1
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Guo M, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Ding Q, Lu L, Zhang Q, Wang JR, Mei X. The axial chirality hidden in vitamin D and its application in cocrystal prediction. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ECD titration method was developed to detect hydrogen-bonding interaction in solution and to predict cocrystal formation in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Guo
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Zaiyong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qiaoce Ding
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Liye Lu
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xuefeng Mei
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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2
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Wang JR, Li M, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Zhu B, Qin W, Mei X. Anisotropic elasticity and plasticity of an organic crystal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8532-8535. [PMID: 31232417 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organic crystals are generally considered to be brittle, inelastic materials, which pose challenges for application in flexible devices. Inspired by α helical proteins for their key structural role in flexible hair, here, we describe the construction of a spring-like hydrogen bonded network through the self-assembly of a-OH/e-OH cyclohexanol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Meiqi Li
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qihui Yu
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zaiyong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wenming Qin
- National Facility for Protein Science, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Lab), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xuefeng Mei
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Wang JR, Zhu B, Yu Q, Mei X. Selective crystallization of vitamin D3for the preparation of novel conformational polymorphs with distinctive chemical stability. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Kulesza U, Plum LA, DeLuca HF, Mouriño A, Sicinski RR. Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations. J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kulesza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación
Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Wang JR, Zhou C, Yu X, Mei X. Stabilizing vitamin D3by conformationally selective co-crystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:855-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Sheves M, Friedman N, Levendis D, Margulies L, Mazur Y. Conformational Analysis of Flexibletrans-Dienes by Polarization Spectroscopy. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Vitamin D is important for the normal development and maintenance of bone. The elucidation of the vitamin D activation pathway and the cloning of the vitamin D receptor have advanced our understanding of the actions of vitamin D on bone. The preponderance of evidence indicates that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ enhances bone mineralization through its effects to promote calcium and phosphate absorption. Although 1,25(OH)₂D₃ stimulates bone resorption in vitro, treatment in vivo can prevent bone loss and fracture through several potential mechanisms. The development of vitamin D analogues has provided new therapeutic options for increasing bone mineral density and reducing fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yoshida
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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8
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Boomsma F, Jacobs HJC, Havinga E, van der Gen A. The “overirradiation products” of previtamin D and tachysterol: Toxisterols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19770960405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Eduardo-Canosa S, Fraga R, Sigüeiro R, Marco M, Rochel N, Moras D, Mouriño A. Design and synthesis of active vitamin D analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:7-12. [PMID: 20346396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A review of the design and synthesis of structural analogs of the vitamin D hormone recently investigated in our laboratories, and the first report on a new class of vitamin D analogs characterized by an aromatic D-ring, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Eduardo-Canosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al C.S.I.C., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Mousavi M, Yu SSF, Tzou DLM. A (13)C solid-state NMR analysis of vitamin D compounds. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 36:24-31. [PMID: 19493660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(13)C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been employed to analyze four vitamin D compounds, namely vitamin D3 (D3), vitamin D2 (D2), and the precursors ergosterol (Erg) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC). The (13)C NMR spectrum of D3 displays a doublet pattern for each of the carbon atoms, while that of Erg contains both singlet and doublet patterns. In the cases of 7DHC and D2, the (13)C spectra display various multiplet patterns, viz. singlets, doublets, triplets, and quartets. To overcome the signal overlap between the (13)C resonances of protonated and unprotonated carbons, we have subjected these vitamin D compounds to 1D (1)H-filtered (13)C CP/MAS and {(1)H}/(13)C heteronuclear correlation (Hetcor) NMR experiments. As a result, assisted by solution NMR data, all of the (13)C resonances have been successfully assigned to the respective carbon atoms of these vitamin D compounds. The (13)C multiplets are interpreted due to the presence of s-cis and s-trans configurations in the alpha- and beta-molecular conformers, consistent with computer molecular modeling determined by molecular dynamics and energy minimization calculations. To further characterize the ring conformations in D3, we have successfully extracted chemical shift tensor elements for the (13)C doublets. It is demonstrated that (13)C solid-state NMR spectroscopy provides a robust and high sensitive means of characterizing molecular conformations in vitamin D compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Mousavi
