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Hayakawa S. Study of Ion Dynamics by Electron Transfer Dissociation: Alkali Metals as Targets. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:A0062. [PMID: 28966899 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy collision processes for singly charged positive ions using an alkali metal target are confirmed, as a charge inversion mass spectrometry, to occur by electron transfers in successive collisions and the dissociation processes involve the formation of energy-selected neutral species from near-resonant neutralization with alkali metal targets. A doubly charged thermometer molecule was made to collide with alkali metal targets to give singly and doubly charged positive ions. The internal energy resulting from the electron transfer with the alkali metal target was very narrow and centered at a particular energy. This narrow internal energy distribution can be attributed to electron transfer by Landau-Zener potential crossing between the precursor ion and an alkali metal atom, and the coulombic repulsion between singly charged ions in the exit channel. A large cross section of more than 10-14 cm2 was estimated for high-energy electron transfer dissociation (HE-ETD). Doubly protonated phosphorylated peptides obtained by electrospray ionization were collided with Xe and Cs targets to give singly and doubly charged positive ions. Whereas doubly charged fragment ions resulting from CAD were dominant in the case of the Xe target, singly charged fragment ions resulting from ETD were dominant with the Cs target. HE-ETD using the Cs target provided all of the z-type ions by N-Cα bond cleavage without the loss of the phosphate groups. The results demonstrate that HE-ETD with an alkali metal target allowed the position of phosphorylation and the amino acid sequence of peptides with post translational modifications (PTM) to be determined.
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Snyder DT, Cooks RG. Single Analyzer Neutral Loss Scans in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Using Orthogonal Double Resonance Excitation. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this follow-up paper to our previous work on single analyzer precursor ion scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap (Snyder, D. T.; Cooks, R. G. Single analyzer precursor ion scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap using orthogonal double resonance excitation. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2017, DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1707-y), we now report the development of single analyzer neutral loss scans in a linear quadrupole ion trap using orthogonal double resonance excitation. Methodologically, there are three key differences between single analyzer precursor ion scans and neutral loss scans under constant radiofrequency (rf) conditions: (1) in the latter experiment, both excitation and ejection frequencies must be scanned, whereas in the former the ejection frequency is fixed, (2) the need to maintain a constant neutral loss while incrementing both precursor and product ion masses, complicated by the complex relationship between secular frequency and mass, requires use of two simultaneous frequency scans, both linear in mass, and (3) because the ejection frequency is scanned, a third ac signal occurring between the ac excitation and ac ejection frequency scans must also be applied and scanned in order to reject artifact peaks caused by ejection of unfragmented precursor ions. Using this methodology, we demonstrate neutral loss scans on a commercial linear ion trap using mixtures of illicit drugs and acylcarnitines. We also demonstrate neutral loss scanning on a Populus deltoides leaf and on a lignin sample, both significantly more complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Snyder
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry.
Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on
Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and
definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and
Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further
recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC
Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s
Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and
appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to
tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in
1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years,
particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the
recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive
revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus
of the mass spectrometry community.
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McLafferty FW. A century of progress in molecular mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:1-22. [PMID: 21351881 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The first mass spectrum of a molecule was measured by J.J. Thomson in 1910. Mass spectrometry (MS) soon became crucial to the study of isotopes and atomic weights and to the development of atomic weapons for World War II. Its notable applications to molecules began with the quantitative analysis of light hydrocarbons during World War II. When I joined the Dow Chemical Company in 1950, MS was not favored by organic chemists. This situation improved only with an increased understanding of gaseous ion chemistry, which was obtained through the use of extensive reference data. Gas chromatography-MS was developed in 1956, and tandem MS was first used a decade later. In neutralization-reionization MS, an unusual, unstable species is prepared by ion-beam neutralization and characterized by reionization. Electrospray ionization of a protein mixture produces its corresponding ionized molecules. In top-down proteomics, ions from an individual component can be mass separated and subjected to collision-activated and electron-capture dissociation to provide extensive sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred W McLafferty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Savee JD, Mann JE, Laperle CM, Continetti RE. Experimental probes of transient neutral species using dissociative charge exchange. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2010.537131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schröder D, Hrusak J, Schwarz H. Ligand Effects on the Reactivity of Iron (II) Cations FeX+ in the Gas Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19930970904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zettergren H, Adoui L, Bernigaud V, Cederquist H, Haag N, Holm AIS, Huber BA, Hvelplund P, Johansson H, Kadhane U, Koefoed Larsen M, Liu B, Manil B, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Panja S, Rangama J, Reinhed P, Schmidt HT, Støchkel K. Electron-Capture-Induced Dissociation of Microsolvated Di- and Tripeptide Monocations: Elucidation of Fragmentation Channels from Measurements of Negative Ions. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1619-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mayer PM, Poon C. The mechanisms of collisional activation of ions in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:608-639. [PMID: 19326436 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article is a review of the mechanisms responsible for collisional activation of ions in mass spectrometers. Part I gives a general introduction to the processes occurring when a projectile ion and neutral target collide. The theoretical background to the physical phenomena of curve-crossing excitation (for electronic and vibrational excitation), impulsive collisions (for direct translational to vibrational energy transfer), and the formation of long-lived collision intermediates is presented. Part II highlights the experimental and computational investigations that have been made into collisional activation for four experimental conditions: high (>100 eV) and intermediate (1-100 eV) center-of-mass collision energies, slow heating collisions (multiple low-energy collisions) and collisions with surfaces. The emphasis in this section is on the derived post-collision internal energy distributions that have been found to be typical for projectile ions undergoing collisions in these regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5.
