1
|
Fritz AJ, El Dika M, Toor RH, Rodriguez PD, Foley SJ, Ullah R, Nie D, Banerjee B, Lohese D, Glass KC, Frietze S, Ghule PN, Heath JL, Imbalzano AN, van Wijnen A, Gordon J, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Stein GS. Epigenetic-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression for Biological Control and Cancer: Cell and Tissue Structure, Function, and Phenotype. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:339-373. [PMID: 36348114 PMCID: PMC9753575 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms play a central role in the biological control of cell and tissue structure, function, and phenotype. Identification of epigenetic dysregulation in cancer provides mechanistic into tumor initiation and progression and may prove valuable for a variety of clinical applications. We present an overview of epigenetically driven mechanisms that are obligatory for physiological regulation and parameters of epigenetic control that are modified in tumor cells. The interrelationship between nuclear structure and function is not mutually exclusive but synergistic. We explore concepts influencing the maintenance of chromatin structures, including phase separation, recognition signals, factors that mediate enhancer-promoter looping, and insulation and how these are altered during the cell cycle and in cancer. Understanding how these processes are altered in cancer provides a potential for advancing capabilities for the diagnosis and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Mohammed El Dika
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rabail H. Toor
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Stephen J. Foley
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Rahim Ullah
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Daijing Nie
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Bodhisattwa Banerjee
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dorcas Lohese
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Karen C. Glass
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Prachi N. Ghule
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jessica L. Heath
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405,University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Andre van Wijnen
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jane B. Lian
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Janet L. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gary S. Stein
- University of Vermont, UVM Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu N, Sun Q, Wan L, Wang X, Feng Y, Luo J, Wu H. CUX1, A Controversial Player in Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:738. [PMID: 32547943 PMCID: PMC7272708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CUX1 belongs to the homeodomain transcription factor family and is evolutionarily and functionally conserved from Drosophila to humans. In addition to the involvement in various physiological events including tissue development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and DNA damage response, CUX1 has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, CUX1 has been recently recognized as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, which is paradoxically overexpressed in tumor cells. While loss of heterozygosity and/or mutations of CUX1 have been frequently detected in many types of cancers, genomic amplification, and overexpression of CUX1 have also been reported in cancer tissues and are correlated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Therefore, deciphering the roles of different CUX1 isoforms and in different tumor stages is required to establish a CUX1-based therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Qiliang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Long Wan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Central Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Immunology, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang L, van de Ven AL, Guo D, Andasari V, Cristini V, Li KC, Zhou X. Computational modeling of 3D tumor growth and angiogenesis for chemotherapy evaluation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83962. [PMID: 24404145 PMCID: PMC3880288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors develop abnormally at spatial and temporal scales, giving rise to biophysical barriers that impact anti-tumor chemotherapy. This may increase the expenditure and time for conventional drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. In order to facilitate drug discovery, we propose a mathematical model that couples three-dimensional tumor growth and angiogenesis to simulate tumor progression for chemotherapy evaluation. This application-oriented model incorporates complex dynamical processes including cell- and vascular-mediated interstitial pressure, mass transport, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and vessel maturation to model tumor progression through multiple stages including tumor initiation, avascular growth, and transition from avascular to vascular growth. Compared to pure mechanistic models, the proposed empirical methods are not only easy to conduct but can provide realistic predictions and calculations. A series of computational simulations were conducted to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed comprehensive model. The computational simulation results suggest that solid tumor geometry is related to the interstitial pressure, such that tumors with high interstitial pressure are more likely to develop dendritic structures than those with low interstitial pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Translational Imaging, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne L. van de Ven
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dongmin Guo
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vivi Andasari
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, and Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - King C. Li