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Saito N, Kittaka A. Highly Potent Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1479-90. [PMID: 16871612 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists have attracted significant levels of interest because of their potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo-Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts' sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D(3) as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure-activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists, TEI-9647 and TEI-9648 (25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone), with the goal of improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in the field of VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First 2alpha-modified TEI-9647 analogues were synthesized, and then 24-substitution to stabilize the lactone structure under physiological conditions was investigated. Finally, 2alpha-modified 24-methyl-, 24,24-dimethyl-, and 24,24-ethano-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone analogues were synthesized. The synthesis of the 24,24-ethano-TEI lactone was accomplished through Ru-catalyzed intermolecular enyne metathesis of the alkynone CD-ring side chain with ethylene to give a dienone, followed by regioselective cyclopropanation. It was found that 2alpha,24,24-trimethyl-TEI-9647 (39) possessed an antagonistic activity (IC(50)=0.093 nM) approximately 90 times that of the original TEI-9647 (IC(50)=8.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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12
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Miura D, Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Fujishima T, Konno K, Kittaka A, Takayama H, Ishizuka S. The antagonism between 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 2-methyl-20-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in non-genomic pathway-mediated biological responses induced by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 assessed by NB4 cell differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:469-79. [PMID: 15876412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized all eight possible A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl substituted analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] and also all eight A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-20-epi-1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Their biological activities, especially the antagonistic effect on non-genomic pathway-mediated responses induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or its 6-s-cis-conformer analog, 1alpha,25(OH)2-lumisterol3, were assessed using an NB4 cell differentiation system. Antagonistic activity was observed for the 1beta-hydroxyl diastereomers, including 2beta-methyl-1beta,25(OH)2D3 and 2beta-methyl-3-epi-1beta,25(OH)2D3. Very interestingly, 2beta-methyl-3-epi-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 also antagonized the non-genomic pathway, despite its 1alpha-hydroxyl group. Other 1alpha-hydroxyl diastereomers did not show antagonistic activity. 20-epimerization diminished the antagonistic effect of all of these analogs on the non-genomic pathway. These findings suggested that the combination of the 2-methyl substitution of the A-ring and 20-epimerization of the side chain could alter the biological activities in terms of antagonism of non-genomic pathway-mediated biological response. Based on a previous report, 2-methyl substitution alters the equilibrium of the A-ring conformation between the alpha- and beta-chair conformers. The 2beta-methyl diastereomers, which exhibited antagonism on non-genomic pathway-mediated response, were considered to prefer the beta-conformer. Further examination to elucidate the relationship between the altered ligand shape and receptors interaction will be important for molecular level understanding of the mechanism of antagonism of the non-genomic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishiro Miura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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13
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Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Okamura WH. Ligand structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system from the perspective of drug development (including cancer treatment). Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:55-82. [PMID: 12899514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
