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Ionicioiu R. Interferometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37209116 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a widely used technique with multiple applications, including geology, molecular biology, and archeology. In order to achieve a high dynamic range, AMS requires tandem accelerators and large magnets, which thus confines it to big laboratories. Here we propose interferometric mass spectrometry (Interf-MS), a novel method of mass separation which uses quantum interference. Interf-MS employs the wave-like properties of the samples and as such is complementary to AMS, in which samples are particle-like. This complementarity has two significant consequences: (i) in Interf-MS separation is performed according to the absolute mass m, and not to the mass-to-charge ratio m/q, as in AMS; (ii) in Interf-MS the samples are in the low-velocity regime, in contrast to the high-velocity regime used in AMS. Potential applications of Interf-MS are compact devices for mobile applications, sensitive molecules that break at the acceleration stage and neutral samples which are difficult to ionize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Ionicioiu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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2
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De Deckker P, Hancock GJ, Olley JM, Stanley S, Hope G. The effect of the introduction of livestock on the erosion of alpine soils: a comparison of five dating techniques applied to sediments of the Australian alpine Blue Lake. JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY 2023; 70:1-17. [PMID: 37361252 PMCID: PMC10164618 DOI: 10.1007/s10933-023-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
210Pb and 137Cs dating of bulk sediments obtained from the alpine Blue Lake, located in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern Australia, was applied here to date recent lacustrine sediments. In addition, the presence of Pinus pollen (a taxon introduced in Australia about 150 years ago) down to a sediment depth of 56 cm in the core is used to obtain a chronology for the upper part of the core. Accelerated Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dates obtained from organic muds from the same core do not agree with the chronology constructed using the three other dating techniques. In addition, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of single quartz grains, from sediment-core samples collected from the same lake, was applied to date recent lacustrine sediments. The optical age of 185 ± 20 years for a sample at 60-62 cm depth, and 470 ± 50 years at 116-118 cm depth are well over 1000 years younger than the ages inferred from radiocarbon dates. We therefore infer that the 'old' radiocarbon ages result from carbon stored for considerable time within the catchment prior to its transport and deposition on the lake floor. As plant decomposition occurs at much slower rates in high altitude environments, these results bring into question the veracity of previously published radiocarbon dates from Blue Lake and alpine lake sediments in general. The deposition ages inferred from the 210Pb-137Cs and OSL dating, and the first appearance of Pinus pollen, indicate that for the 100-year period after European settlement (from the mid 1800s to early 1900s) the sediment-accumulation rate increased by a factor of about 2, from 0.19 ± 0.01 cm yr-1 to 0.35 ± 0.02 cm yr-1. In the 1900s the accumulation rate increased further to 0.60 cm yr-1. The accumulation rate was particularly rapid in the 20-year period from 1940-1960, reaching a rate 18 times higher than the pre-European rate in the mid-1950s. The increase in sedimentation rate is attributed to changes in land use resulting from European activities in the lake catchment, primarily through sheep and cattle grazing in the Blue Lake catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick De Deckker
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Gary J. Hancock
- Formerly of CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jon M. Olley
- Formerly of CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- School of Environment and Science - Forensics and Archaeology, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111 Australia
| | - Shawn Stanley
- Formerly of Department of Geology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017 USA
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Abstract
Spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste can be disposed in deep horizontal drillholes in sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous rocks. Horizontal drillhole disposal has safety, operational and economic benefits: the repository is deep in the brine-saturated zone far below aquifers in a reducing environment of formations that can be shown to have been isolated from the surface for exceedingly long times; its depth provides safety against inadvertent intrusion, earthquakes and near-surface perturbations; it can be placed close to the reactors and interim storage facilities, minimizing transportation; disposal costs per ton of waste can be kept substantially lower than for mined repositories by its smaller size, reduced infrastructure needs and staged implementation; and, if desired, the waste could be retrieved using “fishing” technology. In the proposed disposal concept, corrosion-resistant canisters containing unmodified fuel assemblies from commercial reactors would be placed end-to-end in up to 50 cm diameter horizontal drillholes, a configuration that reduces mechanical stresses and keeps the temperatures below the boiling point of the brine. Other high-level wastes, such as capsules containing 137Cs and 90Sr, can be disposed in small-diameter horizontal drillholes. We provide an overview of this novel disposal concept and its technology, discuss some of its safety aspects and compare it to mined repositories and the deep vertical borehole disposal concept.
