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Gao S, Camarero JJ, Babst F, Liang E. Global tree growth resilience to cold extremes following the Tambora volcanic eruption. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6616. [PMID: 37857605 PMCID: PMC10587176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the global climate is warming, external forcing driven by explosive volcanic eruptions may still cause abrupt cooling. The 1809 and 1815 Tambora eruptions caused lasting cold extremes worldwide, providing a unique lens that allows us to investigate the magnitude of global forest resilience to and recovery from volcanic cooling. Here, we show that growth resilience inferred from tree-ring data was severely impacted by cooling in high latitudes and elevations: the average tree growth decreased substantially (up to 31.8%), especially in larch forests, and regional-scale probabilities of severe growth reduction (below -2σ) increased up to 1390%. The influence of the eruptions extended longer (beyond the year 1824) in mid- than in high-latitudes, presumably due to the combined impacts of cold and drought stress. As Tambora-size eruptions statistically occur every 200-400 years, assessing their influences on ecosystems can help humankind mitigate adverse impacts on natural resources through improved management, especially in high latitude and elevation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Eryuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
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2
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Li Z, Bi J, Hu Z, Ma J, Li B. Regional transportation and influence of atmospheric aerosols triggered by Tonga volcanic eruption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121429. [PMID: 36906060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A cataclysmic submarine volcano at Hunga Tonga-HungaHa'apai (HTHH) near Tonga, erupted violently on 15 January 2022, which injected a plume of ash cloud soaring into the upper atmosphere. In this study, we examined the regional transportation and potential influence of atmospheric aerosols triggered by HTHH volcano, based on active and passive satellite products, ground-based observations, multi-source reanalysis datasets and atmospheric radiative transfer model. The results indicated that about 0.7 Tg (1 Tg = 109 kg) sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas were emitted into stratosphere from the HTHH volcano, and were lifted to an altitude of 30 km. The regional averaged SO2 columnar content over the western Tonga increased by 10-36 Dobson Units (DU), and the mean aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieved from satellite products increased to 0.25-0.34. The stratospheric AOT values caused by HTHH emissions increased to 0.03, 0.20, and 0.23 on 16, 17, and 19 January, respectively, accounting for 1.5%, 21.9%, and 31.1% of total AOT. Ground-based observations also showed an AOT increase of 0.25-0.43, with the maximum daily average of 0.46-0.71 appeared on 17 January. The volcanic aerosols were remarkably dominated by fine-mode particles and posed strong light-scattering and hygroscopic abilities. Consequently, the mean downward surface net shortwave radiative flux was reduced by 2.45-11.9 Wm-2 on different regional scales, and the surface temperature decreased by 0.16-0.42 K. The maximum aerosol extinction coefficient was 0.51 km-1 appeared at 27 km, which resulted in an instantaneous shortwave heating rate of 1.80 Khour-1. These volcanic materials stayed stable in the stratosphere and completed one circle around the earth within 15 days. This would exert a profound influence on the energy budget, water vapor and ozone exchange in the stratosphere, which deserves to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Semi-arid Climate and Environment, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Bi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Semi-arid Climate and Environment, 730000, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System Ministry of Education, And Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, 519082, Zhuhai, China
| | - Junyang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Semi-arid Climate and Environment, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Semi-arid Climate and Environment, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Guillet S, Corona C, Oppenheimer C, Lavigne F, Khodri M, Ludlow F, Sigl M, Toohey M, Atkins PS, Yang Z, Muranaka T, Horikawa N, Stoffel M. Lunar eclipses illuminate timing and climate impact of medieval volcanism. Nature 2023; 616:90-95. [PMID: 37020006 PMCID: PMC10076221 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Explosive volcanism is a key contributor to climate variability on interannual to centennial timescales1. Understanding the far-field societal impacts of eruption-forced climatic changes requires firm event chronologies and reliable estimates of both the burden and altitude (that is, tropospheric versus stratospheric) of volcanic sulfate aerosol2,3. However, despite progress in ice-core dating, uncertainties remain in these key factors4. This particularly hinders investigation of the role of large, temporally clustered eruptions during the High Medieval Period (HMP, 1100-1300 CE), which have been implicated in the transition from the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly to the Little Ice Age5. Here we shed new light on explosive volcanism during the HMP, drawing on analysis of contemporary reports of total lunar eclipses, from which we derive a time series of stratospheric turbidity. By combining this new record with aerosol model simulations and tree-ring-based climate proxies, we refine the estimated dates of five notable eruptions and associate each with stratospheric aerosol veils. Five further eruptions, including one responsible for high sulfur deposition over Greenland circa 1182 CE, affected only the troposphere and had muted climatic consequences. Our findings offer support for further investigation of the decadal-scale to centennial-scale climate response to volcanic eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Guillet
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe Corona
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- GEOLAB, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Franck Lavigne
- Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Thiais, France
| | - Myriam Khodri
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, IPSL, Sorbonne Université/IRD/CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Francis Ludlow
- Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Toohey
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul S Atkins
- Department of Asian Languages & Literature, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomoko Muranaka
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nobuko Horikawa
- Department of Asian Languages & Literature, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Titus T, Robertson D, Sankey JB, Mastin L, Rengers F. A review of common natural disasters as analogs for asteroid impact effects and cascading hazards. NATURAL HAZARDS (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 116:1355-1402. [PMID: 36776703 PMCID: PMC9900588 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern civilization has no collective experience with possible wide-ranging effects from a medium-sized asteroid impactor. Currently, modeling efforts that predict initial effects from a meteor impact or airburst provide needed information for initial preparation and evacuation plans, but longer-term cascading hazards are not typically considered. However, more common natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, wildfires, dust storms, and hurricanes, are likely analogs that can provide the scope and scale of these potential effects. These events, especially the larger events with cascading effects, are key for understanding the scope and complexity of mitigation, relief, and recovery efforts for a medium-sized asteroid impact event. This paper reviews the initial and cascading effects of these natural hazards, describes the state of the art for modeling these hazards, and discusses the relevance of these hazards to expected long-term effects of an asteroid impact. Emergency managers, resource managers and planners, and research scientists involved in mitigation and recovery efforts would likely derive significant benefit from a framework linking multiple hazard models to provide a seamless sequence of related forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Titus
- Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - D. Robertson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA USA
| | - J. B. Sankey
- Southwest Biological Science Center, Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - L. Mastin
- U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA USA
| | - F. Rengers
- Geologic Hazards Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO USA
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5
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Sadili A, Hidayat A, Jakalalana S, Kurniawan A, Sahroni D, Solikin, Brearley FQ. Forest composition and structure after 200 years of succession following the eruption of Mount Tambora (Indonesia). ECOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2021.2010332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asep Sadili
- Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Arief Hidayat
- Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Supardi Jakalalana
- Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Adi Kurniawan
- Tambora National Park, Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia, Dompu, Indonesia
| | - Deni Sahroni
- Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Solikin
- Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Pasuruan, Indonesia
| | - Francis Q. Brearley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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6
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Mani L, Tzachor A, Cole P. Global catastrophic risk from lower magnitude volcanic eruptions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4756. [PMID: 34362902 PMCID: PMC8346556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalisation supports the clustering of critical infrastructure systems, sometimes in proximity to lower-magnitude (VEI 3–6) volcanic centres. In this emerging risk landscape, moderate volcanic eruptions might have cascading, catastrophic effects. Risk assessments ought to be considered in this light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Mani
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Asaf Tzachor
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Sustainability, The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Paul Cole
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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7
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Evidence of Unknown Paleo-Tsunami Events along the Alas Strait, West Sumbawa, Indonesia. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia is exposed to earthquakes, volcanic activities, and associated tsunamis. This is particularly the case for Lombok and Sumbawa Islands in West Nusa Tenggara, where evidence of tsunamis is frequently observed in its coastal sedimentary record. If the 1815 CE Tambora eruption on Sumbawa Island generated a tsunami with well-identified traces on the surrounding islands, little is known about the consequences of the 1257 CE tremendous eruption of Samalas on the neighboring islands, and especially about the possible tsunamis generated in reason of a paucity of research on coastal sedimentary records in this area. However, on Lombok Island, the eruption of the Samalas volcano produced significant volumes of pyroclastic flows that entered the sea in the North and East of the island. These phenomena must have produced a tsunami that left their traces, especially on Sumbawa Island, whose western coastline is only 14 km away from Lombok’s eastern shore. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate, find evidence, and determine the age of marine-origin sediments along the shore of the Alas Strait, Indonesia. We collected and analyzed samples of coral and seashells from marine deposits identified along the west coast of Sumbawa, i.e., in Belang Island and abandoned fishponds in Kiantar Village, in order to identify the sources and the occurrence period of these deposits events. Based on the radiocarbon dating of coral and seashell samples, we concluded that none of the identified marine deposits along the western coast of Sumbawa could be related chronologically to the 1257 CE eruption of Samalas. However, possible tsunami deposits located in Belang Island and abandoned fishponds in Kiantar Village yielded 4th century CE, 9th century CE, and 17th century CE. We also conclude that past large earthquakes triggered these tsunamis since no known volcanic eruption occurred near the Alas Strait at that time that may have triggered a tsunami.