It has become readily apparent to many scientists and pharmaceutical companies that the vitamin D endocrine system offers a wide array of drug development opportunities. There are already successes, as noted by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (Roche, and Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy and osteoporosis and 1alpha(OH)D3 (Leo, Chugai, Teijin) for renal osteodystrophy and (in Japan) osteoporosis, 1alpha,24(OH)2-24-cyclopropyl-D3 (Dovonex) and 1alpha,24(OH)2D3 (Teijin) for psoriasis, and 19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)2D2 (Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy, as well as drugs under active development. Yet there are still many important and challenging drug development frontiers, particularly in the area of cancer treatment and immune system disorders where exploration is only in the initial early stages. In addition, the application of vitamin D-related drugs in neurology and brain pathology should not be overlooked. It is to be hoped that the cellular and molecular basis for the vexing problem of analog-induced hypercalcemia will be elucidated. Given that there are believed to be over 2000 analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 already available for consideration, it is to be expected that over the next decade a significant number of new vitamin D structure-function drug development projects will be brought to conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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14
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Mizwicki MT, Norman AW. Two key proteins of the vitamin D endocrine system come into crystal clear focus: comparison of the X-ray structures of the nuclear receptor for 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, the plasma vitamin D binding protein, and their ligands. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:795-806. [PMID: 12733718 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.5.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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15
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Yamada S, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. Structure-function relationships of vitamin D including ligand recognition by the vitamin D receptor. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:89-115. [PMID: 12424754 DOI: 10.1002/med.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
First, the general structure and function of nuclear receptors (NRs) are described briefly to help our understanding of the mechanism of action of vitamin D mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the NRs. Then we discuss the structure-function relationship (SFR) of vitamin D on the basis of ligand structures and the interaction of the ligand with the VDR. The SFR of vitamin D side chain analogs is discussed extensively in terms of our active space group concept, which was derived from conformational analyses of the side chains of vitamin D analogs and from studies with conformationally restricted 22-methyl-1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) isomers. The mobile area of the side chain of vitamin D can be grouped into five regions (E, G, EA, EG, and F), and the SFR has been analyzed in terms of these spatial regions. The SFR of ligand/VDR interaction is discussed on the basis of the crystal structure of VDR-LBD(delta 165-215), docking of various vitamin D ligands into the ligand binding pocket (LBP) of the VDR, and functional analysis of amino acids lining the LBP. Finally, we discuss total SFR, combining the results of the two approaches, and future aspects of structure-based design of vitamin D analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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Fujishima T, Konno K, Nakagawa K, Tanaka M, Okano T, Kurihara M, Miyata N, Takayama H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of all A-ring stereoisomers of 5,6-trans-2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: possible binding modes of potent A-ring analogues to vitamin D receptor. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:1011-24. [PMID: 11731293 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secosteroid 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) has a wide variety of biological activities, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, psoriasis and osteoporosis. Insight into the structure-activity relationships of the A-ring of 1 is still needed to assist the development of more potent and selective analogues as candidate chemotherapeutic agents, as well as to define the molecular mode of action. RESULTS All possible A-ring stereoisomers of 5,6-trans-2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (6a-h) and their 20-epimers (7a-h) were designed and efficiently synthesized. The dependence of the affinities for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D binding protein (DBP), as well as the HL-60 cell differentiation-inducing activity, upon the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C20 in the side chain was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The binding affinities and potency of the 5,6-trans and 5,6-cis analogues were enhanced by a 2-methyl substituent in a certain orientation. Molecular docking studies based upon the X-ray crystal structure of VDR suggested that the axial 2-methyl group would be accommodated in a pocket surrounded by hydrophobic amino acid residues in the ligand binding domain, resulting in enhanced interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Drug developments in the vitamin D field have continued to focus on structure-function studies of analogs produced by chemically modifying the structure of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-D3) and its metabolites. Direct structural information gleaned from X-ray crystallographic or NMR studies regarding the ligand-receptor complex and other guest-host systems, which are likely involved in initiating biologic responses, also offers potential insight into drug design. Evidence has accrued suggesting that topologically different conformers of 1,25-D3 may bind to proteins in different ways, including the induction of different conformations of protein. This paper concerns our progress on the chemical synthesis of analogs (e.g. ansa-steroids, suprasterols, vinylallenes and other analogs) conformationally locked or at least rotationally restricted to mimic higher energy conformers of 1,25-D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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19