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Abstract
Recent developments in radiometric and mass spectrometry technologies have been associated in the radiometric sector mainly with underground operations of large volume Ge detectors, while the mass-spectrometry sector, represented mainly by accelerator mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has become the most sensitive technique for ultra-low-level analyses of long-lived radionuclides. These new developments have had great impact on investigations of rare nuclear processes and applications of radionuclides in environmental, life and space sciences. New scientific investigations have been carried out therefore which have not been possible before either because of lack of sensitivity or required large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Povinec
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Hayes AC. Applications of nuclear physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:026301. [PMID: 28071601 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Today the applications of nuclear physics span a very broad range of topics and fields. This review discusses a number of aspects of these applications, including selected topics and concepts in nuclear reactor physics, nuclear fusion, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear-geophysics, and nuclear medicine. The review begins with a historic summary of the early years in applied nuclear physics, with an emphasis on the huge developments that took place around the time of World War II, and that underlie the physics involved in designs of nuclear explosions, controlled nuclear energy, and nuclear fusion. The review then moves to focus on modern applications of these concepts, including the basic concepts and diagnostics developed for the forensics of nuclear explosions, the nuclear diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility, nuclear reactor safeguards, and the detection of nuclear material production and trafficking. The review also summarizes recent developments in nuclear geophysics and nuclear medicine. The nuclear geophysics areas discussed include geo-chronology, nuclear logging for industry, the Oklo reactor, and geo-neutrinos. The section on nuclear medicine summarizes the critical advances in nuclear imaging, including PET and SPECT imaging, targeted radionuclide therapy, and the nuclear physics of medical isotope production. Each subfield discussed requires a review article unto itself, which is not the intention of the current review; rather, the current review is intended for readers who wish to get a broad understanding of applied nuclear physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hayes
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Newton A. Isotopes and ancient environments. Nat Methods 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nigra BT, Faull KF, Barnard H. Analytical Chemistry in Archaeological Research. Anal Chem 2014; 87:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Nigra
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Pasarow Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Barnard
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
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Rauscher T, Dauphas N, Dillmann I, Fröhlich C, Fülöp Z, Gyürky G. Constraining the astrophysical origin of the p-nuclei through nuclear physics and meteoritic data. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:066201. [PMID: 23660558 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/6/066201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A small number of naturally occurring, proton-rich nuclides (the p-nuclei) cannot be made in the s- and r-processes. Their origin is not well understood. Massive stars can produce p-nuclei through photodisintegration of pre-existing intermediate and heavy nuclei. This so-called γ-process requires high stellar plasma temperatures and occurs mainly in explosive O/Ne burning during a core-collapse supernova. Although the γ-process in massive stars has been successful in producing a large range of p-nuclei, significant deficiencies remain. An increasing number of processes and sites has been studied in recent years in search of viable alternatives replacing or supplementing the massive star models. A large number of unstable nuclei, however, with only theoretically predicted reaction rates are included in the reaction network and thus the nuclear input may also bear considerable uncertainties. The current status of astrophysical models, nuclear input and observational constraints is reviewed. After an overview of currently discussed models, the focus is on the possibility to better constrain those models through different means. Meteoritic data not only provide the actual isotopic abundances of the p-nuclei but can also put constraints on the possible contribution of proton-rich nucleosynthesis. The main part of the review focuses on the nuclear uncertainties involved in the determination of the astrophysical reaction rates required for the extended reaction networks used in nucleosynthesis studies. Experimental approaches are discussed together with their necessary connection to theory, which is especially pronounced for reactions with intermediate and heavy nuclei in explosive nuclear burning, even close to stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rauscher