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8
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Jägermeyr J, Robock A, Elliott J, Müller C, Xia L, Khabarov N, Folberth C, Schmid E, Liu W, Zabel F, Rabin SS, Puma MJ, Heslin A, Franke J, Foster I, Asseng S, Bardeen CG, Toon OB, Rosenzweig C. A regional nuclear conflict would compromise global food security. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7071-7081. [PMID: 32179678 PMCID: PMC7132296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited nuclear war between India and Pakistan could ignite fires large enough to emit more than 5 Tg of soot into the stratosphere. Climate model simulations have shown severe resulting climate perturbations with declines in global mean temperature by 1.8 °C and precipitation by 8%, for at least 5 y. Here we evaluate impacts for the global food system. Six harmonized state-of-the-art crop models show that global caloric production from maize, wheat, rice, and soybean falls by 13 (±1)%, 11 (±8)%, 3 (±5)%, and 17 (±2)% over 5 y. Total single-year losses of 12 (±4)% quadruple the largest observed historical anomaly and exceed impacts caused by historic droughts and volcanic eruptions. Colder temperatures drive losses more than changes in precipitation and solar radiation, leading to strongest impacts in temperate regions poleward of 30°N, including the United States, Europe, and China for 10 to 15 y. Integrated food trade network analyses show that domestic reserves and global trade can largely buffer the production anomaly in the first year. Persistent multiyear losses, however, would constrain domestic food availability and propagate to the Global South, especially to food-insecure countries. By year 5, maize and wheat availability would decrease by 13% globally and by more than 20% in 71 countries with a cumulative population of 1.3 billion people. In view of increasing instability in South Asia, this study shows that a regional conflict using <1% of the worldwide nuclear arsenal could have adverse consequences for global food security unmatched in modern history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jägermeyr
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY 10025
- Climate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Joshua Elliott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Christoph Müller
- Climate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lili Xia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Nikolay Khabarov
- Ecosystem Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Christian Folberth
- Ecosystem Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Erwin Schmid
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modeling, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian Zabel
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Sam S Rabin
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Michael J Puma
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY 10025
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | - Alison Heslin
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY 10025
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
| | - James Franke
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ian Foster
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Senthold Asseng
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Charles G Bardeen
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Owen B Toon
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Cynthia Rosenzweig
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY 10025
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
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9
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Abstract
We present a high-resolution, replicated speleothem δ18O record from Klang Cave in southern Thailand that characterizes rainfall variation in NCIP over the past 2,700 y. This record reveals notable dry climate conditions during the current and past warm periods, similar to the observations in SCIP, which resemble enhanced El Niño-like conditions. Using a newly developed ITCZ shift index, we find a southward shifted ITCZ during the early MWP and the CWP. Our results suggest that detecting changes in rainfall due to anthropogenic forcing still remains indistinguishable from natural variability in the northern tropics. Tropical rainfall variability is closely linked to meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and zonal movements of the Walker circulation. The characteristics and mechanisms of tropical rainfall variations on centennial to decadal scales are, however, still unclear. Here, we reconstruct a replicated stalagmite-based 2,700-y-long, continuous record of rainfall for the deeply convective northern central Indo-Pacific (NCIP) region. Our record reveals decreasing rainfall in the NCIP over the past 2,700 y, similar to other records from the northern tropics. Notable centennial- to decadal-scale dry climate episodes occurred in both the NCIP and the southern central Indo-Pacific (SCIP) during the 20th century [Current Warm Period (CWP)] and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), resembling enhanced El Niño-like conditions. Further, we developed a 2,000-y-long ITCZ shift index record that supports an overall southward ITCZ shift in the central Indo-Pacific and indicates southward mean ITCZ positions during the early MWP and the CWP. As a result, the drying trend since the 20th century in the northern tropics is similar to that observed during the past warm period, suggesting that a possible anthropogenic forcing of rainfall remains indistinguishable from natural variability.
