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Mirihana Arachchilage G, Hetti Arachchilage M, Venkataraman A, Piontkivska H, Basu S. Stable G-quadruplex enabling sequences are selected against by the context-dependent codon bias. Gene 2019; 696:149-161. [PMID: 30753890 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of secondary structural elements appear to differ between coding regions (CDS) of mRNAs compared to the untranslated regions (UTRs), presumably as a mechanism to fine-tune gene expression, including efficiency of translation. However, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of secondary structure avoidance because of potential bias in codon usage is difficult as some of the common secondary structures, such as, hairpins can be formed by numerous sequence combinations. Using G-quadruplex (GQ) as the model secondary structure we studied the impact of codon bias on GQs within the CDS. Because GQs can be predicted using specific consensus sequence motifs, they provide an excellent platform for investigation of the selectivity of such putative structures at the codon level. Using a bioinformatics approach, we calculated the frequencies of putative GQs within the CDS of a variety of species. Our results suggest that the most stable GQs appear to be significantly underrepresented within the CDS, through the use of specific synonymous codon combinations. Furthermore, we identified many peptide sequence motifs in which silent mutations can potentially alter translation via stable GQ formation. This work not only provides a comprehensive analysis on how stable secondary structures appear to be avoided within the CDS of mRNA, but also broadens the current understanding of synonymous codon usage as they relate to the structure-function relationship of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aparna Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States of America
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States of America
| | - Soumitra Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States of America.
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Toribio R, Díaz-López I, Boskovic J, Ventoso I. An RNA trapping mechanism in Alphavirus mRNA promotes ribosome stalling and translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4368-80. [PMID: 26984530 PMCID: PMC4872096 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During translation initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) delivers the Met-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit to locate the initiation codon (AUGi) of mRNA during the scanning process. Stress-induced eIF2 phosphorylation leads to a general blockade of translation initiation and represents a key antiviral pathway in mammals. However, some viral mRNAs can initiate translation in the presence of phosphorylated eIF2 via stable RNA stem-loop structures (DLP; Downstream LooP) located in their coding sequence (CDS), which promote 43S preinitiation complex stalling on the initiation codon. We show here that during the scanning process, DLPs of Alphavirus mRNA become trapped in ES6S region (680–914 nt) of 18S rRNA that are projected from the solvent side of 40S subunit. This trapping can lock the progress of the 40S subunit on the mRNA in a way that places the upstream initiator AUGi on the P site of 40S subunit, obviating the participation of eIF2. Notably, the DLP structure is released from 18S rRNA upon 60S ribosomal subunit joining, suggesting conformational changes in ES6Ss during the initiation process. These novel findings illustrate how viral mRNA is threaded into the 40S subunit during the scanning process, exploiting the topology of the 40S subunit solvent side to enhance its translation in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-López
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish Nacional Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ventoso
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Stems and Loops. Evol Bioinform Online 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28755-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Wang L, Zhang WJ, Xiu B, Ding Y, Li P, Ye WD, Zhu Q, Liang AB. Nanocomposite-siRNA approach for down-regulation of VEGF and its receptor in myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Shabalina SA, Spiridonov NA, Kashina A. Sounds of silence: synonymous nucleotides as a key to biological regulation and complexity. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2073-94. [PMID: 23293005 PMCID: PMC3575835 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA is a key component of an intricate regulatory network of its own. It accommodates numerous nucleotide signals that overlap protein coding sequences and are responsible for multiple levels of regulation and generation of biological complexity. A wealth of structural and regulatory information, which mRNA carries in addition to the encoded amino acid sequence, raises the question of how these signals and overlapping codes are delineated along non-synonymous and synonymous positions in protein coding regions, especially in eukaryotes. Silent or synonymous codon positions, which do not determine amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins, define mRNA secondary structure and stability and affect the rate of translation, folding and post-translational modifications of nascent polypeptides. The RNA level selection is acting on synonymous sites in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is more common than previously thought. Selection pressure on the coding gene regions follows three-nucleotide periodic pattern of nucleotide base-pairing in mRNA, which is imposed by the genetic code. Synonymous positions of the coding regions have a higher level of hybridization potential relative to non-synonymous positions, and are multifunctional in their regulatory and structural roles. Recent experimental evidence and analysis of mRNA structure and interspecies conservation suggest that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between selective pressure acting at the RNA and protein levels. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the studies that define the role of silent positions in regulating RNA structure and processing that exert downstream effects on proteins and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20984, USA.