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vora SR, Palamakumbura AH, Mitsi M, Guo Y, Pischon N, Nugent MA, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase propeptide inhibits FGF-2-induced signaling and proliferation of osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7384-93. [PMID: 20048148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-lysyl oxidase is secreted as a 50-kDa proenzyme and is then cleaved to a 30-kDa mature enzyme (lysyl oxidase (LOX)) and an 18-kDa propeptide (lysyl oxidase propeptide (LOX-PP)). The presence of LOX-PP in the cell layers of phenotypically normal osteoblast cultures led us to investigate the effects of LOX-PP on osteoblast differentiation. Data indicate that LOX-PP inhibits terminal mineralization in primary calvaria osteoblast cultures when added at early stages of differentiation, with no effects seen when present at later stages. LOX-PP was found to inhibit serum- and FGF-2-stimulated DNA synthesis and FGF-2-stimulated cell growth. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses show that LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, signaling events that mediate the FGF-2-induced proliferative response. LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2-stimulated phosphorylation of FRS2alpha and FGF-2-stimulated DNA synthesis, even after inhibition of sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These data point to a LOX-PP target at or near the level of fibroblast growth factor receptor binding or activation. Ligand binding assays on osteoblast cell layers with (125)I-FGF-2 demonstrate a concentration-dependent inhibition of FGF-2 binding to osteoblasts by LOX-PP. In vitro binding assays with recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor protein revealed that LOX-PP inhibits FGF-2 binding in an uncompetitive manner. We propose a working model for the respective roles of LOX enzyme and LOX-PP in osteoblast phenotype development in which LOX-PP may act to inhibit the proliferative response possibly to allow cells to exit from the cell cycle and progress to the next stages of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goulet B, Markovic Y, Leduy L, Nepveu A. Proteolytic processing of cut homeobox 1 by neutrophil elastase in the MV4;11 myeloid leukemia cell line. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:644-53. [PMID: 18403643 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing by cathepsin L generates p110 Cut homeobox 1 (CUX1) at the end of the G(1) phase, whereas an alternative transcript encodes p75 CUX1. These short CUX1 isoforms were reported to be overexpressed in cancer cells, and transgenic mice overexpressing the p75 isoform were found to develop myeloproliferative disease-like myeloid leukemias. In the present study, we report that the neutrophil elastase can also generate a short CUX1 isoform in the MV4;11 acute myeloid leukemia cell line. Proteolytic processing was so efficient that the full-length CUX1 protein was detected only when cells were maintained in the presence of the specific elastase inhibitor III. In agreement with these findings, higher levels of the processed cyclin E isoforms were also detected in MV4;11 cells. Reappearance of full-length cyclin E and CUX1 could be induced upon the treatment of MV4;11 cells with the differentiation inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or, unexpectedly, following overexpression of a short recombinant CUX1 protein. In both cases, the mechanism involved transcriptional repression of the neutrophil elastase gene. This result revealed a negative feedback loop whereby CUX1 shuts down the expression of the protease that cleaves it. Overall, the findings in MV4;11 and other cancer cells suggest that various mechanisms are used in cancer to favor the expression of short CUX1 isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Goulet
- Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cadieux C, Harada R, Paquet M, Côté O, Trudel M, Nepveu A, Bouchard M. Polycystic kidneys caused by sustained expression of Cux1 isoform p75. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13817-24. [PMID: 18356167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Cux1 (CDP, Cutl1) is aberrantly expressed in mouse models for polycystic kidney disease. Here we show that p75-Cux1, the shortest isoform of Cux1, transcribed from an alternative promoter within intron 20, is also deregulated in polycystic kidneys derived from Pkd1 mutant embryos. To determine the role of the p75-Cux1 isoform in cystogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing p75-CUX1 in the kidneys and other tissues. Strikingly, these animals developed polycystic kidneys at variable penetrance and severity, correlating with transgene expression levels. Histological and marker analysis of p75-CUX1-derived polycystic kidneys revealed renal cysts derived from the tubular nephron, supporting a model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transgenic p75-CUX1 kidneys additionally showed an up-regulation of the protooncogene c-myc and a down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Chromatin affinity purification experiments confirmed the direct interaction of Cux1 with the c-myc and p27 promoters. These molecular alterations were accompanied by an increase in cilia length and in the proliferative index of epithelial cells lining the cysts. Together, these results identify an important role for the short isoform of CUX1 in polycystic kidney disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Cadieux
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
p110 CUX1 cooperates with E2F transcription factors in the transcriptional activation of cell cycle-regulated genes. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:3127-38. [PMID: 18347061 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02089-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p110 CUX1 was shown to stimulate cell proliferation by accelerating entry into S phase. As p110 CUX1 can function as a transcriptional repressor or activator depending on promoter context, we investigated its mechanism of transcriptional activation using the DNA polymerase alpha gene promoter as a model system. Linker-scanning analysis revealed that a low-affinity E2F binding site is required for transcriptional activation. Moreover, coexpression with a dominant-negative mutant of DP-1 suggested that endogenous E2F factors are indeed needed for p110-mediated activation. Tandem affinity purification, coimmunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and reporter assays indicated that p110 CUX1 can engage in weak protein-protein interactions with E2F1 and E2F2, stimulate their recruitment to the DNA polymerase alpha gene promoter, and cooperate with these factors in transcriptional activation. On the other hand, in vitro assays suggested that the interaction between CUX1 and E2F1 either is not direct or is regulated by posttranslational modifications. Genome-wide location analysis revealed that targets common to p110 CUX1 and E2F1 included many genes involved in cell cycle, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Comparison of the degree of enrichment for various E2F factors suggested that binding of p110 CUX1 to a promoter will favor the specific recruitment of E2F1, and to a lesser extent E2F2, over E2F3 and E2F4. Reporter assays on a subset of common targets confirmed that p110 CUX1 and E2F1 cooperate in their transcriptional activation. Overall, our results show that p110 CUX1 and E2F1 cooperate in the regulation of many cell cycle genes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Goulet B, Sansregret L, Leduy L, Bogyo M, Weber E, Chauhan SS, Nepveu A. Increased expression and activity of nuclear cathepsin L in cancer cells suggests a novel mechanism of cell transformation. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:899-907. [PMID: 17855659 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the role of cathepsin L in cancer involves its activities outside the cells once it has been secreted. However, cathepsin L isoforms that are devoid of a signal peptide were recently shown to be present in the nucleus where they proteolytically process the CCAAT-displacement protein/cut homeobox (CDP/Cux) transcription factor. A role for nuclear cathepsin L in cell proliferation could be inferred from the observation that the CDP/Cux processed isoform can accelerate entry into S phase. Here, we report that in many transformed cells the proteolytic processing of CDP/Cux is augmented and correlates with increased cysteine protease expression and activity in the nucleus. Taking advantage of an antibody that recognizes the prodomain of human cathepsin L, we showed that human cells express short cathepsin L species that do not contain a signal peptide, do not transit through the endoplasmic reticulum, are not glycosylated, and localize to the nucleus. We also showed that transformation by the ras oncogene causes rapid increases both in the production of short nuclear cathepsin L isoforms and in the processing of CDP/Cux. Using a cell-based assay, we showed that a cell-permeable inhibitor of cysteine proteases is able to delay the progression into S phase and the proliferation in soft agar of ras-transformed cells, whereas the non-cell-permeable inhibitor had no effect. Taken together, these results suggest that the role of cathepsin L in cancer might not be limited to its extracellular activities but may also involve its processing function in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Goulet
- Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Center, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sansregret L, Goulet B, Harada R, Wilson B, Leduy L, Bertoglio J, Nepveu A. The p110 isoform of the CDP/Cux transcription factor accelerates entry into S phase. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2441-55. [PMID: 16508018 PMCID: PMC1430290 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.6.2441-2455.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDP/Cux transcription factor was previously found to acquire distinct DNA binding and transcriptional properties following a proteolytic processing event that takes place at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. In the present study, we have investigated the role of the CDP/Cux processed isoform, p110, in cell cycle progression. Populations of cells stably expressing p110 CDP/Cux displayed a faster division rate and reached higher saturation density than control cells carrying the empty vector. p110 CDP/Cux cells reached the next S phase faster than control cells under various experimental conditions: following cell synchronization in G0 by growth factor deprivation, synchronization in S phase by double thymidine block treatment, or enrichment in G2 by centrifugal elutriation. In each case, duration of the G1 phase was shortened by 2 to 4 h. Gene inactivation confirmed the role of CDP/Cux as an accelerator of cell cycle progression, since mouse embryo fibroblasts obtained from Cutl1z/z mutant mice displayed a longer G1 phase and proliferated more slowly than their wild-type counterparts. The delay to enter S phase persisted following immortalization by the 3T3 protocol and transformation with H-RasV12. Moreover, CDP/Cux inactivation hindered both the formation of foci on a monolayer and tumor growth in mice. At the molecular level, expression of both cyclin E2 and A2 was increased in the presence of p110 CDP/Cux and decreased in its absence. Overall, these results establish that p110 CDP/Cux functions as a cell cycle regulator that accelerates entry into S phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sansregret
- McGill University Health Center, Molecular Oncology Group, 687 Pine Avenue West, room H5.21, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miele A, Braastad CD, Holmes WF, Mitra P, Medina R, Xie R, Zaidi SK, Ye X, Wei Y, Harper JW, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. HiNF-P directly links the cyclin E/CDK2/p220NPAT pathway to histone H4 gene regulation at the G1/S phase cell cycle transition. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6140-53. [PMID: 15988025 PMCID: PMC1168814 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6140-6153.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication in eukaryotic cells necessitates the stringent coupling of histone biosynthesis with the onset of DNA replication at the G1/S phase transition. A fundamental question is the mechanism that links the restriction (R) point late in G1 with histone gene expression at the onset of S phase. Here we demonstrate that HiNF-P, a transcriptional regulator of replication-dependent histone H4 genes, interacts directly with p220(NPAT), a substrate of cyclin E/CDK2, to coactivate histone genes during S phase. HiNF-P and p220 are targeted to, and colocalize at, subnuclear foci (Cajal bodies) in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Genetic or biochemical disruption of the HiNF-P/p220 interaction compromises histone H4 gene activation at the G1/S phase transition and impedes cell cycle progression. Our results show that HiNF-P and p220 form a critical regulatory module that directly links histone H4 gene expression at the G1/S phase transition to the cyclin E/CDK2 signaling pathway at the R point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Miele