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Fan SL, Schroeder NJ, Calverley MJ, Burrin JM, Makin HL, Cunningham J. Potent suppression of the parathyroid glands by hydroxylated metabolites of dihydrotachysterol(2). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1943-9. [PMID: 11096138 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.12.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydrotachysterol(2), a licensed pharmaceutical, is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol(2) (25(OH)DHT(2)) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxydihydrotachysterol(2) (1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2)) in man. We have compared the biological activity of these metabolites with calcitriol and the 'non-calcaemic' analogue, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) in bovine parathyroid cell cultures and in rats. METHODS The effect of each sterol on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by primary bovine parathyroid cells was measured. High-performance liquid chromotography and gas chromotography-mass spectrometry were used to investigate in vitro 25(OH)DHT(2) metabolism. Rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection or five daily injections of each sterol, and changes in ionized calcium and PTH were measured. RESULTS In vitro, all sterols suppressed PTH significantly. Calcitriol and OCT were of similar potency, but 1 alpha, 25(OH)(2)DHT(2) and 25(OH)DHT(2) required higher concentrations to suppress PTH equally. We were unable to detect metabolism of 25(OH)DHT(2) to 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) in vitro. In rats, a single dose of 0.5 microg/rat of calcitriol increased ionized calcium at 30 and 40 h (statistically significant at 48 h). 50 microg of OCT and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) did not cause significant hypercalcaemia at 48 h, although 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) caused hypercalcaemia at 30 h. In contrast, 50 microg of 25(OH)DHT(2) caused hypercalcaemia at 48 h but not at 30 h. Five daily doses of 0.001 microg/rat of calcitriol caused a significant rise in calcium and a 50% fall in PTH. OCT and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) at 0.025 and 0.5 microg/rat respectively caused similar suppression of PTH but without hypercalcaemia. CONCLUSION 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) and 25(OH)DHT(2) are potent suppressors of PTH in vitro and in vivo. 25(OH)DHT(2) may be active by virtue of its pseudo-1 alpha-hydroxyl group. Hypercalcaemia caused by a single dose of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)DHT(2) appeared to be more transient than calcitriol. Five daily doses of 1 alpha, 25(OH)(2)DHT(2) and OCT could achieve 50% suppression of PTH without significant increments in ionized calcium. In contrast, suppression of PTH by calcitriol was associated with significant increments in ionized calcium. These data suggest that like OCT, 1 alpha, 25(OH)(2)DHT(2) can dissociate calcaemic actions from parathyroid-suppressing actions in a manner that may be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Fan
- Department of Nephrology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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20
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21
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Mart�nez-N��ez E, V�zquez SA, Mosquera RA. Conformational analysis of model compounds of vitamin D by theoretical calculations. J Comput Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-987x(199710)18:13<1647::aid-jcc6>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Norman AW, Okamura WH, Hammond MW, Bishop JE, Dormanen MC, Bouillon R, van Baelen H, Ridall AL, Daane E, Khoury R, Farach-Carson MC. Comparison of 6-s-cis- and 6-s-trans-locked analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 indicates that the 6-s-cis conformation is preferred for rapid nongenomic biological responses and that neither 6-s-cis- nor 6-s-trans-locked analogs are preferred for genomic biological responses. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:1518-31. [PMID: 9280067 DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.10.9993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] generates biological responses via both genomic and rapid, nongenomic mechanisms. The genomic responses utilize signal transduction pathways linked to a nuclear receptor (VDRnuc) for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, while the rapid responses are believed to utilize other signal transduction pathways that may be linked to a putative membrane receptor for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. The natural seco steroid is capable of facile rotation about its 6,7 single carbon bond, which permits generation of a continuum of potential ligand shapes extending from the 6-s-cis (steroid like) to the 6-s-trans (extended). To identify the shape of conformer(s) that can serve as agonists for the genomic and rapid biological responses, we measured multiple known agonist activities of two families of chemically synthesized analogs that were either locked in the 6-s-cis (6C) or 6-s-trans (6T) conformation. We found that 6T locked analogs were inactive or significantly less active than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in both rapid responses (transcaltachia in perfused chick intestine, 45Ca2+ influx in ROS 17/2.8 cells) and genomic (osteocalcin induction in MG-63 cells, differentiation of HL-60 cells, growth arrest of MCF-7 cells, promoter transfection in COS-7 cells) assays. In genomic assays, 6C locked analogs bound poorly to the VDRnuc and were significantly less effective than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in the same series of assays designed to measure genomic responses. In contrast, the 6C locked analogs were potent agonists of both rapid response pathways and had activities equivalent to the conformationally flexibile 1alpha,25(OH)2D3; this represents the first demonstration that 6-s-cis locked analogs can function as agonists for vitamin D responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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23
