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Asigau S, Salah S, Parker PG. Assessing the blood meal hosts of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes taeniorhynchus in Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:584. [PMID: 31842984 PMCID: PMC6915994 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood meal host selection by mosquito vectors is an important component in understanding disease dynamics of pathogens that threaten endemic fauna in isolated islands such as Galápagos. Research on the feeding behavior of mosquitoes can provide clues to the hosts and vectors involved in disease transmission. This information is particularly critical for endemic wildlife fauna in island systems that have evolved without resistance to novel diseases such as avian malaria. The aims of this study were to determine the blood-feeding patterns of two species of mosquitoes found in Galápagos and discuss how their feeding behavior may influence the transmission of pathogens such as avian malaria. Methods In the summer of 2015, we sampled two mosquito species (Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus) across 18 different sites on Isla Santa Cruz, which is the second largest island in Galápagos and has the largest human population. We trapped mosquitoes using CDC light traps and CDC gravid traps and identified sources of blood meals for engorged mosquitoes by sequencing a portion of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Results Out of 947 female mosquitoes captured, 320 were blood-fed, and PCR amplifications were successful for 301 of the blood meals. Results revealed that both Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus feed from a variety of vertebrate taxa, numerically dominated by humans on Isla Santa Cruz. Conclusions The high proportion of mammalian blood meals could represent locally available and abundant hosts on Santa Cruz. However, host surveys and estimates of relative abundances of vertebrate species will need to accompany mosquito trapping studies on non-inhabited and inhabited islands in Galápagos to further validate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samoa Asigau
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA. .,Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
| | - Sawsan Salah
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Ben Ayed W, Amraoui F, M'ghirbi Y, Schaffner F, Rhaim A, Failloux AB, Bouattour A. A Survey of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Tunisia and the Potential Role of Aedes detritus and Aedes caspius in the Transmission of Zika Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1377-1383. [PMID: 31121045 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to update the list of Aedes mosquito species occurring in Tunisia and to test the vector competence of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) and Ae. (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday), the locally most abundant and widespread species, to transmit Zika virus (ZIKV). In 2017-2018, mosquito larvae were collected from 39 different larval habitats in seven bioclimatic zones of Tunisia. The salinity and pH of each breeding site were measured. The survey revealed the presence of 10 Aedes species in Tunisia: Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) berlandi (Séguy), Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, Ae. (Finlaya) echinus (Edwards), Ae. (Finlaya) geniculatus (Olivier), Ae. (Acartomyia) mariae (Sergent and Sergent), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis (Rondani), Ae. (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen), and Ae. (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot). Of these 10 species, Ae. caspius and Ae. detritus were the most abundant in Tunisia. Aedes detritus and Ae. caspius larvae were reared until the imago stage under insectary conditions to test autogeny. The study showed that Ae. detritus is autogenous and stenogamous and Ae. caspius, anautogenous and eurygamous. Finally, the collected strains of these two species were experimentally infected with the Asian genotype of ZIKV, originally isolated from a patient in April 2014 in New Caledonia, to test their vector competence. Neither of these species was able to transmit ZIKV at 7 and 14 d postexposure. Further investigations are needed to test the competence of other Tunisian mosquito species that may be associated with ZIKV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinarian Microbiology, Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74., 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Fadila Amraoui
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Youmna M'ghirbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinarian Microbiology, Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74., 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Francis Schaffner
- Institute of Parasitology, Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adel Rhaim
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinarian Microbiology, Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74., 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ali Bouattour
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinarian Microbiology, Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74., 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
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Istock CA, Wasserman SS, Zimmer H. ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITO: 1. POPULATION DYNAMICS AND LABORATORY RESPONSES TO FOOD AND POPULATION DENSITY. Evolution 2017; 29:296-312. [PMID: 28555858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1974] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A Istock
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Harold Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Ariani CV, Smith SCL, Osei-Poku J, Short K, Juneja P, Jiggins FM. Environmental and genetic factors determine whether the mosquito Aedes aegypti lays eggs without a blood meal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:715-21. [PMID: 25646251 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Some mosquito strains or species are able to lay eggs without taking a blood meal, a trait named autogeny. This may allow populations to persist through times or places where vertebrate hosts are scarce. Autogenous egg production is highly dependent on the environment in some species, but the ideal conditions for its expression in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are unknown. We found that 3.2% of females in a population of Ae. aegypti from Kenya were autogenous. Autogeny was strongly influenced by temperature, with many more eggs laid at 28°C compared with 22°C. Good nutrition in larval stages and feeding on higher concentrations of sugar solution during the adult stage both result in more autogenous eggs being produced. The trait also has a genetic basis, as not all Ae. aegypti genotypes can lay autogenously. We conclude that Ae. aegypti requires a favorable environment and a suitable genotype to be able to lay eggs without a blood meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Ariani
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia C L Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jewelna Osei-Poku