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Wyer JA, Cederquist H, Haag N, Huber BA, Hvelplund P, Johansson HAB, Maisonny R, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Rangama J, Rousseau P, Schmidt HT. On the hydrogen loss from protonated nucleobases after electronic excitation or collisional electron capture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:681-688. [PMID: 19940334 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have subjected protonated nucleobases MH(+) (M = guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil and cytosine) to a range of experiments that involve high-energy (50 keV) collision induced dissociation and electron capture induced dissociation. In the latter case, both neutralisation reionisation and charge reversal were done. For the collision induced dissociation experiments, the ions interacted with O(2). In neutral reionisation, caesium atoms were used as the target gas and the protonated nucleobases captured electrons to give neutrals. These were reionised to cations a microsecond later in collisions with O(2). In choosing Cs as the target gas, we have assured that the first electron transfer process is favourable (by about 0.1-0.8 eV depending on the base). In the case of protonated adenine, charge reversal experiments (two Cs collisions) were also carried out, with the results corroborating those from the neutralisation reionisation experiments. We find that while collisional excitation of protonated nucleobases in O(2) may lead to hydrogen loss with limited probabilities, this channel becomes dominant for electron capture events. Indeed, when sampling reionised neutrals on a microsecond timescale, we see that the ratio between MH(+) and M(+) is 0.2-0.4 when one electron is captured from Cs. There are differences in these ratios between the bases but no obvious correlation with recombination energies was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ann Wyer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Wyer JA, Feketeová L, Brøndsted Nielsen S, O’Hair RAJ. Gas phase fragmentation of protonated betaine and its clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8752-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b909653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sasaki T, Matsubara H, Hayakawa S. Differences between collisionally activated and electron-transfer dissociations found for CH(2)X(2)(X = Cl, Br, and I) by using alkali-metal targets. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1679-1685. [PMID: 18613270 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-energy collisionally activated dissociation (HE-CAD) and high-energy electron- transfer dissociation (HE-ETD) on collisions with alkali-metal targets (Cs, K, and Na) were investigated for CH(2)X(2) (+) (X = Cl, Br, and I) ions by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In the HE-CAD spectra observed, peaks associated with CH(2)X(+) ions formed by a loss of a halogen atom are always predominant regardless of precursor ions and target metals. The observation of the predominant CH(2)X(+) ions is explained by the lowest energy levels of the fragments of CH(2)X(+) + X among the possible fragment energy levels and internal-energy distribution in HE-CAD. In the charge-inversion spectra, relative peak intensities of the negative ions formed by HE-ETD strongly depend on the precursor ions and the target metals. While the CHCl(2) (-) ion was predominant in the spectra of CH(2)Cl(2) (+) regardless of target species, the most intense peaks in those of CH(2)Br(2) (+) and CH(2)I(2) (+) were ascribed to either Br(-) or CH(2)Br(-) and either I(-) or I(2) (-), respectively, depending on the target metals. The dependence of the relative intensities of the fragment ions by HE-ETD on the precursor ions and target species are discussed on the basis of the energy levels of the neutral fragments and the narrow internal-energy distribution resulting from the near-resonant neutralization. It was demonstrated that HE-ETD using the alkali-metal targets provided rich information on the dissociation of the neutral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Holm AIS, Donald WA, Hvelplund P, Larsen MK, Nielsen SB, Williams ER. Investigation of energy deposited by femtosecond electron transfer in collisions using hydrated ion nanocalorimetry. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10721-7. [PMID: 18834102 DOI: 10.1021/jp8019655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion nanocalorimetry is used to investigate the internal energy deposited into M (2+)(H 2O) n , M = Mg ( n = 3-11) and Ca ( n = 3-33), upon 100 keV collisions with a Cs or Ne atom target gas. Dissociation occurs by loss of water molecules from the precursor (charge retention) or by capture of an electron to form a reduced precursor (charge reduction) that can dissociate either by loss of a H atom accompanied by water molecule loss or by exclusively loss of water molecules. Formation of bare CaOH (+) and Ca (+) by these two respective dissociation pathways occurs for clusters with n up to 33 and 17, respectively. From the threshold dissociation energies for the loss of water molecules from the reduced clusters, obtained from binding energies calculated using a discrete implementation of the Thomson liquid drop model and from quantum chemistry, estimates of the internal energy deposition can be obtained. These values can be used to establish a lower limit to the maximum and average energy deposition. Not taking into account effects of a kinetic shift, over 