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Igarashi JE, Ikeda M, Sunagawa M. Kinetics of thermal [1,7a]-sigmatropic shift of hexafluoro vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 derivatives. Evaluation of conformations of the A ring affected by 1-OH and 3-OH groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Norman AW, Bishop JE, Collins ED, Seo EG, Satchell DP, Dormanen MC, Zanello SB, Farach-Carson MC, Bouillon R, Okamura WH. Differing shapes of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 function as ligands for the D-binding protein, nuclear receptor and membrane receptor: a status report. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 56:13-22. [PMID: 8603033 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] is the principal mediator of a wide array of biological responses through the far reaching network of the vitamin D endocine system (VDE). The steroid hormone 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 is delivered to the various target organs of the VDE via a specific plasma transport protein, the vitamin D binding protein (DBP). Also 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 is known to initiate biological responses through a nuclear receptor, the nVDR (50 kDa) which regulates selected gene transcription and, in addition in some target tissues, through a second receptor located in the cell membrane, the mVDR (approximately 60 kDa), which is linked to protein kinase C and/or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels so as to generate biological responses very rapidly. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 as a ligand is unusually conformationally flexible due to the eight carbon side chain, the seco B-ring which permits rotation about the 6-7 single carbon bond, and the A-ring which undergoes chair-chair conformational interconversion characteristic of cyclohexane rings. This paper reviews the evidence that different shapes of the 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 satisfy the optimal requirements of the ligand binding domains of the DBP, nVDR and mVDR. The presence of a relatively rigid side chain (composed by the presence of an aromatic ring) enhances ligand interaction 2-3 fold with the DBP, but diminishes ligand affinity for the nVDR by 100 fold. The mVDR responds effectively to analogs of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 which are 6-s-cis locked [e.g. 1 alpha,25(OH)2-previtamin D3 or 1 alpha,25(OH)2-provitamin D3], but these same analogs have only 1-2% of the activity of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in regulating gene transcription. Finally the 6-s-trans analog, 1 alpha,25(OH)2-tachysterol3, had <0.1% of the activity of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in regulating gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, USA
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25
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Okamura WH, Midland MM, Hammond MW, Abd Rahman N, Dormanen MC, Nemere I, Norman AW. Chemistry and conformation of vitamin D molecules. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 53:603-13. [PMID: 7626517 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00107-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25) is a structurally unique steroid hormone because it not only possesses the complete 25-hydroxycholesterol side chain, but most notably, it possesses a seco-B triene structure (it lacks a B-ring and is usually depicted in a non-steroidal, extended conformation). In contrast, the classical steroid hormones possess a truncated side chain (progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone) or no side chain (estradiol and testosterone) and they all possess the fully intact ABCD steroid rings. These structural differences render the seco-B-steroid 1,25 considerably more conformationally flexible. Since 1,25 is now known to target a myriad of tissues where specific interactions occur to produce an array of biological responses, it is of interest to determine whether different topologies of 1,25 (resulting from different conformational orientations of 1,25) are necessary to interact effectively at the different target sites. The array of biological responses include both non-genomic and genomic effects and there is considerable promise for the efficacy of 1,25 analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in a variety of human disease states. For the non-genomic calcium transport response of transcaltachia, the finding that two 6-s-cis locked analogs, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyprevitamin D3 (pre-1,25) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxylumisterol3 (1,25-Lumi), are equipotent to 1,25, points strongly to the involvement of the 6-s-cis conformer of 1,25 as the biologically active conformer. Since there is a continuum of easily interconvertible 6,7-single bond conformers of the seco-B ring available to 1,25, conformational minima (either local or global) may have little to do with the manner in which 1,25 is bound to receptor. For the genomic calcium transport response, and for other genomic (or non-genomic) effects, there is no clear evidence whether the steroidal (s-cis) or non-steroidal (s-trans) conformer of 1,25 is involved. In order to address this matter further, efforts are underway to evaluate other conformationally locked analogs of 1,25 which might mimic either the planar 6-s-trans-1,25 or some intermediate conformer between it and the planar-6-s-cis form.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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26