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holmes WF, Braastad CD, Mitra P, Hampe C, Doenecke D, Albig W, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Coordinate control and selective expression of the full complement of replication-dependent histone H4 genes in normal and cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37400-7. [PMID: 16131487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506995200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of eukaryotic genomes necessitates the coordination of histone biosynthesis with DNA replication at the onset of S phase. The multiple histone H4 genes encode identical proteins, but their regulatory sequences differ. The contributions of these individual genes to histone H4 mRNA expression have not been described. We have determined, by real-time quantitative PCR and RNase protection, that the human histone H4 genes are not equally expressed and that a subset contributes disproportionately to the total pool of H4 mRNA. Differences in histone H4 gene expression can be attributed to observed unequal activities of the H4 gene promoters, which exhibit variations in gene regulatory elements. The overall expression pattern of the histone H4 gene complement is similar in normal and cancer cells. However, H4 genes that are moderately expressed in normal cells are sporadically silenced in tumor cells with compensation of expression by other H4 gene copies. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and in vitro DNA binding assays indicated that 11 of the 15 histone H4 genes interact with the cell cycle regulatory histone nuclear factor P, which forms a complex with the cyclin E/CDK2-responsive co-regulator p220(NPAT). These 11 H4 genes account for 95% of the histone H4 mRNA pool. We conclude that the cyclin E/CDK2/p220(NPAT)/histone nuclear factor P signaling pathway is the principal regulator of histone H4 biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William F Holmes
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mitra P, Xie RL, Medina R, Hovhannisyan H, Zaidi SK, Wei Y, Harper JW, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Identification of HiNF-P, a key activator of cell cycle-controlled histone H4 genes at the onset of S phase. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8110-23. [PMID: 14585971 PMCID: PMC262391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.22.8110-8123.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
At the G(1)/S phase cell cycle transition, multiple histone genes are expressed to ensure that newly synthesized DNA is immediately packaged as chromatin. Here we have purified and functionally characterized the critical transcription factor HiNF-P, which is required for E2F-independent activation of the histone H4 multigene family. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and ligation-mediated PCR-assisted genomic sequencing, we show that HiNF-P interacts with conserved H4 cell cycle regulatory sequences in vivo. Antisense inhibition of HiNF-P reduces endogenous histone H4 gene expression. Furthermore, we find that HiNF-P utilizes NPAT/p220, a substrate of the cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) kinase complex, as a key coactivator to enhance histone H4 gene transcription. The biological role of HiNF-P is reflected by impeded cell cycle progression into S phase upon antisense-mediated reduction of HiNF-P levels. Our results establish that HiNF-P is the ultimate link in a linear signaling pathway that is initiated with the growth factor-dependent induction of cyclin E/CDK2 kinase activity at the restriction point and culminates in the activation of histone H4 genes through HiNF-P at the G(1)/S phase transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Truscott M, Raynal L, Premdas P, Goulet B, Leduy L, Bérubé G, Nepveu A. CDP/Cux stimulates transcription from the DNA polymerase alpha gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:3013-28. [PMID: 12665598 PMCID: PMC152546 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.8.3013-3028.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CDP/Cux (CCAAT-displacement protein/cut homeobox) contains four DNA binding domains, namely, three Cut repeats (CR1, CR2, and CR3) and a Cut homeodomain. CCAAT-displacement activity involves rapid but transient interaction with DNA. More stable DNA binding activity is up-regulated at the G(1)/S transition and was previously shown to involve an N-terminally truncated isoform, CDP/Cux p110, that is generated by proteolytic processing. CDP/Cux has been previously characterized as a transcriptional repressor. However, here we show that expression of reporter plasmids containing promoter sequences from the human DNA polymerase alpha (pol alpha), CAD, and cyclin A genes is stimulated in cotransfections with N-terminally truncated CDP/Cux proteins but not with full-length CDP/Cux. Moreover, expression of the endogenous DNA pol alpha gene was stimulated following the infection of cells with a retrovirus expressing a truncated CDP/Cux protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that CDP/Cux was associated with the DNA pol alpha gene promoter specifically in the S phase. Using linker scanning analyses, in vitro DNA binding, and ChIP assays, we established a correlation between binding of CDP/Cux to the DNA pol alpha promoter and the stimulation of gene expression. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that stimulation of gene expression by CDP/Cux involved the repression of a repressor, our data support the notion that CDP/Cux participates in transcriptional activation. Notwithstanding its mechanism of action, these results establish CDP/Cux as an important transcriptional regulator in the S phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Truscott
- Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Center and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luong MX, van der Meijden CM, Xing D, Hesselton R, Monuki ES, Jones SN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Neufeld EJ, van Wijnen AJ. Genetic ablation of the CDP/Cux protein C terminus results in hair cycle defects and reduced male fertility. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1424-37. [PMID: 11839809 PMCID: PMC134686 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.5.1424-1437.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine CDP/Cux, a homologue of the Drosophila Cut homeoprotein, modulates the promoter activity of cell cycle-related and cell-type-specific genes. CDP/Cux interacts with histone gene promoters as the DNA binding subunit of a large nuclear complex (HiNF-D). CDP/Cux is a ubiquitous protein containing four conserved DNA binding domains: three Cut repeats and a homeodomain. In this study, we analyzed genetically targeted mice (Cutl1(tm2Ejn), referred to as Delta C) that express a mutant CDP/Cux protein with a deletion of the C terminus, including the homeodomain. In comparison to the wild-type protein, indirect immunofluorescence showed that the mutant protein exhibited significantly reduced nuclear localization. Consistent with these data, DNA binding activity of HiNF-D was lost in nuclear extracts derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or adult tissues of homozygous mutant (Delta C(-/-)) mice, indicating the functional loss of CDP/Cux protein in the nucleus. No significant difference in growth characteristics or total histone H4 mRNA levels was observed between wild-type and Delta C(-/-) MEFs in culture. However, specific histone genes (H4.1 and H1) containing CDP/Cux binding sites have reduced expression levels in homozygous mutant MEFs. Stringent control of growth and differentiation appears to be compromised in vivo. Homozygous mutant mice have stunted growth (20 to 50% weight reduction), a high postnatal death rate of 60 to 70%, sparse abnormal coat hair, and severely reduced fertility. The deregulated hair cycle and severely diminished fertility in Cutl1(tm2Ejn/tm2Ejn) mice suggest that CDP/Cux is required for the developmental control of dermal and reproductive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai X Luong