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10
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Liu Y, Zhang M, Fang X. Extreme phenophase delays and their relationship with natural forcings in Beijing over the past 260 years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1229-1239. [PMID: 29556764 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By merging reconstructed phenological series from published articles and observations of China Phenology Observation Network (CPON), the first blooming date of Amygdalus davidiana (FBA) in Beijing between 1741 and 2000 is reconstructed. The Butterworth method is used to remove the multi-year variations for generating the phenological series of annual variations in the first blooming date of A. davidiana. The extreme delay years in the phenological series are identified using the percentage threshold method. The characteristics of the extreme delays and the correspondence of these events with natural forcings are analysed. The main results are as follows. In annual phenological series, the extreme delays appeared in single year as main feature, only A.D.1800-1801, 1816-1817 and 1983-1984 were the events of two consecutively extreme years. Approximately 85% of the extreme delays occurred during 1-2 years after the large volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥ 4) in the eastern rim or the western rim of the Pacific Ocean, as the same proportion of the extreme delays followed El Niño events. About 73% years of the extreme delays fall in the valleys of sunspot cycles or the Dalton minimum period in the year or the previous year. According to the certainty factor (CF), the large eruptions have the greatest influence to the extreme delays; sunspot activity is the second, and ENSO is the last one. The extreme phenological delayed year is most likely to occur after a large eruption, which particularly occurs during El Niño year and its previous several years were in the descending portion or valley of sunspot phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Yost CL, Jackson LJ, Stone JR, Cohen AS. Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption. J Hum Evol 2018; 116:75-94. [PMID: 29477183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The temporal proximity of the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption to a putative 100-50 ka human population bottleneck is the basis for the volcanic winter/weak Garden of Eden hypothesis, which states that the eruption caused a 6-year-long global volcanic winter and reduced the effective population of anatomically modern humans (AMH) to fewer than 10,000 individuals. To test this hypothesis, we sampled two cores collected from Lake Malawi with cryptotephra previously fingerprinted to the Toba supereruption. Phytolith and charcoal samples were continuously collected at ∼3-4 mm (∼8-9 yr) intervals above and below the Toba cryptotephra position, with no stratigraphic breaks. For samples synchronous or proximal to the Toba interval, we found no change in low elevation tree cover, or in cool climate C3 and warm season C4 xerophytic and mesophytic grass abundance that is outside of normal variability. A spike in locally derived charcoal and xerophytic C4 grasses immediately after the Toba eruption indicates reduced precipitation and die-off of at least some afromontane vegetation, but does not signal volcanic winter conditions. A review of Toba tuff petrological and melt inclusion studies suggest a Tambora-like 50 to 100 Mt SO2 atmospheric injection. However, most Toba climate models use SO2 values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher, thereby significantly overestimating the amount of cooling. A review of recent genetic studies finds no support for a genetic bottleneck at or near ∼74 ka. Based on these previous studies and our new paleoenvironmental data, we find no support for the Toba catastrophe hypothesis and conclude that the Toba supereruption did not 1) produce a 6-year-long volcanic winter in eastern Africa, 2) cause a genetic bottleneck among African AMH populations, or 3) bring humanity to the brink of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad L Yost
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Lily J Jackson
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway Stop C9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffery R Stone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Andrew S Cohen
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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12
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Role of eruption season in reconciling model and proxy responses to tropical volcanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1822-1826. [PMID: 28179573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612505114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to tropical volcanic eruptions has important worldwide implications, but remains poorly constrained. Paleoclimate records suggest an "El Niño-like" warming 1 year following major eruptions [Adams JB, Mann ME, Ammann CM (2003) Nature 426:274-278] and "La Niña-like" cooling within the eruption year [Li J, et al. (2013) Nat Clim Chang 3:822-826]. However, climate models currently cannot capture all these responses. Many eruption characteristics are poorly constrained, which may contribute to uncertainties in model solutions-for example, the season of eruption occurrence is often unknown and assigned arbitrarily. Here we isolate the effect of eruption season using experiments with the Community Earth System