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Norman AW. The vitamin D Endocrine system: manipulation of structure-function relationships to provide opportunities for development of new cancer chemopreventive and immunosuppressive agents. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1995; 22:218-25. [PMID: 8538201 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240590827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biological responses mediated by vitamin D occur as a consequence of the integrated actions of the vitamin D endocrine system. The vitamin D endocrine system is characterized by the sequential two-step metabolism of vitamin D to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 by the liver and kidney, and by the ability to generate biological responses in over 30 target tissues through nuclear receptor (nVDR) regulation of gene transcription and nongenomic pathways. It is now clear that the vitamin D endocrine system embraces many more target tissues than simply the intestine, bone and kidney. Notable additions to this list of tissues containing the nVDR include pancreatic B cells, pituitary gland, breast tissue, placenta, lymphocytes, keratinocytes, colon, and prostate, as well as many cancer cell lines. In addition to the classical actions of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 on mediating calcium homeostasis, this seco steroid has been identified as a potent stimulator of cell differentiation as well as an inhibitor of proliferation. Over the past decade at least 400 analogs of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 have been chemically synthesized and their biological properties systematically explored in a variety of assays which quantified both their calcemic effects and cell differentiating potential. The objective has been to identify new analogs devoid of the classical calcemic consequences of high doses of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, namely hypercalcemia, soft tissue calcification and nephrocalcinosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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27
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In vivo metabolism of the vitamin D analog, dihydrotachysterol. Evidence for formation of 1 alpha,25- and 1 beta,25-dihydroxy-dihydrotachysterol metabolites and studies of their biological activity. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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29
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Okamura WH, Palenzuela JA, Plumet J, Midland MM. Vitamin D: structure-function analyses and the design of analogs. J Cell Biochem 1992; 49:10-8. [PMID: 1644848 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is continuing and emerging new interest in the development of vitamin D analogs resulting from the recognition that analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] may be therapeutically useful. Side chain analogs of this steroid hormone are of particular interest because a family of lead structures have recently emerged for possible use in the treatment of certain types of cancers and skin diseases. Because of the chaotic array of side chain structures which exhibit useful therapeutic indices for these purposes, a more systematic approach towards developing intelligible structure-function information needs development. Accordingly, a method has been devised to analyze analogs as to their side chain topology based on identifying specific occupancy volumes through conformational analysis. Dot maps have been constructed as an indication of the volume in space which the side chain of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 or analogs is permitted to occupy. Volume exclusion analyses based on comparison of structural and biological data for 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 and analogs are anticipated to lead to a more cogent model for drug design. A cautionary note on the limitations of this approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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30
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Qaw F, Schroeder NJ, Calverley MJ, Trafford DJ, Makin HL, Jones G. The metabolism of dihydrotachysterols: renal side chain and non-renal nuclear hydroxylations in vivo and in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41:859-70. [PMID: 1562563 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90439-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of dihydrotachysterol (DHT), a hydrogenated analogue of vitamin D, has been studied in vivo using man and rat and in vitro using the perfused rat kidney, and hepatoma (3B) and osteosarcoma (UMR-106) cell lines. In vivo a large number of metabolites appeared in the plasma of rats given DHT2 and DHT3. Of particular interest was a compound more polar than 25-hydroxy-DHT, which has been designated compound H. Further study of this compound showed that it was composed of two components, one (Ha) being in much lower concentration than the other (Hb). The production