16 eV can be deposited into Ca (2+)(H 2O) 33, the minimum energy necessary to form bare CaOH (+) from the reduced precursor. The electron capture efficiency is at least a factor of 40 greater for collisions of Ca (2+)(H 2O) 9 with Cs than with Ne, reflecting the lower ionization energy of Cs (3.9 eV) compared to Ne (21.6 eV). The branching ratio of the two electron capture dissociation pathways differs significantly for these two target gases, but the distributions of water molecules lost from the reduced precursors are similar. These results suggest that the ionization energy of the target gas has a large effect on the electron capture efficiency, but relatively little effect on the internal energy deposited into the ion. However, the different branching ratios suggest that different electronic excited states may be accessed in the reduced precursor upon collisions with these two different target gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I S Holm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Keck H, Kuchen W, Terlouw JK, Tommes P. DOES PHENYLPHOSPHINIDENE EXIST? - MASS SPECTROMETRIC GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ph-P. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509908037019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sülzle D, O'Bannon PE, Schwarz H. A Mass‐Spectrometric Investigation of C
x
NO
2
(
x
=1, 2) Ions and Neutrals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19921250144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Sülzle
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, W‐1000 Berlin 12, F.R.G
| | - P. E. O'Bannon
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, W‐1000 Berlin 12, F.R.G
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, W‐1000 Berlin 12, F.R.G
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Zagorevski D. The generation of neutral derivatives of low-valence iron, RFe(I), by netralization-reionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:267-75. [PMID: 16107741 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry is applied for the generation of low-valence iron derivatives. Neutralization of Rfe(+) (R=H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NH(2), acac, C(6)H(5)) ions resulted in the corresponding neutrals having lifetimes of at least 5 micros. Atom connectivities in RFe ions and neutrals were elucidated by a variety of tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The present study provides the first experimental evidence of the intrinsic stability of neutral IFe, NCFe, acacFe and C(6)H(5)Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Zagorevski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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HAYAKAWA S, KABUKI N, KAWAMURA Y, KITAGUCHI A. The Basis of Charge Inversion Mass Spectrometry: I: Historical Introduction and Differences between Four Types of Charge Inversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.5702/massspec.53.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Characterization of Nitrosocarbonyl Compounds by Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zagorevskii D, Song M, Breneman C, Yuan Y, Fuchs T, Gates KS, Greenlief CM. A mass spectrometry study of tirapazamine and its metabolites. insights into the mechanism of metabolic transformations and the characterization of reaction intermediates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:881-892. [PMID: 12892912 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry methods were used to study the sites of protonation and for identification of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (1, tirapazamine), and its metabolites (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide (3), 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 4-oxide (4), 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine (5), and a related isomer 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 2-oxide (6). Fragmentation pathways of 3 and 5 indicated the 4-N-atom as the most likely site of protonation. Among the N-oxides studied, the 4-oxide (4) showed the highest degree of protonation at the oxygen atom. The differences in collision-induced dissociation of isomeric protonated 1-, 2- and 4-oxides allowed for their identification by LC/MS/MS. Gas phase and liquid phase protonation of tirapazamine occurred exclusively at the oxygen in the 4-position. A loss of OH radical from these ions (2(+)) resulted in ionized 3. Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (NR MS) experiments demonstrated the stability of the neutral analogue of protonated tirapazamine in the gas phase in the micro s time-frame. A significant portion of the neutral tirapazamine radicals (2) dissociated by loss of hydroxyl radical during the NR MS event, which indicates that previously proposed mechanisms for redox-activated DNA damage are reasonable. The activation energy for loss of hydroxyl radical from activated tirapazamine (2) was estimated to be approximately 14 kcal mol(-1). Stable neutral analogues of [3 + H](+) and [5 + H](+) ions were also generated in the course of NR MS experiments. Structures of these radicals were assigned to the molecules having an extra hydrogen atom at one of the ring N-atoms. Quantum chemical calculations of protonated 1, 3, 4 and 5 and the corresponding neutrals were performed to assist in the interpretation of experimental results and to help identify their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Zagorevskii
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.
