
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Kleinig H, Steinki C, Kopp C, Zaar K. Oleosomes (Spherosomes) from Daucus carota suspension culture cells. PLANTA 1978; 140:233-237. [PMID: 24414559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1977] [Accepted: 02/16/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated oleosomes from Daucus carota L. cells are lipid droplets consisting mainly of triacylglycerols (>97%) and very little protein (1-2%). The boundary between the lipid phase and the cytosol, which is visible on electron micrographs, is not built up by a true phospholipid-containing unit or half unit membrane. Enzymatic activities of lipid metabolism were not found to be associated with oleosomes with the exception of very low (contaminating) acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) and relatively high acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2) activities. The triacylglycerols exhibited a half life time of about 70 h, which is below the generation time of the cells (80-90 h). The fatty acid pattern of triacylglycerols was very similar to that of polar cellular membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kleinig
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Institut für Biologie II der Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Haydon DA, Hendry BM, Levinson SR, Requena J. Anaesthesia by the n-alkanes. A comparative study of nerve impulse blockage and the properties of black lipid bilayer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 470:17-34. [PMID: 907781 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zwaal R, Demel R, Roelofsen B, van Deenen L. The lipid bilayer concept of cell membranes. Trends Biochem Sci 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(76)90019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Demel RA, Geurts van Kessel WS, Zwaal RF, Roelofsen B, van Deenen LL. Relation between various phospholipase actions on human red cell membranes and the interfacial phospholipid pressure in monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 406:97-107. [PMID: 1174576 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(75)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The action of purified phospholipases on monomolecular films of various interfacial pressures is compared with the action on erythrocyte membranes. The phospholipases which cannot hyorolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas and Crotalus adamanteus and phospholipase D from cabbage, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure below 31 dynes/cm only. The phospholipases which can hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and bee venom and sphingomyelinase from Staphylococcus aureus, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure above 31 dynes/cm. It is concluded that the lipid packing in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane is comparable with a lateral surface pressure between 31 and 34.8 dynes/cm.
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Bolis L. The red blood cell membrane as a model for targets of drug action. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1973; 17:59-107. [PMID: 4593393 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7084-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Hughes RC. Glycoproteins as components of cellular membranes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:189-268. [PMID: 4122628 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Zingsheim HP. Membrane structure and electron microscopy. The significance of physical problems and techniques (freeze etching). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 265:339-66. [PMID: 4573968 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(72)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Schwartz A, Lindenmayer GE, Allen JC. The Na+, K+-ATPase Membrane Transport System: Importance in Cellular Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)61057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Wibo M, Amar-Costesec A, Berthet J, Beaufay H. Electron microscope examination of subcellular fractions. 3. Quantitative analysis of the microsomal fraction isolated from rat liver. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1971; 51:52-71. [PMID: 4329524 PMCID: PMC2108251 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.51.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat liver microsomes and microsomal subfractions isolated by density equilibration were submitted to a quantitative morphological and biochemical analysis. The total area of the endoplasmic reticulum was estimated at 7.3 m(2) per g of liver. The microsome fraction contained 2.8 mg of phospholipids and 6.7 mg of proteins per m(2) of membrane area. After correction for ribosomal and intracisternal proteins, the latter value was lowered to 4.7 mg of membrane protein per m(2). More than half of the microsomal vesicles carried ribosomes. After density equilibration of the microsomes, the distribution pattern of ribosomes followed closely that of RNA. The ribosome load of the microsomal vesicles increased steadily along the density gradient, indicating the existence of a continuous spectrum of microsomal entities ranging from entirely ribosome-free vesicles to vesicles heavily coated with ribosomes.
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Colacicco G. Significance of surface potential measurements on lipid monolayers during action of phospholipase A on lecithins. Nature 1971; 233:202-4. [PMID: 4939182 DOI: 10.1038/233202a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Damer DW. An alternative model for molecular organization in biological membranes. JOURNAL OF BIOENERGETICS 1971; 1:237-46. [PMID: 5135305 DOI: 10.1007/bf01516286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative lipid composition of nuclei and nuclear membranes from pig and rat liver were determined. These determinations were compared with the corresponding data obtained for microsomes from the same material after similar treatments. The results indicate that, at least, by far the major part of the nuclear lipids is located in the membranes of the nuclear envelope. The phospholipid pattern of the nuclear membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in general is widely identical in both species. As a striking difference in the lipid composition, however, a fourfold increase of esterified cholesterol in the nuclear membranes was found. In a quantitative approach the ratio of total surface area of the nuclear lipids to the total surface area of the nuclear envelope membranes was calculated as being 3.6, a value which fairly approximates the requirements of a bimolecular lipid leaflet model.
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Santis M, Rojas E. On the chemistry of ion exchange in monomolecular layers of lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 193:319-32. [PMID: 5351948 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(69)90192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Engelman DM. Surface area per lipid molecule in the intact membrane of the human red cell. Nature 1969; 223:1279-80. [PMID: 5811911 DOI: 10.1038/2231279a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Passow H. Passive ion permeability of the er erythrocyte membrane. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(69)90017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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