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Yuan J, Liu Y. Quantum-mechanical equilibrium isotopic fractionation correction to radiocarbon dating: a theory study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [PMID: 26224919 PMCID: PMC4514661 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper relates the quantum–mechanical equilibrium isotopic fractionation correction to the radiocarbon dating method by Eq. 9, and also shows the significant influence of temperature on the method. It is suggested that the correction is a function of the frequencies and temperature of a specific sample and these two variables can be evaluated theoretically by the ab initio quantum calculations and experimentally by analyzing the clumped-isotope ratios in it, respectively. This paper also suggests that the 14C/12C ratio in the atmosphere in geological time can be calculated by Eq. 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 46 Guanshui Road, Guiyang, 550002 Guizhou People's Republic of China ; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 46 Guanshui Road, Guiyang, 550002 Guizhou People's Republic of China
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Litherland AE, Zhao XL, Kieser WE. Mass spectrometry with accelerators. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1037-1072. [PMID: 22031277 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As one in a series of articles on Canadian contributions to mass spectrometry, this review begins with an outline of the history of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), noting roles played by researchers at three Canadian AMS laboratories. After a description of the unique features of AMS, three examples, (14)C, (10)Be, and (129)I are given to illustrate the methods. The capabilities of mass spectrometry have been extended by the addition of atomic isobar selection, molecular isobar attenuation, further ion acceleration, followed by ion detection and ion identification at essentially zero dark current or ion flux. This has been accomplished by exploiting the techniques and accelerators of atomic and nuclear physics. In 1939, the first principles of AMS were established using a cyclotron. In 1977 the selection of isobars in the ion source was established when it was shown that the (14)N(-) ion was very unstable, or extremely difficult to create, making a tandem electrostatic accelerator highly suitable for assisting the mass spectrometric measurement of the rare long-lived radioactive isotope (14)C in the environment. This observation, together with the large attenuation of the molecular isobars (13)CH(-) and (12)CH 2(-) during tandem acceleration and the observed very low background contamination from the ion source, was found to facilitate the mass spectrometry of (14)C to at least a level of (14)C/C ~ 6 × 10(-16), the equivalent of a radiocarbon age of 60,000 years. Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, or AMS, has now made possible the accurate radiocarbon dating of milligram-sized carbon samples by ion counting as well as dating and tracing with many other long-lived radioactive isotopes such as (10)Be, (26)Al, (36)Cl, and (129)I. The difficulty of obtaining large anion currents with low electron affinities and the difficulties of isobar separation, especially for the heavier mass ions, has prompted the use of molecular anions and the search for alternative methods of isobar separation. These techniques are discussed in the latter part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Litherland
- Physics Department, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A7.
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Gao L, Li J, Kasserra C, Song Q, Arjomand A, Hesk D, Chowdhury SK. Precision and Accuracy in the Quantitative Analysis of Biological Samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application in Microdose Absolute Bioavailability Studies. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5607-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2006284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi Song
- Accium BioSciences, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Ali Arjomand
- Accium BioSciences, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
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Yokoyama Y, Guichard F, Reyss JL, VAN NH. Oceanic Residence Times of Dissolved Beryllium and Aluminum Deduced from Cosmogenic Tracers 10Be and 26Al. Science 2010; 201:1016-7. [PMID: 17743634 DOI: 10.1126/science.201.4360.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The residence times of the soluble fractions of beryllium and aluminum in seawater are estimated to be 1500 years or more. These residence times are estimated from a comparison of the annual deposition rates of cosmogenic beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 with the concentrations of beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 in seawater estimated from the specific activities of these radionuclides in an authigenic mineral assembly such as a manganese nodule. These residence times are greater by an order of magnitude than the mean residence times of beryllium and aluminum estimated from the geochemical balance.