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santaguida M, Ding Q, Bérubé G, Truscott M, Whyte P, Nepveu A. Phosphorylation of the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP)/Cux transcription factor by cyclin A-Cdk1 modulates its DNA binding activity in G(2). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:45780-90. [PMID: 11584018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107978200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable DNA binding by the mammalian CCAAT displacement protein (CDP)/Cux transcription factor was previously found to be up-regulated at the G(1)/S transition as the result of two events, dephosphorylation by the Cdc25A phosphatase and proteolytic processing, to generate an amino-truncated isoform of 110 kDa. In S phase, CDP/Cux was shown to interact with and repress the core promoter of the p21(WAF1) gene. Here we demonstrate that DNA binding by p110 CDP/Cux is down-modulated as cells progress into G(2). Accordingly, cyclin A-Cdk1 was found to bind to CDP/Cux and modulate its DNA binding activity in vitro and in vivo. Interaction with CDP/Cux required the presence of both cyclin A and a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-activating kinase-activated Cdk1 and involved the Cut homeodomain and a downstream Cy motif. Phosphorylation of serines 1237 and 1270 caused inhibition of DNA binding in vitro. In cotransfection studies, cyclin A-Cdk1 inhibited CDP/Cux stable DNA binding and prevented repression of the p21(WAF1) reporter. In contrast, mutant CDP/Cux proteins in which serines 1237 and 1270 were replaced with alanines were not affected by cyclin A-Cdk1. In summary, our results suggest that the phosphorylation of CDP/Cux by cyclin A-Cdk1 contributes to down-modulate CDP/Cux activity as cells progress into the G(2) phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Santaguida
- Molecular Oncology Group, McGill University Health Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lemercier C, Duncliffe K, Boibessot I, Zhang H, Verdel A, Angelov D, Khochbin S. Involvement of retinoblastoma protein and HBP1 in histone H1(0) gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6627-37. [PMID: 10958660 PMCID: PMC86159 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.18.6627-6637.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone H1(0)-encoding gene is expressed in vertebrates in differentiating cells during the arrest of proliferation. In the H1(0) promoter, a specific regulatory element, which we named the H4 box, exhibits features which implicate a role in mediating H1(0) gene expression in response to both differentiation and cell cycle control signals. For instance, within the linker histone gene family, the H4 box is found only in the promoters of differentiation-associated subtypes, suggesting that it is specifically involved in differentiation-dependent expression of these genes. In addition, an element nearly identical to the H4 box is conserved in the promoters of histone H4-encoding genes and is known to be involved in their cell cycle-dependent expression. The transcription factors interacting with the H1(0) H4 box were therefore expected to link differentiation-dependent expression of H1(0) to the cell cycle control machinery. The aim of this work was to identify such transcription factors and to obtain information concerning the regulatory pathway involved. Interestingly, our cloning strategy led to the isolation of a retinoblastoma protein (RB) partner known as HBP1. HBP1, a high-mobility group box transcription factor, interacted specifically with the H1(0) H4 box and moreover was expressed in a differentiation-dependent manner. We also showed that the HBP1-encoding gene is able to produce different forms of HBP1. Finally, we demonstrated that both HBP1 and RB were involved in the activation of H1(0) gene expression. We therefore propose that HBP1 mediates a link between the cell cycle control machinery and cell differentiation signals. Through modulating the expression of specific chromatin-associated proteins such as histone H1(0), HBP1 plays a vital role in chromatin remodeling events during the arrest of cell proliferation in differentiating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lemercier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Différentiation-INSERM U309, Equipe, Chromatine et Expression des Gènes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Last TJ, van Wijnen AJ, de Ridder MC, Stein GS, Stein JL. The homeodomain transcription factor CDP/cut interacts with the cell cycle regulatory element of histone H4 genes packaged into nucleosomes. Mol Biol Rep 1999; 26:185-94. [PMID: 10532314 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007058123699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor CDP/cut contains four separate DNA binding domains and interacts with large segments of DNA. Thus, CDP/cut has the potential to function as an architectural protein and perhaps to support modifications in chromatin structure and nucleosomal organization. To begin to examine the ability of CDP/cut to interact with chromatin, we analyzed binding of CDP/cut to the histone H4 gene promoter (-90 to +75) reconstituted into nucleosome cores. The -90 to +75 region encompasses the cell cycle regulatory element (Site II) that controls histone H4 gene transcription, a CDP/cut binding site and a nuclease hypersensitive region. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting experiments, we show that CDP/cut specifically interacts with its recognition motif in a nucleosomal context without displacing the nucleosome core. The competency of CDP/cut to interact with nucleosomes suggests that this transcription factor may facilitate chromatin remodeling in response to cell cycle regulatory and/or developmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Last