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Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques have been utilized in conjunction with theoretical methods to detect and characterize new species formed upon ionization of gaseous mixtures containing ozone and an NOx oxide. NO5+ as well as isomeric NO4+ and NO3+ ions have been identified. Moreover, utilization of neutralization reionization mass spectrometry (NRMS) has provided strong evidence for, if not a conclusive demonstration of, the existence of a new NO3 isomer, in addition to the long-known trigonal radical, as a gaseous species with a lifetime in excess of approximately 1 microsecond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Cacace
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive Università La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sablier
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR 7651 du CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Srikanth R, Bhanuprakash K, Srinivas R. Generation and characterization of ionic and neutral silicon dihydroxide Si(OH)2+/0 and silanoic acid HSi(O)OH+/0 in the gas phase by tandem mass spectrometry and computational chemistry. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Petris G. Mass spectrometric contributions to problems related to the chemistry of atmospheres. Acc Chem Res 2002; 35:305-12. [PMID: 12020168 DOI: 10.1021/ar010044s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent mass spectrometric studies of species and processes relevant to the chemistry of atmospheres are reported. New species have been detected, including HO(3); a stratospheric reservoir of OH radicals; the [H(2)O(+)O(2)(-)] charge transfer complex, central to the atmospheric photonucleation theory; and the OSOSO oxide and its cation, likely present in the Io's atmosphere. As to ionic processes, a new route to tropospheric N(2)O in air ionized by lightning and coronas is reported, as well as the complex chemistry promoted by ionization of ozone/freon and ozone/carbonyl sulfide mixtures and the formation of O(5)(+), relevant to the problem of (18)O excess in stratospheric ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Petris
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive dell'Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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The generation and characterization of elusive metal complexes in the gas phase: neutralization–reionization mass spectrometry and related experiments. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Characterization of iminothiosulfine-type ions [HNCS2]+/− and their neutral counterparts by mass spectrometry and computational chemistry. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gerbaux P, Wentrup C, Flammang R. Mass spectrometric studies of elusive molecules that contain an N(+)-X- bond. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:367-389. [PMID: 11199377 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(2000)19:6<367::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will be concerned with the gas phase chemistry of 1,2- and 1,3-dipolar systems that contain a carbon-nitrogen bond. Although most of these compounds are stable molecules under normal conditions, certain congeners are reactive species that cannot be prepared using conventional procedures. The isolation and observation of these elusive compounds therefore require appropriate experimental conditions such as those provided by the gas phase of a mass spectrometer. In these experiments, the radical cations, corresponding to the molecule under study, must be prepared via indirect procedures, including dissociative electron ionization, on-line flash-vacuum pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, or ion-molecule reactions. Their characterization is mainly based on collisional activation and ion-molecule reactions. The formation of the corresponding highly reactive neutrals is attempted by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. This review presents more than one hundred different molecules together with their methods of preparation and the experiment used to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gerbaux
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Mons-Hainaut, 19 Avenue Maistriau, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Abstract
Studies on the applications, energetics, and mechanisms of charge-remote fragmentations are reviewed, with emphasis given to those articles published after 1992. Independent of the charge status, charge-remote fragmentations are analogous to gas-phase thermolysis. Under collisional activation and with a fixed charge, ions containing long-chain or poly-ring structures undergo charge-remote fragmentations, generating productions that are structurally informative. Interpretation of the production spectra enables one to elucidate molecular structures. Although charge-remote fragmentations have been successfully used in the structural determination of fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, triacylglycerols, steroids, peptides, ceramides, and other systems, the energetics and mechanisms of these reactions are still debated because none of the existing mechanisms can explain all the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Vivekananda S, Srinivas R, Manoharan M, Jemmis ED. Generation and Identification of Ionic and Neutral Dithioformic Acid [HC(S)SH]•+/o, Dimercaptocarbene [HSCSH]•+/o, and Dithiirane [H2C(S2)]•+/o: a Neutralization−Reionization Mass Spectrometry and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984558t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zubarev RA, Kruger NA, Fridriksson EK, Lewis MA, Horn DM, Carpenter BK, McLafferty FW. Electron Capture Dissociation of Gaseous Multiply-Charged Proteins Is Favored at Disulfide Bonds and Other Sites of High Hydrogen Atom Affinity. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981948k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Zubarev