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Elmore D, Phillips FM. Accelerator mass spectrometry for measurement of long-lived radioisotopes. Science 2010; 236:543-50. [PMID: 17740475 DOI: 10.1126/science.236.4801.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Particle accelerators, such as those built for research in nuclear physics, can also be used together with magnetic and electrostatic mass analyzers to measure rare isotopes at very low abundance ratios. All molecular ions can be eliminated when accelerated to energies of millions of electron volts. Some atomic isobars can be eliminated with the use of negative ions; others can be separated at high energies by measuring their rate of energy loss in a detector. The long-lived radioisotopes (10)Be, (14)C,(26)A1, 36Cl, and (129)1 can now be measured in small natural samples having isotopic abundances in the range 10(-12) to 10(- 5) and as few as 10(5) atoms. In the past few years, research applications of accelerator mass spectrometry have been concentrated in the earth sciences (climatology, cosmochemistry, environmental chemistry, geochronology, glaciology, hydrology, igneous petrogenesis, minerals exploration, sedimentology, and volcanology), in anthropology and archeology (radiocarbon dating), and in physics (searches for exotic particles and measurement of halflives). In addition, accelerator mass spectrometry may become an important tool for the materials and biological sciences.
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Accelerator mass spectrometry best practices for accuracy and precision in bioanalytical 14C measurements. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:455-68. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometers have an energy acceleration and charge exchange between mass definition stages to destroy molecular isobars and allow single ion counting of long-lived isotopes such as 14C (t½=5370 years.). ‘Low’ voltage accelerations to 200 kV allow laboratory-sized accelerator mass spectrometers instruments for bioanalytical quantitation of 14C to 2–3% precision and accuracy in isolated biochemical fractions. After demonstrating this accuracy and precision for our new accelerator mass spectrometer, we discuss the critical aspects of maintaining quantitative accuracy from the defined biological fraction to the accelerator mass spectrometry quantitation. These aspects include sufficient sample mass for routine rapid sample preparation, isotope dilution to assure this mass, isolation of the carbon from other sample combustion gasses and use of high-efficiency biochemical separations. This review seeks to address a bioanalytical audience, who should know that high accuracy data of physiochemical processes within living human subjects are available, as long as a 14C quantitation can be made indicative of the physiochemistry of interest.
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Chapter 5 Radionuclides as Tracers and Timers in Surface and Groundwater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-4860(09)01605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
In this overview the technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and its use are described. AMS is a highly sensitive method of counting atoms. It is used to detect very low concentrations of natural isotopic abundances (typically in the range between 10(-12) and 10(-16)) of both radionuclides and stable nuclides. The main advantages of AMS compared to conventional radiometric methods are the use of smaller samples (mg and even sub-mg size) and shorter measuring times (less than 1 hr). The equipment used for AMS is almost exclusively based on the electrostatic tandem accelerator, although some of the newest systems are based on a slightly different principle. Dedicated accelerators as well as older "nuclear physics machines" can be found in the 80 or so AMS laboratories in existence today. The most widely used isotope studied with AMS is 14C. Besides radiocarbon dating this isotope is used in climate studies, biomedicine applications and many other fields. More than 100,000 14C samples are measured per year. Other isotopes studied include 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, 59Ni, 129I, U, and Pu. Although these measurements are important, the number of samples of these other isotopes measured each year is estimated to be less than 10% of the number of 14C samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Hellborg
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 62 LUND, Sweden.
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Love AH, Hunt JR, Vogel JS, Knezovich JP. Improving tritium exposure reconstructions using accelerator mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 379:198-203. [PMID: 14735274 PMCID: PMC2847405 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-2425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Direct measurement of tritium atoms by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) enables rapid low-activity tritium measurements from milligram-sized samples and permits greater ease of sample collection, faster throughput, and increased spatial and/or temporal resolution. Because existing methodologies for quantifying tritium have some significant limitations, the development of tritium AMS has allowed improvements in reconstructing tritium exposure concentrations from environmental measurements and provides an important additional tool in assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of chronic exposure. Tritium exposure reconstructions using AMS were previously demonstrated for a tree growing on known levels of tritiated water and for trees exposed to atmospheric releases of tritiated water vapor. In these analyses, tritium levels were measured from milligram-sized samples with sample preparation times of a few days. Hundreds of samples were analyzed within a few months of sample collection and resulted in the reconstruction of spatial and temporal exposure from tritium releases. Although the current quantification limit of tritium AMS is not adequate to determine natural environmental variations in tritium concentrations, it is expected to be sufficient for studies assessing possible health effects from chronic environmental tritium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 631 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA.