Model (CESM), varying the starting month of two large tropical eruptions. The eruption-year atmospheric circulation response is strongly seasonally dependent, with effects on European winter warming, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the southeast Asian monsoon. This creates substantial variations in eruption-year hydroclimate patterns, which do sometimes exhibit La Niña-like features as in the proxy record. However, eruption-year equatorial Pacific cooling is not driven by La Niña dynamics, but strictly by transient radiative cooling. In contrast, equatorial warming the following year occurs for all starting months and operates dynamically like El Niño. Proxy reconstructions confirm these results: eruption-year cooling is insignificant, whereas warming in the following year is more robust. This implies that accounting for the event season may be necessary to describe the initial response to volcanic eruptions and that climate models may be more accurately simulating volcanic influences than previously thought.
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Szabó P, Gálová A, Jamrichová E, Šumberová K, Šipoš J, Hédl R. Trends and events through seven centuries: the history of a wetland landscape in the Czech Republic. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2017; 17:501-514. [PMID: 28890665 PMCID: PMC5586588 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-016-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change can be viewed as the combined result of long-term processes and singular events. While long-term trends appear to be readily available for observation (in the form of temporal comparisons or space-for-time substitution), it is more difficult to gain information on singular events in the past, although these can be equally significant in shaping ecosystems. We examined the past 700 years in the history of a lowland wetland landscape in the Czech Republic with the help of palaeoecological, ecological, landscape archaeological, and archival data. Macrofossil and pollen data were compared to known drainage works in the area and historical climatological data. Trends and events in habitat conditions were assessed using species indicator values. Results showed that ecological succession was the general process in the study area, detected as a trend towards eutrophication, desiccation and vegetation closure. Short-term events influenced development at the sites mainly from the second half of the 19th century. This is consistent with drainage history, although bias related to sample frequency cannot be excluded. On the whole, long-term trends and discrete events were complementary on different scales. We conclude that humans facilitated and accelerated background processes, which can be most likely associated with the succession of open wetlands towards terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Szabó
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27 Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Gálová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2 Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jamrichová
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27 Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2 Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šumberová
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27 Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šipoš
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27 Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chitussiho 10 Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Hédl
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27 Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic
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Raible CC, Brönnimann S, Auchmann R, Brohan P, Frölicher TL, Graf HF, Jones P, Luterbacher J, Muthers S, Neukom R, Robock A, Self S, Sudrajat A, Timmreck C, Wegmann M. Tambora 1815 as a test case for high impact volcanic eruptions: Earth system effects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. CLIMATE CHANGE 2016; 7:569-589. [PMID: 31423155 PMCID: PMC6686350 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the 'Year Without a Summer' of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event-tens of thousands of people lost their lives-the eruption also was an 'experiment of nature' from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as expressed in early instrumental observations, climate proxies and geological evidence, climate reconstructions, and model simulations. Progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the eruption process and estimated amount of SO2 injected into the atmosphere, although large uncertainties still exist with respect to altitude and hemispheric distribution of Tambora aerosols. With respect to climate effects, the global and Northern Hemispheric cooling are well constrained by proxies whereas there is no strong signal in Southern Hemisphere proxies. Newly recovered early instrumental information for Western Europe and parts of North America, regions with particularly strong climate effects, allow Tambora's effect on the weather systems to be addressed. Climate models respond to prescribed Tambora-like forcing with a strengthening of the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex, global cooling and a slowdown of the water cycle, weakening of the summer monsoon circulations, a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and a decrease of atmospheric CO2. Combining observations, climate proxies, and model simulations for the case of Tambora, a better understanding of climate processes has emerged. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:569-589. doi: 10.1002/wcc.407 This article is categorized under: 1Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph C Raible