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Nathan A. Kruger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Einar K. Fridriksson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Mark A. Lewis
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David M. Horn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Fred W. McLafferty
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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Schalley CA, Blanksby S, Harvey JN, Schröder D, Zummack W, Bowie JH, Schwarz H. A Combined Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometric and Theoretical Study of Oxyallyl and Other Elusive [C3, H4, O] Neutrals. European J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199806)1998:6<987::aid-ejoc987>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Limberg C, Köppe R, Schnöckel H. Matrixisolierung und Charakterisierung eines reaktiven Intermediates bei der Olefinoxidation mit Chromylchlorid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980216)110:4<512::aid-ange512>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schalley CA, Hornung G, Schrdder D, Schwarz H. Mass spectrometry as a tool to probe the gas-phase reactivity of neutral molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The isomers of dichloromethane and its radical cation: an ab initio exploration of the neutral and charged CH2Cl2 potential energy surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(97)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schalley CA, Harvey JN, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Ether Oxides: A New Class of Stable Ylides? A Theoretical Study of Methanol Oxide and Dimethyl Ether Oxide. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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A. Schalley C, Hornung G, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Mass spectrometric approaches to the reactivity of transient neutrals. Chem Soc Rev 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a827091z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Flammang R, Wentrup C. Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry of Sulfurcontaining Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/01961779708047921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Hayakawa S, Endoh H, Arakawa K, Morishita N. Dissociation mechanism of electronically excited C3H4 isomers by charge inversion mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vivekananda S, Srinivas R. Generation and characterization of ionic and neutral (methylthio)oxophosphane (CH3SP O)+·/o and (methoxy)oxophosphane (CH3OP O)+·/o by neutralizationreionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hornung G, Schalley CA, Dieterle M, Schröder D, Schwarz H. A Study of the Gas-Phase Reactivity of Neutral Alkoxy Radicals by Mass Spectrometry: α-Cleavages and Barton-type Hydrogen Migrations. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970031120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Bouchoux G, Choret N, Flammang R. Unimolecular Chemistry of Protonated Diols in the Gas Phase: Internal Cyclization and Hydride Ion Transfer. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970479q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Bouchoux
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, URA CNRS 1307, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université de Mons-Hainaut, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - N. Choret
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, URA CNRS 1307, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université de Mons-Hainaut, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R. Flammang
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, URA CNRS 1307, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université de Mons-Hainaut, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Schalley CA, Fiedler A, Hornung G, Wesendrup R, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Dimethyl Peroxide Radical Cation: A New Theoretical and Experimental Approach to the C2H6O•+2 Potential Energy Surface. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fiedler A, Kretzschmar I, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Chromium Dioxide Cation OCrO+ in the Gas Phase: Structure, Electronic States, and the Reactivity with Hydrogen and Hydrocarbons1. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja960157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fiedler
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilona Kretzschmar
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Schröder D, Schalley CA, Schwarz H, Goldberg N, Hrûsák J. Gas-Phase Experiments Aimed at Probing the Existence of the Elusive Water Oxide Molecule. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960021009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Shaffer SA, Sadílek M, Tureček F. Hypervalent Ammonium Radicals. Effects of Alkyl Groups and Aromatic Substituents. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo960320u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - Martin Sadílek
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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Sadílek M, Tureček F. Probing Hypervalent Radicals by Neutralization−Laser Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960172b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sadílek
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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