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Chen CY, Li YM, Bailey K, O'Connor TP, Young L, Lu Z. Ultrasensitive isotope trace analyses with a magneto-optical trap. Science 1999; 286:1139-41. [PMID: 10550048 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5442.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Laser manipulation of neutral atoms has been used to count individual krypton-85 and krypton-81 atoms present in a natural krypton gas sample with isotopic abundances in the range of 10(-11) and 10(-13), respectively. This method of isotope trace analysis is free of contamination from other isotopes and elements and can be applied to several different isotope tracers for a wide range of applications. The demonstrated detection efficiency is 1 x 10(-7). System improvements could increase the efficiency by many orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- CY Chen
- Physics Division, and Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Barker J, Garner RC. Biomedical applications of accelerator mass spectrometry-isotope measurements at the level of the atom. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:285-293. [PMID: 10097404 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19990228)13:4<285::aid-rcm469>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a nuclear physics technique developed about twenty years ago, that uses the high energy (several MeV) of a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator to measure very small quantities of rare and long-lived isotopes. Elements that are of interest in biomedicine and environmental sciences can be measured, often to parts per quadrillion sensitivity, i.e. zeptomole to attomole levels (10(-21)-10(-18) mole) from milligram samples. This is several orders of magnitude lower than that achievable by conventional decay counting techniques, such as liquid scintillation counting (LSC). AMS was first applied to geochemical, climatological and archaeological areas, such as for radiocarbon dating (Shroud of Turin), but more recently this technology has been used for bioanalytical applications. In this sphere, most work has been conducted using aluminium, calcium and carbon isotopes. The latter is of special interest in drug metabolism studies, where a Phase 1 adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) study can be conducted using only 10 nanoCurie (37 Bq or ca. 0.9 microSv) amounts or less of 14C-labelled drugs. In the UK, these amounts of radioactivity are below those necessary to request specific regulatory approval from the Department of Health's Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC), thus saving on valuable development time and resources. In addition, the disposal of these amounts is much less an environmental issue than that associated with microCurie quantities, which are currently used. Also, AMS should bring an opportunity to conduct "first into man" studies without the need for widespread use of animals. Centre for Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CBAMS) Ltd. is the first fully commercial company in the world to offer analytical services using AMS. With its high throughput and relatively low costs per sample analysis, AMS should be of great benefit to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries as well as other life science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barker
- Centre for Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Ltd., York, UK
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Abstract
The extension of high-sensitivity mass spectrometry to isotope ratios in the range 10
-12
- 10
-15
has been called accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) because of the use of an additional stage of acceleration that facilitates the removal of molecular interferences and the separation of isobars. In some cases the ultra-high sensitivity is obtained by exploiting the instability of the negative ion of the interfering isobar. It is now possible to measure such isotopes as
14
C at natural abundances as low as one atom in 10
+15
12
C atoms. The ideas behind this significant extension of mass spectrometric techniques will be discussed.
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Shibata S, Imamura M, Nagai H, Kobayashi K, Sakamoto K, Furukawa M, Fujiwara I. Measurements of 10Be and 26Al production cross sections with 12 GeV protons by accelerator mass spectrometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1993; 48:2617-2624. [PMID: 9969136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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McDaniel FD, Matteson S, Anthony JM, Weathers DL, Duggan JL, Marble DK, Hassan I, Zhao ZY, Arrale AM, Kim YD. Trace element analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McDaniel FD, Matteson S, Weathers DL, Duggan JL, Marble DK, Hassan I, Zhao ZY, Anthony JM. Radionuclide dating and trace element analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02041663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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ARNOLD JR, LAL D. The Significance of the Contributions of S. A. Korff to the Field of Cosmogenic Nuclides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Veltkamp AC. Radiochromatography in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:101-29. [PMID: 2258416 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the chromatographic analysis of radiolabelled compounds are discussed, with emphasis on the optimization of radioactivity detection in modern chromatographic techniques. Applications are mentioned only infrequently. The state-of-the-art of common radioactivity detection methods is reviewed, as well as promising new detection principles. The latter include flow-through liquid scintillation counting of reversed-phase column eluates based on post-column extraction and solvent segmentation, flow-through heterogeneous counting using a flow cell constructed from axially aligned scintillation fibres, flow cells especially constructed for the detection of beta-emitting radioisotopes in capillary zone electrophoresis, position-sensitive analysers employed in radio planar chromatography and, finally 14C atom counting (as opposed to 14C decay counting) by accelerator mass spectrometry.