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Short
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Punita Juneja
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ahmed AM. Mosquito autogeny in Aedes caspius (Diptera: Culicidae): alterations of larval nourishments reservation upon bacterial infection. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:472-484. [PMID: 23955943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study recorded mosquito autogeny for the first time amongst Aedes caspius species in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory rearing showed an obligatory autogenous species of Ae. caspius since it foregoes blood feeding during its first ovarian cycle, even in the presence of the hosts (CD mouse), but produces its second egg batch only if ingested a blood meal. Both morphological and molecular identification confirmed that both autogenous and anautogenous strains belong to the same species of Ae. caspius. Data from biochemical analysis showed significant 2, 1.6, and 1.4 folds higher total carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids reserves respectively in the fourth larval instar of the autogenous strain compared to that of the anautogenous ones. In addition, exposing the fourth larval instars of autogenous strain to the infection stress by the mosquito larvicidal bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki has significantly reduced total carbohydrates, proteins and lipids reserves by 29%, 35%, and 46%, respectively, at 12 h postinfection compared to those of uninfected ones. These reductions in nourishment reserves were more pronounced at 24 h postinfection in the case of proteins and lipids, but not carbohydrates. These results may indicate that bacterial infection is a health stress that significantly reduced nourishments reservation, which may interrupt the success of adult autogeny. However, the impact of infection-induced decline in larval nourishments reservation on successful adult autogeny is still to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Ahmed
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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Kassim NFA, Webb CE, Russell RC. Is the expression of autogeny by Culex molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae) influenced by larval nutrition or by adult mating, sugar feeding, or blood feeding? JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2012; 37:162-171. [PMID: 22548550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Culex molestus Forskal is suspected to have been introduced into southern Australia during the 1940s. Investigations to determine factors influencing the expression of autogeny, the response of this mosquito to potential blood meals, and the subsequent influence on oviposition were undertaken. Immature mosquitoes raised at five feeding regimes had mortality rates, development rates, wing length, and autogenous egg raft size measured. All surviving female mosquitoes laid autogenous eggs but there was a significant difference between the mean number of eggs per raft. For mosquitoes raised at each of the feeding regimes, there was a significant linear relationship between the number of eggs per autogenous egg raft and wing length. Newly emerged mosquitoes were offered a blood meal (i.e., rodent) daily but no blood feeding occurred until the autogenous egg raft was laid. There was no statistical difference in the rate of autogenous oviposition or post-oviposition blood feeding between control or treatment groups. The results of this study indicate that Cx. molestus is perfectly adapted to subterranean habitats in close association with human habitation, but their preference to delay blood feeding until up to day 8 following emergence may reduce their relative importance as a vector of arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Faeza A Kassim
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia.
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Xue RD, Qualls WA, Smith ML, Gaines MK, Weaver JH, Debboun M. Field evaluation of the Off! Clip-on Mosquito Repellent (metofluthrin) against Aedes albopictus and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Florida. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:652-655. [PMID: 22679874 DOI: 10.1603/me10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Repellent efficacy of the Off! Clip-on Mosquito Repellent device (S. C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, WI) containing Metofluthrin was evaluated on six human volunteers against the container-breeding mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and the salt marsh mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) at two field locations in northeastern Florida. The device repelled mosquitoes by releasing a vaporized form of the pyrethroid insecticide metofluthrin ([AI] 31.2%) and provided 70% protection from Ae. albopictus bites for > 3 h. For the second field trial, a repellent device that was used in the first trial was tested after being open for >1 wk. This device provided 79% protection from Ae. taeniorhynchus bites for 3 h. Our field results showed that the repellent device was 70 and 79% effective at repelling Ae. albopictus and Ae. taeniorhynchus from human test subjects in both field locations in northeastern Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Rd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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Attardo GM, Hansen IA, Raikhel AS. Nutritional regulation of vitellogenesis in mosquitoes: implications for anautogeny. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:661-75. [PMID: 15894184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anautogeny is a successful reproductive strategy utilized by many mosquito species and other disease-transmitting arthropod vectors. Developing an understanding of the mechanisms underlying anautogeny in mosquitoes is very important because this reproductive strategy is the driving force behind the transmission of disease to millions of people. Information gained from mosquito studies may also be applicable to other blood feeding insect vectors. The conversion of protein from blood into yolk protein precursors for the developing oocytes is an essential part of the reproductive cycle, and understanding how this process is regulated could lead to safe, specific, and effective ways to block reproduction in blood feeding insects. Great gains have been made in elucidating the mechanisms that regulate vitellogenesis in mosquitoes, especially Ae. aegypti. However, a number of questions remain to be answered to make the picture more complete. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the nutritional regulation of vitellogenesis in mosquitoes and the questions that remain to be answered about this important biological phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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O'Meara GF, Evans DC. Autogeny in saltmarsh mosquitoes induced by a substance from the male accessory gland. Nature 1977; 267:342-4. [PMID: 865628 DOI: 10.1038/267342a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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