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Climate and Environmental Physics University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Stefan Brönnimann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Renate Auchmann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Environmental Physics Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hans-F Graf
- Geography Department Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Phil Jones
- Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglia Norwich UK
- Department of Meteorology Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology Climate Dynamics and Climate Change Justus Liebig University of Giessen Giessen Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Stefan Muthers
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Climate and Environmental Physics University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Raphael Neukom
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Stephen Self
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Adjat Sudrajat
- Department of Geology Padjadjaran University Bandung Indonesia
| | | | - Martin Wegmann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Jutzeler M, Marsh R, Carey RJ, White JDL, Talling PJ, Karlstrom L. On the fate of pumice rafts formed during the 2012 Havre submarine eruption. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3660. [PMID: 24755668 PMCID: PMC3997806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pumice rafts are floating mobile accumulations of low-density pumice clasts generated by silicic volcanic eruptions. Pumice in rafts can drift for years, become waterlogged and sink, or become stranded on shorelines. Here we show that the pumice raft formed by the impressive, deep submarine eruption of the Havre caldera volcano (Southwest Pacific) in July 2012 can be mapped by satellite imagery augmented by sailing crew observations. Far from coastal interference, the eruption produced a single >400 km2 raft in 1 day, thus initiating a gigantic, high-precision, natural experiment relevant to both modern and prehistoric oceanic surface dispersal dynamics. Observed raft dispersal can be accurately reproduced by simulating drift and dispersal patterns using currents from an eddy-resolving ocean model hindcast. For future eruptions that produce potentially hazardous pumice rafts, our technique allows real-time forecasts of dispersal routes, in addition to inference of ash/pumice deposit distribution in the deep ocean. Pumice rafts result from volcanic eruptions into and onto water, and can be extensive and potentially hazardous, but tracking their dispersal is difficult. Jutzeler et al. combine satellite imagery and an ocean model to accurately forecast pumice raft dispersal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jutzeler
- 1] National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK [2] Department of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9056, New Zealand
| | - Robert Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Rebecca J Carey
- CODES-ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, PO Box 79, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - James D L White
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9056, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Talling
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Leif Karlstrom
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford California 94305, USA
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Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16742-7. [PMID: 24082132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar ice core records attest to a colossal volcanic eruption that took place ca. A.D. 1257 or 1258, most probably in the tropics. Estimates based on sulfate deposition in these records suggest that it yielded the largest volcanic sulfur release to the stratosphere of the past 7,000 y. Tree rings, medieval chronicles, and computational models corroborate the expected worldwide atmospheric and climatic effects of this eruption. However, until now there has been no convincing candidate for the mid-13th century "mystery eruption." Drawing upon compelling evidence from stratigraphic and geomorphic data, physical volcanology, radiocarbon dating, tephra geochemistry, and chronicles, we argue the source of this long-sought eruption is the Samalas volcano, adjacent to Mount Rinjani on Lombok Island, Indonesia. At least 40 km(3) (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra were deposited and the eruption column reached an altitude of up to 43 km. Three principal pumice fallout deposits mantle the region and thick pyroclastic flow deposits are found at the coast, 25 km from source. With an estimated magnitude of 7, this event ranks among the largest Holocene explosive eruptions. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal are consistent with a mid-13th century eruption. In addition, glass geochemistry of the associated pumice deposits matches that of shards found in both Arctic and Antarctic ice cores, providing compelling evidence to link the prominent A.D. 1258/1259 ice core sulfate spike to Samalas. We further constrain the timing of the mystery eruption based on tephra dispersal and historical records, suggesting it occurred between May and October A.D. 1257.