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koo SK, Kim DY, Park SD, Kang KW, Joe CO. PKC phosphorylation disrupts gap junctional communication at G0/S phase in clone 9 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1997; 167:41-9. [PMID: 9059980 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006831114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctional communication during the progression of cell cycle from quiescent G0 to S phase was examined in cultured clone 9 rat liver cells. The transfer of scrape-loaded fluorescent dye was suppressed immediately after the stimulation of cell cycle progression in a synchronized cell population. Northern blot analysis showed that the temporal disturbance of gap junctional communication in cells passing from G0 to S phase did not result from transcriptional down-regulation of connexin 43. It was also found that the PKC inhibitor, calphostin C, was able to restore intercellular communication in serum stimulated cells. Data suggest a control mechanism by PKC mediated phosphorylation in the regulation of gap junction function which is vulnerable to cell cycling. The loss of gap junctional communication correlated with the increased phosphorylation of connexin 43 on serine residues in clone 9 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cullen ME, Patient RK. GATA-1 DNA Binding Activity Is Down-regulated in Late S Phase in Erythroid Cells. J Biol Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
20
|
Transcription of the histone H5 gene is regulated by three differentiation-specific enhancers. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8336726 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.8.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H5, an early marker of the avian erythroid lineage, is expressed at low levels in early erythroid precursors and at higher levels in more mature cells. We show that the increase in H5 expression is due to transcriptional activation of the H5 gene following differentiation of precursor CFU(E). We have found and characterized two upstream enhancers, E1 (between -2233 and -1878 from the site of transcription initiation, +1) and E3 (between -1321 and -1163), and confirmed the presence of a downstream enhancer (C. D. Trainor, S. J. Stamler, and J. D. Engel, Nature [London] 328:827-830, 1987) E7 (between +846 and +1181) which are responsible for the increase in H5 gene transcription. The enhancers had a weak effect in nondifferentiated CFU(E) but a strong effect when the cells were induced to differentiate. Cooperation among the three enhancers, however, was not required for H5 gene activity in the differentiated cells. The enhancers contain binding sites for several ubiquitous and erythroid cell-specific nuclear proteins, including GATA-1, as demonstrated with GATA-1-specific antibodies. Although the GATA sites were required for enhancer function, the concentration of GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 decreased during cell differentiation, and overexpression of these factors had little effect on H5 transcription. Hence, the differentiation-specific effect of the enhancers is not mediated by changes in relative levels of the GATA factors. Functional analysis of the H5 promoter indicated that the requirement of several elements, including a GC box necessary for transcription enhancement, did not change during the early stages of CFU(E) differentiation. However, the UPE, a positive element in proliferating CFU(E) recognized by the transcription factor H4TF2, was dispensable in the differentiated cells. These results suggest that as the cells enter the final stages of differentiation, there is a reprogramming of the regulatory factors that control H5 transcription and that the enhancers rescue and increase the activity of the promoter.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rousseau S, Asselin M, Renaud J, Ruiz-Carrillo A. Transcription of the histone H5 gene is regulated by three differentiation-specific enhancers. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:4904-17. [PMID: 8336726 PMCID: PMC360129 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.8.4904-4917.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H5, an early marker of the avian erythroid lineage, is expressed at low levels in early erythroid precursors and at higher levels in more mature cells. We show that the increase in H5 expression is due to transcriptional activation of the H5 gene following differentiation of precursor CFU(E). We have found and characterized two upstream enhancers, E1 (between -2233 and -1878 from the site of transcription initiation, +1) and E3 (between -1321 and -1163), and confirmed the presence of a downstream enhancer (C. D. Trainor, S. J. Stamler, and J. D. Engel, Nature [London] 328:827-830, 1987) E7 (between +846 and +1181) which are responsible for the increase in H5 gene transcription. The enhancers had a weak effect in nondifferentiated CFU(E) but a strong effect when the cells were induced to differentiate. Cooperation among the three enhancers, however, was not required for H5 gene activity in the differentiated cells. The enhancers contain binding sites for several ubiquitous and erythroid cell-specific nuclear proteins, including GATA-1, as demonstrated with GATA-1-specific antibodies. Although the GATA sites were required for enhancer function, the concentration of GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 decreased during cell differentiation, and overexpression of these factors had little effect on H5 transcription. Hence, the differentiation-specific effect of the enhancers is not mediated by changes in relative levels of the GATA factors. Functional analysis of the H5 promoter indicated that the requirement of several elements, including a GC box necessary for transcription enhancement, did not change during the early stages of CFU(E) differentiation. However, the UPE, a positive element in proliferating CFU(E) recognized by the transcription factor H4TF2, was dispensable in the differentiated cells. These results suggest that as the cells enter the final stages of differentiation, there is a reprogramming of the regulatory factors that control H5 transcription and that the enhancers rescue and increase the activity of the promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Laval University, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Overlapping and CpG methylation-sensitive protein-DNA interactions at the histone H4 transcriptional cell cycle domain: distinctions between two human H4 gene promoters. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1620129 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of vertebrate histone genes during the cell cycle is mediated by several factors interacting with a series of cis-acting elements located in the 5' regions of these genes. The arrangement of these promoter elements is different for each gene. However, most histone H4 gene promoters contain a highly conserved sequence immediately upstream of the TATA box (H4 subtype consensus sequence), and this region in the human H4 gene FO108 is involved in cell cycle control. The sequence-specific interaction of nuclear factor HiNF-D with this key proximal promoter element of the H4-FO108 gene is cell cycle regulated in normal diploid cells (J. Holthuis, T.A. Owen, A.J. van Wijnen, K.L. Wright, A. Ramsey-Ewing, M.B. Kennedy, R. Carter, S.C. Cosenza, K.J. Soprano, J.B. Lian, J.L. Stein, and G.S. Stein, Science, 247:1454-1457, 1990). Here, we show that this region of the H4-FO108 gene represents a composite protein-DNA interaction domain for several distinct sequence-specific DNA-binding activities, including HiNF-D, HiNF-M, and HiNF-P. Factor HiNF-P is similar to H4TF-2, a DNA-binding activity that is not cell cycle regulated and that interacts with the analogous region of the H4 gene H4.A (F. LaBella and N. Heintz, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5825-5831, 1991). The H4.A gene fails to interact with factors HiNF-M and HiNF-D owing to two independent sets of specific nucleotide variants, indicating differences in protein-DNA interactions between these H4 genes. Cytosine methylation of a highly conserved CpG dinucleotide interferes with binding of HiNF-P/H4TF-2 to both the H4-FO108 and H4.A promoters, but no effect is observed for either HiNF-M or HiNF-D binding to the H4-FO108 gene. Thus, strong evolutionary conservation of the H4 consensus sequence may be related to combinatorial interactions involving overlapping and interdigitated recognition nucleotides for several proteins, whose activities are regulated independently. Our results also suggest molecular complexity in the transcriptional regulation of distinct human H4 genes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian histone genes during S phase is achieved through activation of specific factors which interact with subtype-specific histone gene promoter sequences. It has previously been shown that in HeLa cells this induction is not mediated by obligatory changes in the DNA binding activity of histone gene transcription factors as cells progress through the cell cycle. Recently, it has been reported that the DNA binding properties of a putative histone gene transcription factor may be quite different in normal and transformed cells (J. Holthuis, T. A. Owen, A. J. van Wijnen, K. L. Wright, A. Ramsey-Ewing, M. B. Kennedy, R. Carter, S. C. Cosenza, K. J. Soprano, J. B. Lian, J. L. Stein, and G. S. Stein, Science 247:1454-1457, 1990). To determine whether the properties of well-characterized histone gene transcription factors are altered in transformed versus normal cells, we have examined the DNA binding activity of human histone transcription factors during the WI38 (a primary line of normal human fetal lung fibroblasts) cell cycle. The results demonstrate that the properties of Oct1, H4TF1, and H4TF2 are similar in WI38 and HeLa cells and that their DNA binding activities are constitutive during interphase of both normal and transformed cell lines. Although it remains possible that these factors are directly or indirectly perturbed as a result of cellular transformation, it appears unlikely that transformation results in gross changes in DNA binding activity as cells progress toward division.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian histone genes during S phase is achieved through activation of specific factors which interact with subtype-specific histone gene promoter sequences. It has previously been shown that in HeLa cells this induction is not mediated by obligatory changes in the DNA binding activity of histone gene transcription factors as cells progress through the cell cycle. Recently, it has been reported that the DNA binding properties of a putative histone gene transcription factor may be quite different in normal and transformed cells (J. Holthuis, T. A. Owen, A. J. van Wijnen, K. L. Wright, A. Ramsey-Ewing, M. B. Kennedy, R. Carter, S. C. Cosenza, K. J. Soprano, J. B. Lian, J. L. Stein, and G. S. Stein, Science 247:1454-1457, 1990). To determine whether the properties of well-characterized histone gene transcription factors are altered in transformed versus normal cells, we have examined the DNA binding activity of human histone transcription factors during the WI38 (a primary line of normal human fetal lung fibroblasts) cell cycle. The results demonstrate that the properties of Oct1, H4TF1, and H4TF2 are similar in WI38 and HeLa cells and that their DNA binding activities are constitutive during interphase of both normal and transformed cell lines. Although it remains possible that these factors are directly or indirectly perturbed as a result of cellular transformation, it appears unlikely that transformation results in gross changes in DNA binding activity as cells progress toward division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F La Bella
- Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10021-6399
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Szyf M, Bozovic V, Tanigawa G. Growth regulation of mouse DNA methyltransferase gene expression. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
26
|
Identification of a 70-base-pair cell cycle regulatory unit within the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene and its interaction with cellular factors. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 2005912 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene contains cis-regulatory elements responsible for its cell-cycle-regulated expression. We report here that a 70-bp region between -133 and -64 is sufficient to confer cell cycle regulation on a heterologous promoter. The 20-bp region between -64 and -83, which contains an inverted CCAAT motif, is important for transcriptional stimulation of this functional unit. The sequence of this CCAAT motif is nearly identical to the consensus sequence for the transcriptional factor CP1. We also examined the specificity and binding activities of cellular factors interacting with the 70-bp fragment. We showed that the cellular factors binding to the 70-bp region are similar during the G1, S, and G2 phases, suggesting that the cell cycle regulatory activity observed must involve processes other than factor binding to the DNA.