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Chursov A, Walter MC, Schmidt T, Mironov A, Shneider A, Frishman D. Sequence-structure relationships in yeast mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:956-62. [PMID: 21954438 PMCID: PMC3273797 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that functionally important RNA structure is more conserved than sequence due to compensatory mutations that may alter the sequence without disrupting the structure. For small RNA molecules sequence–structure relationships are relatively well understood. However, structural bioinformatics of mRNAs is still in its infancy due to a virtual absence of experimental data. This report presents the first quantitative assessment of sequence–structure divergence in the coding regions of mRNA molecules based on recently published transcriptome-wide experimental determination of their base paring patterns. Structural resemblance in paralogous mRNA pairs quickly drops as sequence identity decreases from 100% to 85–90%. Structures of mRNAs sharing sequence identity below roughly 85% are essentially uncorrelated. This outcome is in dramatic contrast to small functional non-coding RNAs where sequence and structure divergence are correlated at very low levels of sequence similarity. The fact that very similar mRNA sequences can have vastly different secondary structures may imply that the particular global shape of base paired elements in coding regions does not play a major role in modulating gene expression and translation efficiency. Apparently, the need to maintain stable three-dimensional structures of encoded proteins places a much higher evolutionary pressure on mRNA sequences than on their RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Chursov
- Department of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftzentrum Weihenstephan, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Shabalina SA, Ogurtsov AY, Spiridonov NA. A periodic pattern of mRNA secondary structure created by the genetic code. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:2428-37. [PMID: 16682450 PMCID: PMC1458515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded mRNA molecules form secondary structures through complementary self-interactions. Several hypotheses have been proposed on the relationship between the nucleotide sequence, encoded amino acid sequence and mRNA secondary structure. We performed the first transcriptome-wide in silico analysis of the human and mouse mRNA foldings and found a pronounced periodic pattern of nucleotide involvement in mRNA secondary structure. We show that this pattern is created by the structure of the genetic code, and the dinucleotide relative abundances are important for the maintenance of mRNA secondary structure. Although synonymous codon usage contributes to this pattern, it is intrinsic to the structure of the genetic code and manifests itself even in the absence of synonymous codon usage bias at the 4-fold degenerate sites. While all codon sites are important for the maintenance of mRNA secondary structure, degeneracy of the code allows regulation of stability and periodicity of mRNA secondary structure. We demonstrate that the third degenerate codon sites contribute most strongly to mRNA stability. These results convincingly support the hypothesis that redundancies in the genetic code allow transcripts to satisfy requirements for both protein structure and RNA structure. Our data show that selection may be operating on synonymous codons to maintain a more stable and ordered mRNA secondary structure, which is likely to be important for transcript stability and translation. We also demonstrate that functional domains of the mRNA [5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), CDS and 3′-UTR] preferentially fold onto themselves, while the start codon and stop codon regions are characterized by relaxed secondary structures, which may facilitate initiation and termination of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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Chamary JV, Hurst LD. Evidence for selection on synonymous mutations affecting stability of mRNA secondary structure in mammals. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R75. [PMID: 16168082 PMCID: PMC1242210 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, contrary to what is usually assumed, recent evidence suggests that synonymous mutations may not be selectively neutral. This position has proven contentious, not least because of the absence of a viable mechanism. Here we test whether synonymous mutations might be under selection owing to their effects on the thermodynamic stability of mRNA, mediated by changes in secondary structure. RESULTS We provide numerous lines of evidence that are all consistent with the above hypothesis. Most notably, by simulating evolution and reallocating the substitutions observed in the mouse lineage, we show that the location of synonymous mutations is non-random with respect to stability. Importantly, the preference for cytosine at 4-fold degenerate sites, diagnostic of selection, can be explained by its effect on mRNA stability. Likewise, by interchanging synonymous codons, we find naturally occurring mRNAs to be more stable than simulant transcripts. Housekeeping genes, whose proteins are under strong purifying selection, are also under the greatest pressure to maintain stability. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results provide evidence that, in mammals, synonymous sites do not evolve neutrally, at least in part owing to selection on mRNA stability. This has implications for the application of synonymous divergence in estimating the mutation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- JV Chamary