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Imamura M, Nagai H, Honda M, Kobayashi K, Yoshida K, Yoshikawa H, Kobayashi T. Measurements of the long-lived radionuclides in environmental samples by accelerator mass spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02039851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Elmore D. Ultrasensitive radioisotope, stable-isotope, and trace-element analysis in the biological sciences using tandem accelerator mass spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 1987; 12:231-45. [PMID: 24254606 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The new technique of tandem accelerator mass spectrometry (TAMS) has improved the sensitivity for measurement of several long-lived radioisotopes and certain stable isotopes by many orders of magnitude. Nuclear physics tandems and new small dedicated accelerators are now able to measure(14)C,(10)Be,(26)Al,(32)Si,(36)Cl,(41)Ca, and(129)I in natural materials. Sensitivities down to 10(5) atoms per sample can be achieved in favorable cases. By accelerating ions to MeV energies, one can eliminate molecules and uniquely identify the atomic numbers below 20. Although most applications to date have been in the earth sciences, the opportunity now exists for important new applications in biology and toxicology. Trace elements can be measured at the parts per billion (10(9)) level using a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ion source. Radioactive tracer measurements can be made for elements, such as aluminum, for which there are no isotopes with suitable half-lives for conventional decay counting methods. For(14)C, counting times become much shorter and dose levels can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elmore
- Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory, University of Rochester, 14627, Rochester, NY
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The contribution of ice core studies to the understanding of environmental processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/gm033p0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Tucker AB, Woefli W, Bonani G, Suter M. Earthquake Dating: An Application of Carbon-14 Atom Counting. Science 1983; 219:1320-1. [PMID: 17735610 DOI: 10.1126/science.219.4590.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Milligram-sized specimens of detrital charcoal from soil layers associated with prehistoric earthquakes on the Wasatch fault in Utah have been dated by direct atom counting of carbon-14 with a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The measured ratios of carbon-14 to carbon-12 correspond to ages of 7800, 8800, and 9000 years with uncertainties of +/- 600 years.
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Abstract
The energetic nuclei in cosmic rays interact with meteoroids, the moon, planets, and other solar system matter. The nuclides and heavy nuclei tracks produced by the cosmic-ray particles in these targets contain a wealth of information about the history of the objects and temporal and spatial variations in the particle fluxes. Most lunar samples and meny meteorites have complex histories of cosmicray exposure from erosion, gardening, fragmentation, orbital changes, and other processes. There appear to be variations in the past fluxes of solar particles, and possibly also galactic cosmic rays, on time scales of 10(4) to 10(7) years.
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On the Way to the Laser Highly-Selective Detection of Very Rare Isotopes Against the Background of Abundant Isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-38814-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Southon J, Vogel J, Nowikow I, Nelson D, Korteling R, Ku TL, Kusakabe M, Huh CA. The measurement of 10Be concentrations with a tandem accelerator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5087(83)90195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Brown L, Klein J, Middleton R, Sacks IS, Tera F. 10Be in island-arc volcanoes and implications for subduction. Nature 1982. [DOI: 10.1038/299718a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ku TL, Kusakabe M, Nelson DE, Southern JR, Korteling RG, Vogel J, Nowikow I. Constancy of oceanic deposition of 10Be as recorded in manganese crusts. Nature 1982. [DOI: 10.1038/299240a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Litherland A, Beukens R, Kilius L, Rucklidge J, Gove H, Elmore D, Purser K. Ultra-sensitive mass spectrometry with tandem accelerators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(81)90941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Henning W, Kutschera W, Paul M, Smither RK, J. Stephenson E, Yntema JL. Accelerator mass spectrometry and radioisotope detection at the Argonne FN tandem facility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(81)90876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gove H, Elmore D, Ferraro R, Beukens R, Chang K, Kilius L, Lee H, litherland A, Purser K. Radioisotope detection with tandem electrostatic accelerators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(80)91288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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