Collapse
|
27
|
UHF-1, a factor required for maximal transcription of early and late sea urchin histone H4 genes: analysis of promoter-binding sites. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 1990266 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.2.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein, denoted UHF-1, was found to bind upstream of the transcriptional start site of both the early and late H4 (EH4 and LH4) histone genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. A nuclear extract from hatching blastulae contained proteins that bind to EH4 and LH4 promoter fragments in a band shift assay and produced sharp DNase I footprints upstream of the EH4 gene (from -133 to -106) and the LH4 gene (from -94 to -66). DNase I footprinting performed in the presence of EH4 and LH4 promoter competitor DNAs indicated that UHF-1 binds more strongly to the EH4 site. A sequence match of 11 of 13 nucleotides was found within the two footprinted regions: [sequence: see text]. Methylation interference and footprinting experiments showed that UHF-1 bound to the two sites somewhat differently. DNA-protein UV cross-linking studies indicated that UHF-1 has an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels of approximately 85 kDa and suggested that additional proteins, specific to each promoter, bind to each site. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to demonstrate that the UHF-1-binding site is essential for maximal transcription of the H4 genes. Deletion of the EH4 footprinted region resulted in a 3-fold decrease in transcription in a nuclear extract and a 2.6-fold decrease in expression in morulae from templates that had been injected into eggs. In the latter case, deletion of the binding site did not grossly disrupt the temporal program of expression from the injected EH4 genes. LH4 templates containing a 10-bp deletion in the consensus region or base substitutions in the footprinted region were transcribed at 14 to 58% of the level of the wild-type LH4 template. UHF-1 is therefore essential for maximal expression of the early and late H4 genes.
Collapse
|
28
|
UHF-1, a factor required for maximal transcription of early and late sea urchin histone H4 genes: analysis of promoter-binding sites. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:1048-61. [PMID: 1990266 PMCID: PMC359777 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.2.1048-1061.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein, denoted UHF-1, was found to bind upstream of the transcriptional start site of both the early and late H4 (EH4 and LH4) histone genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. A nuclear extract from hatching blastulae contained proteins that bind to EH4 and LH4 promoter fragments in a band shift assay and produced sharp DNase I footprints upstream of the EH4 gene (from -133 to -106) and the LH4 gene (from -94 to -66). DNase I footprinting performed in the presence of EH4 and LH4 promoter competitor DNAs indicated that UHF-1 binds more strongly to the EH4 site. A sequence match of 11 of 13 nucleotides was found within the two footprinted regions: [sequence: see text]. Methylation interference and footprinting experiments showed that UHF-1 bound to the two sites somewhat differently. DNA-protein UV cross-linking studies indicated that UHF-1 has an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels of approximately 85 kDa and suggested that additional proteins, specific to each promoter, bind to each site. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to demonstrate that the UHF-1-binding site is essential for maximal transcription of the H4 genes. Deletion of the EH4 footprinted region resulted in a 3-fold decrease in transcription in a nuclear extract and a 2.6-fold decrease in expression in morulae from templates that had been injected into eggs. In the latter case, deletion of the binding site did not grossly disrupt the temporal program of expression from the injected EH4 genes. LH4 templates containing a 10-bp deletion in the consensus region or base substitutions in the footprinted region were transcribed at 14 to 58% of the level of the wild-type LH4 template. UHF-1 is therefore essential for maximal expression of the early and late H4 genes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bradley DW, Dou QP, Fridovich-Keil JL, Pardee AB. Transformed and nontransformed cells differ in stability and cell cycle regulation of a binding activity to the murine thymidine kinase promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:9310-4. [PMID: 2251273 PMCID: PMC55154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA binding activity to an upstream region of the murine thymidine kinase gene is regulated differently in a transformed and nontransformed cell line pair. Differences in regulation were observed (i) after serum levels were reduced, (ii) when serum levels were returned to initial high levels, and (iii) while protein synthesis was inhibited. After reduction of serum levels, the binding activity was unstable in nontransformed BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 cells but was significantly more stable in benzo[a]pyrene-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells. After serum concentration was returned to high levels, the kinetic pattern of the binding activity differed between nontransformed and transformed cells. While protein synthesis was inhibited, the binding activity was unstable in nontransformed cells and stable in transformed cells. Partial inhibition of protein synthesis--a more stringent condition to test instability--prevented the induction of the binding activity in nontransformed cells. Previously, the labile protein hypothesis set forth the criterion that a protein regulating the onset of DNA synthesis should be unstable in nontransformed cells and stable in transformed cells. The DNA binding activity described here satisfies this criterion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Bradley
- Program on Cell and Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|