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Willing MC, Cohn DH, Byers PH. Frameshift mutation near the 3' end of the COL1A1 gene of type I collagen predicts an elongated Pro alpha 1(I) chain and results in osteogenesis imperfecta type I. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:282-90. [PMID: 2295701 PMCID: PMC296416 DOI: 10.1172/jci114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous disorder of type I collagen of which OI type I, an autosomal dominant condition, is the mildest and most common form. Affected individuals have blue sclerae, normal stature, bone fragility without significant deformity and osteopenia. Fibroblasts from most affected individuals produce about half the expected amount of structurally normal type I collagen as a result of decreased synthesis of one of its constituent chains, pro alpha 1(I), but the nature of the mutations which result in OI type I are unknown. We describe a three generation family with OI type I in which all affected members have one normal COL1A1 allele and another from which the intragenic Eco RI restriction site near the 3' end of the gene is missing. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction and sequence determination of the normal allele and of the mutant allele in the domain that normally contains the Eco RI site demonstrated a 5-bp deletion from the mutant allele. The deletion changes the translational reading-frame beginning at the Eco RI site and predicts the synthesis of a pro alpha 1(I) chain that extends 84 amino acids beyond the normal termination. Although the mutant pro alpha 1(I) chain is synthesized in an in vitro translation system, we are unable to detect its presence in intact cells, suggesting that it is unstable and rapidly destroyed in one of the cell's degradative pathways. Our analysis of individuals with OI type I from 20 families indicates that this is a unique mutation and suggests that the phenotype can result from multiple mechanisms that decrease the synthesis of normal type I procollagen molecules, including those that alter protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Willing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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11
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Sepúlveda A, Tohá JC. Secondary structure in synthetic messenger RNAs from immunoglobulins. J Theor Biol 1977; 65:591-6. [PMID: 404478 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Bachra BN. Self complementarity in messenger RNA of collagen. I. Possible hairpin structures in regions coding for oligopeptides of glycine, proline (hydroxyproline) and alanine. J Mol Evol 1976; 8:155-73. [PMID: 966290 DOI: 10.1007/bf01739101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The periodic protein collagen is of special interest for the study of the relationship which exists between the structure of a protein and that of its mRNA, because oligopeptides containing glycine, proline (hydroxyproline) and alanine occur with great frequency in it. Collagen is particularly rich in these amino acids, which have codons containing only G and/or C in the obligatory first and second positions. If unlimited choice of codons for all amino acids were to occur, the stretch of mRNA coding for an alpha-chain should contain about 40% G and 31% C (Bachra et al., 1974). These high values suggest that a considerable degree of secondary structure will occur, unless selective codon use would result in the avoidance of G and C in optional third codon positions. In the present paper putative secondary structure formation in collagen mRNA was studied. This was done by studying the positions and frequencies of hairpin structures which could contain stem sections composed of the coding triplets of the above mentioned amino acids and hairpin sections of 4-40 bases. Calculation of the free energy contributions of such hairpin structures, using published values for the contributions of base-pair stacking, hairpin, bulge and interior loops and also taking into account the possible minimum number of base-pairs required for helix nucleation from a single-strand RNA (3 adjacent AU-pairs or 1 or 2 adjacent GC-pairs) led to the following conclusions. A considerable number of alternative, mutually exclusive hairpins can be constructed.
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13
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Fitch WM. The deduction of messenger RNA sequences from amino acid sequences is, to date, a total failure. J Theor Biol 1976; 59:251-2. [PMID: 940349 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(76)80040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Seid-Akhavan M, Winter WP, Abramson RK, Rucknagel DL. Hemoglobin Wayne: a frameshift mutation detected in human hemoglobin alpha chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:882-6. [PMID: 1062801 PMCID: PMC336023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.3.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin Wayne is an alpha chain variant which manifests itself as two minor hemoglobin (Hb) components that migrate more rapidly than Hb A on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has been found in a child with Fanconi's anemia and in three generations of the child's family. Each of the minor components yields an alpha chain in which the carboxyl-terminal tripeptide sequence, Lys-Tyr-Arg, has been replaced by the octapeptide sequence Asx-Thr-Val-Lys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Arg. In alpha Wayne I, the slower of the pair, Asx is asparagine, whereas in alpha Wayne II it is aspartic acid. Comparison of the alpha Wayne sequences with the amino-acid sequences of alpha A and alpha Constant Spring leads to the conclusion that Hb Wayne I is the result of a -1 frameshift mutation in the alpha chain and that Hb Wayne II is formed secondarily by spontaneous deamidation of the new asparagine residue. A frameshift is consistent with a single mRNA base sequence for the last eight codons involved and supports the view of Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner [Nature (1971) 234, 337-341] that Hb Constant Spring is the result of a terminator mutation leading to translation of 31 codons not normally translated.