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Palais JM, Sigurdsson H. Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions from Major Historic and Pre-Historic Volcanic Eruptions. UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm052p0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Liu N, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Bao G. Droughts and broad-scale climate variability reflected by temperature-sensitive tree growth in the Qinling Mountains, central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2013; 57:169-177. [PMID: 22527758 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between temperature and drought was investigated using the temperature-sensitive growth of Larix chinensis Beissn in the Qinling Mountains, central China. Extremely high tree-ring width index values (TRWI) agreed well with dry conditions defined by the dryness-wetness index (DWI) obtained from data in Chinese historical documents and climate-related papers between 1814 and 1956 (before the short of instrumental measurements); the reverse applied to extremely low TRWI values. The main severe drought epochs occurred from the late 1850s to the 1870s, the 1920s to 1930s and in the 2000s, whereas wet spells occurred from 1817-1827 and 1881-1886. The droughts in the 2000s exhibited a similar pattern as the ones from the 1920s to 1930s, with obviously an increasing temperature. The variation of tree growth agreed well with other reconstructed temperature series from nearby and remote regions, suggesting that Larix chinensis could respond to broad-scale climate variability. The longest cold interval, 1817-1827, could be associated with the influence of the Tambora eruption in 1815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulating of Shaanxi Province, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721013 Shaanxi, China
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Schmidt A, Thordarson T, Oman LD, Robock A, Self S. Climatic impact of the long-lasting 1783 Laki eruption: Inapplicability of mass-independent sulfur isotopic composition measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Dansgaard W, Grootes PM. The little ice age as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical quelccaya ice cap. Science 2010; 234:361-4. [PMID: 17834534 DOI: 10.1126/science.234.4774.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The analyses of two ice cores from a southern tropical ice cap provide a record of climatic conditions over 1000 years for a region where other proxy records are nearly absent. Annual variations in visible dust layers, oxygen isotopes, microparticle concentrations, conductivity, and identification of the historical (A.D. 1600) Huaynaputina ash permit accurate dating and time-scale verification. The fact that the Little Ice Age (about A.D. 1500 to 1900) stands out as a significant climatic event in the oxygen isotope and electrical conductivity records confirms the worldwide character of this event.
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Ammann CM, Naveau P. A statistical volcanic forcing scenario generator for climate simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stenchikov G, Delworth TL, Ramaswamy V, Stouffer RJ, Wittenberg A, Zeng F. Volcanic signals in oceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Siklósy Z, Demény A, Vennemann TW, Pilet S, Kramers J, Leél-Ossy S, Bondár M, Shen CC, Hegner E. Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:801-808. [PMID: 19219896 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope analyses of speleothems (carbonate deposits formed in caves) have been widely used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Recent improvements in geochemical techniques have enabled us to analyze climate-influenced deposits at high temporal resolution so that hitherto unrecognized environmental conditions may be identified. Stable H, C and O isotope analyses on carbonate and inclusion water have been combined with multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) age dating and laser-ablation ICP-MS trace element analyses on a stalagmite from southern Hungary. The study reveals significant changes in chemical and isotopic compositions of the speleothem between approx. 3800 and 3500 years BP ('Before Present') indicating coupled changes in the temperature and precipitation regime under which the speleothem formed. Stable isotopic and trace element correlations within this time period correlate with similar studies of stalagmites of comparable age from the Alpine-Mediterranean region. Our studies suggest that traces of deposition of volcanic dust, possibly related to the Thera eruption of Santorini (Greece) ca. 1650 BC (approximately 3650 BP), and environmental changes can be detected at a distance of several thousand kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Siklósy
- Institute for Geochemical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
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Chakraborty P, Gioia G, Kieffer SW. Volcanic mesocyclones. Nature 2009; 458:497-500. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gao C, Robock A, Ammann C. Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gao C, Oman L, Robock A, Stenchikov GL. Atmospheric volcanic loading derived from bipolar ice cores: Accounting for the spatial distribution of volcanic deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ambrose SH. Did the super-eruption of Toba cause a human population bottleneck? Reply to Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith. J Hum Evol 2004; 45:231-7. [PMID: 14580593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley H Ambrose
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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31