of T2/H (peak H from DHT2) was demonstrated in human plasma after administration of oral DHT2. Comparison of the metabolites formed in vivo with those isolated from the rat kidney perfused with 25-hydroxy-DHT3 in vitro showed that 25-hydroxy-DHT3 was metabolized along two metabolic pathways previously described for vitamin D, culminating in the production of 25-hydroxy-DHT3-23,26-lactone and 23,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-DHT3. The osteosarcoma cell line metabolized 25-OH-DHT3 in vitro along the same two metabolic pathways already demonstrated in the perfused rat kidney. More polar metabolites than compound H seen in rat plasma in vivo were shown to be metabolites of compound H and similar metabolites were also produced in the osteosarcoma cell line from chemically synthesized 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-DHT3. The hepatoma cell line 25-hydroxylated DHT and no feed-back inhibition was observed. Use of the hepatoma cell to 25-hydroxylate a number of chemically synthesized 1-hydroxy-DHTs indicated that compound Ha was indistinguishable from 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-DHT whereas compound Hb is possibly 1 beta,25-dihydroxy-DHT. Studies with the VDR in both chick gut and calf thymus indicated that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-DHT is very effective in displacing radiolabelled 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 and is thus most likely to be the calcaemic metabolite of DHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Synthesis of 1α-[19-13C]Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 13C NMR analysis of the conformational equilibrium of the A-ring. Bioorg Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(91)90057-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Eguchi T, Ikekawa N. Conformational analysis of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by nuclear magnetic resonance. Bioorg Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(90)90012-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Norman AW. The avian as an animal model for the study of the vitamin D endocrine system. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 4:37-45. [PMID: 1974802 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a summary of experimental studies which utilized the White Leghorn cockerel, Gallus domesticus, as a suitable avian model for a detailed analysis of the mode of action of the seco-steroid vitamin D. It is now apparent that there exists a complex endocrine system which coordinates the metabolism of the parent vitamin D into a family of over 30 metabolites; the principal metabolites are 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3, which together orchestrate the spectrum of biological responses attributable to vitamin D. Key advances in elucidation of the scope of vitamin D endocrine system include the tissue distribution of both its steroid receptor and its gene-induced product, a 28,000 dalton calcium binding protein, termed calbindin-D28k. To date no less than 23 tissues have been found to have specific 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors; of these at least 10 were identified in avian studies. Similarly, nine avian tissues have been found to express the vitamin D-induced calcium binding protein, calbindin-D28k. These observations collectively demonstrate both the broad scope of the vitamin D endocrine system and the appropriateness of using avians as valid models for vitamin D endocrine research which has applicability and validity for mammals, including man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521
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34
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Stini WA. “Osteoporosis”: Etiologies, prevention, and treatment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330330508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Bosch R, Thijssen JH, Duursma SA. Action and metabolism of dihydrotachysterol2. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 27:829-36. [PMID: 3320562 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrotachysterol2 (DHT2) is a synthetic analogue of vitamin D2. DHT2 is used extensively in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy and hypoparathyroidism. It is equally efficacious as 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, it offers interesting therapeutical advantages and it is surprising that until recently little was known of its metabolism and sites of action. This paper deals with studies on the pharmacology of DHT2 in rats. Following the synthesis of [3H]DHT2 and oral administration, evidence was obtained that DHT2 is metabolized extensively; three of the major metabolites could be identified as 25-hydroxy-DHT2, 1 alpha,25- and 1 beta,25-dihydroxy-DHT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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Stewart BA, Midland SL, Byrn SR. Degradation of crystalline ergocalciferol [vitamin D2, (3 beta,5Z,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetra en-3-ol]. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:1322-3. [PMID: 6333506 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600730940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The products of the degradation of crystalline ergocalciferol were investigated. These studies showed that numerous acidic and neutral oxidation products were formed resulting in the complete destruction of the triene functionality. Separation of the neutral products by preparative TLC led to material identified as the Windaus ketone IIa, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a beta-octahydro-7a alpha-methyl-1R-(1 alpha,1R,4R,5-trimethyl-2E-hexenyl)-4H-inden-4-one.