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15
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Polya GM, Phillips DR. The occurrence in amino acid sequences of extensive informational symmetries based on possible codon-codon complementarity in the encoding polynucleotides. Biochem J 1976; 153:681-90. [PMID: 942380 PMCID: PMC1172637 DOI: 10.1042/bj1530681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. A procedure is described for the detection and assessment of informational complementarity in an amino acid sequence; it is based on possible autocomplementarity in the mRNA, and involves codon-to-codon matching. 2. This procedure was applied to myelin basic protein, a variety of protamines, histone IV, silk fibroin, rat skin collagen alpha1 chain and a sheep keratin. A multiplicity of extensive low-probability informational symmetries, based on codon-to-codon matching, were detected. 3. These low-probability orderings, which are independent of the actual mRNA codons, are rationalized in terms of the evolutionary ordering of the amino acid sequences concerned, in such a way that constraints on the secondary structure of the coding polynucleotides were satisfied. This possible interpretation is supported by a number of significant common properties of the protein sequences analysed.
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Nigon V, Godet J. Genetic and morphogenetic factors in hemoglobin synthesis during higher vertebrate development: an approach to cell differentiation mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 46:79-176. [PMID: 791882 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Holder JW, Lingrel JB. Determination of secondary structure in rabbit globin messenger RNA by thermal denaturation. Biochemistry 1975; 14:4209-15. [PMID: 241373 DOI: 10.1021/bi00690a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structure of highly purified globin messenger RNA has been investigated by alkaline hydrolysis, nuclease digestion, and thermal denaturation. The thermal denaturation properties of globin messenger have been compared to poly(U), poly (A), and a synthetic random sequence RNA copolymer. From these studies it is concluded that globin mRNA contains considerable secondary structure and that the amount of helical structure is greater than that which occurs with a random sequence polyribonucleotide. Globin mRNA contains, by comparison to the secondary structures of native DNA, tRNAs, or 18S rRNA, helices with involve 55-62% of the bases or 58-68% if a correction is made for the 3'-terminal poly(A) segment. The helices of globin mRNA appear to be unique as differences in the NaCl stabilization of this RNA have been noted when compared to other naturally ooccurring and synthetic RNAs. Comparison of the hyperchromicity maxima, obtained at 260 and 280 nm for globin mRNA and 18S rRNA, indicates that the helices of the two RNAs contain similar numbers of G-C base pairs. Differential analysis of NaCl stabilization curves indicate three discrete thermally denaturable helix types in globin mRNA.
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Düzgünes N. On the theories of gene regulation and differentiation in eukaryotes. Acta Biotheor 1975; 24:120-6. [PMID: 820141 DOI: 10.1007/bf01556999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Naora H, Whitelam JM. Presence of sequences hybridisable to dsRNA in cytoplasmic mRNA molecules. Nature 1975; 256:756-9. [PMID: 168503 DOI: 10.1038/256756a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klämbt D. A model for messenger RNA sequences maximizing secondary structure due to code degeneracy. J Theor Biol 1975; 52:57-65. [PMID: 1152488 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kabat D, Koler RD. The thalassemias: model for analysis of quantitative gene control. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1975; 5:157-222. [PMID: 48328 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9068-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Gasaryan KG, Tarantul VZ, Baranov YU, Frolova LY, Kisselev LL. Elements of the secondary structure in the DNA, complementary to pigeon globin mRNA. Mol Biol Rep 1974; 1:465-70. [PMID: 4141751 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Fitch WM. The large extent of putative secondary nucleic acid structure in random nucleotide sequences or amino acid derived messenger-RNA. J Mol Evol 1974; 3:279-91. [PMID: 4416342 DOI: 10.1007/bf01796043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ. Hemoglobin Constant Spring, and unusual alpha-chain variant involved in the etiology of hemoglobin H disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 232:168-78. [PMID: 4606609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb20582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Laux B, Dennis D, White HB. Human alpha-chain globin messenger: prediction of a nucleotide sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:894-8. [PMID: 4753197 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Ball LA. Mutual influence of the secondary structure and information content of a messenger RNA. J Theor Biol 1973; 41:243-7. [PMID: 4751396 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Riley WT. Amino acid sequences and double-stranded messages--a means of directing the site of mutation? J Theor Biol 1973; 40:285-300. [PMID: 4747243 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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29
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Weinstein B. A generalized homology correlation for various hormones and proteins. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:1517-22. [PMID: 4569688 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Jones RT, Koler RD, Duerst M, Stocklen Z. Hemoglobin Casper G8 β106 Leu→ Pro: Further Evidence that Hemoglobin Mutations are Not Random. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3222-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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