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Hynek BM. Explosive volcanism in the Tharsis region: Global evidence in the Martian geologic record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractSulphurous gases from explosive eruptions have the potential to form stratospheric aerosols and so produce surface cooling on a hemispheric to global scale. However, testing for any correlation between SO2 yield and surface cooling is hampered by instrumental SO2 and temperature measurements being available for time periods that include only a few large eruptions. To overcome this, published dendroclimatological data, satellite (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) data on SO2 emissions, stratospheric optical depth data, and volcanological observations are integrated, revealing several relevant new correlations. First, the efficient conversion of SO2 into stratospheric aerosols occurs when the ratio of plume height to tropopause height is greater than about 1.5. Second, the mass of emitted SO2 correlates well with the mass of erupted magma. The SO2 yield is 0.1 to 1% by mass of magma, irrespective of composition. The best-fit power law (r2=0.67) is mass of SO2 in Mt=1.77(mass of magma in Gt)0.64. Third, of the eruption clouds that are believed to have entered the stratosphere in the period 1400–1994, those with masses <5 Gt magma (DRE <2 km3) appear to have had insignificant effects on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature. The scattered data for eruptions of >10 Gt (>4 km3) magma suggest a mean cooling effect of about 0.35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Blake
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University
Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
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Thordarson T. Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schuster PF, Krabbenhoft DP, Naftz DL, Cecil LD, Olson ML, Dewild JF, Susong DD, Green JR, Abbott ML. Atmospherc mercury deposition during the last 270 years: a glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:2303-10. [PMID: 12075781 DOI: 10.1021/es0157503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecosystems and subsequent methylmercury bioaccumulation are significant environmental problems of global extent. At regional to global scales, the primary mechanism of Hg contamination is atmospheric Hg transport. Thus, a better understanding of the long-term history of atmospheric Hg cycling and quantification of the sources is critical for assessing the regional and global impact of anthropogenic Hg emissions. Ice cores collected from the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, contain a high-resolution record of total atmospheric Hg deposition (ca. 1720-1993). Total Hg in 97 ice-core samples was determined with trace-metal clean handling methods and low-level analytical procedures to reconstruct the first and most comprehensive atmospheric Hg deposition record of its kind yet available from North America. The record indicates major atmospheric releases of both natural and anthropogenic Hg from regional and global sources. Integrated over the past 270-year ice-core history, anthropogenic inputs contributed 52%, volcanic events 6%, and background sources 42%. More significantly, during the last 100 years, anthropogenic sources contributed 70% of the total Hg input. Unlike the 2-7-fold increase observed from preindustrial times (before 1840) to the mid-1980s in sediment-core records, the UFG record indicates a 20-fold increase for the same period. The sediment-core records, however, are in agreement with the last 10 years of this ice-core record, indicating declines in atmospheric Hg deposition.
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Robertson A, Overpeck J, Rind D, Mosley-Thompson E, Zielinski G, Lean J, Koch D, Penner J, Tegen I, Healy R. Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stothers RB. Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Stellar extinction period, 1961-1978. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Linsley BK, Wellington GM, Schrag DP. Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the subtropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D. Science 2000; 290:1145-8. [PMID: 11073450 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5494.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We present a 271-year record of Sr/Ca variability in a coral from Rarotonga in the South Pacific gyre. Calibration with monthly sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite and ship measurements made in a grid measuring 1 degrees by 1 degrees over the period from 1981 to 1997 indicates that this Sr/Ca record is an excellent proxy for SST. Comparison with SST from ship measurements made since 1950 in a grid measuring 5 degrees by 5 degrees also shows that the Sr/Ca data accurately record decadal changes in SST. The entire Sr/Ca record back to 1726 shows a distinct pattern of decadal variability, with repeated decadal and interdecadal SST regime shifts greater than 0. 75 degrees C. Comparison with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific, as represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (1900-1997), indicates that several of the largest decadal-scale SST variations at Rarotonga are coherent with SST regime shifts in the North Pacific. This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Linsley
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, ES 351, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Pierazzo E, Kring DA, Melosh HJ. Hydrocode simulation of the Chicxulub impact event and the production of climatically active gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scaillet B, Clemente B, Evans BW, Pichavant M. Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Stothers RB. Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Pyrheliometric period, 1881-1960. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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