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37
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Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Grant A, Bhattacharyya PK. Investigation of the thermal isomerization of 1?,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. INT J CHEM KINET 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Nemoto H, Suzuki K, Tsubuki M, Minemura K, Fukumoto K, Kametani T, Furuyama H. A facile ring-opening reaction of cyclobutenes: application to a synthesis of vitamin D3. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Gerdes JM, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Biochemical properties of A-homovitamin D derivatives: 1,4-dihydroxy-3-deoxy-A-homo-19-nor-9, 10-secocholesta-5,7-dienes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 210:238-45. [PMID: 6271069 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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DAUBEN W, McINNIS E, MICHNO D. Photochemical Rearrangements in Trienes. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-481303-8.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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42
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Wecksler WR, Norman AW. Structural aspects of the binding of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to its receptor system in chick intestine. Methods Enzymol 1980; 67:494-500. [PMID: 6245334 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)67061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Norman A, Johnson R, Corradino R, Okamura W. Structure-function studies of the side chain of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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44
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Norman AW. A synopsis of vitamin D, its endocrine system and human disease states. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1979; 9:9-16. [PMID: 287451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Wecksler WR, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Studies on the mode of action of vitamin D--XIV. Quantitative assessment of the structural requirements for the interaction of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with its chick intestinal mucosa receptor system. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:929-37. [PMID: 745395 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(78)90053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Duax WL, Cody V, Griffin JF, Rohrer DC, Weeks CM. Molecular conformation and protein binding affinity of progestins. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1978; 4:205-27. [PMID: 351198 DOI: 10.1080/15287397809529658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of X-ray data concerning 277 estranes, androstanes, and pregnanes and comparison with progesterone receptor binding data have prompted the following observations. In general: 1. The flexibility of natural steroid hormones permits them to take up conformations optimal for binding to sites on proteins that vary in individual structural requirements. 2. When substituents strain the fused ring system, the strain will be delocalized and often transmitted to the most flexible point of the molecule, thus giving rise to conformational transmission effects. Consequently, substituents will generally stabilize a specific conformation, limiting protein interaction and enhancing a specific hormone response. 3. Hydrogen bond patterns in crystals can be used to predict points of active site attachment. 4. Distortions resulting from crystal packing forms are insignificant. Progestin receptor binding affinity: 5. Complementarity of fit is not specific on the alpha and beta faces of the B, C, and D rings. 6. The delta4-3-one composition is the only consistently required element. 7. Five of the eight highest-affinity binders have inverted A rings. Others may be easily converted to it. 8. The inverted A ring is proposed as the optimal conformation and primary factor controlling binding. 9. An A ring binding pattern is apparent in other steroidal hormones. 10. The D-ring region is open to contribute to conformational change in the receptor or genome interaction.
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47
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Duax WL, Cody V, Hazel J. Steroid structure and function:I. Conformational transmission in 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone. Steroids 1977; 30:471-80. [PMID: 605456 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(77)90094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular conformation of 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone has been determined crystallographically and is compared with that of progesterone. The 17alpha-acetate substituent restricts the flexibility of the progesterone side chain, strains bond lengths in the C- and D-rings, and has long range effects on the A-ring conformation. The A-ring adopts a perfect sofa conformation similar to that observed in one conformational isomer of progesterone. Consequently this progesterone isomer is proposed to be that best suited to binding in the rabbit and human uterus.
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48
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Synthesis and bioassay of 3-deoxy-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3, an active analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Bioorg Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(77)90021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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50
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