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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Reply to: No evidence of worsening Arctic springtime ozone losses over the 21st century. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1609. [PMID: 36964181 PMCID: PMC10039039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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Exploring the potential energy surface of novel [H, S, Se, Br] species: a high level first principle study. J Mol Model 2017; 23:232. [PMID: 28730352 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the seleno-sulfide-bromo systems and the isomerization process on the [H, S, Se, Br] potential energy surface were investigated using state-of-the-art theoretical methods. The CCSD(T) and the MP2 levels of theory were employed along with the series of correlation consistent basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit in the optimization of the geometrical parameters and computation of electronic energies. The relative stability, in kcal mol-1, at the CCSD(T)/CBS follows the trend: HSSeBr (0) > HSeSBr (9.51) > SSeHBr (24.02) > SeSHBr (25.42). This order was observed in the previous study of the [H, S, Se, Cl] species. The structural parameters and vibrational frequencies of the [H, S, Se, Br] species are reported. This research work should be helpful to experimentalists in order to gain insights into these novel heteroatom molecules. Graphical abstract Relative energy profile (in kcal mol-1) using the CCSD(T)/CBS and MP2/CBS (in parentheses) method of the stationary states on the [H, S, Se, Br] PES.
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Peter T, Müller R, Drdla K, Petzoldt K, Reimer E. A Micro-Physical Box Model for EASOE: Preliminary Results for the January/February 1990 PSC Event over Kiruna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Aoto YA, Ornellas FR. New molecular species of potential interest to atmospheric chemistry: isomers on the [H, S2, Br] potential energy surface. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1397-402. [PMID: 19146472 DOI: 10.1021/jp8079793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a state-of-the-art theoretical characterization of four new sulfur-bromine species and five transition states on the [H, S(2), Br] potential energy surface. Our highest level theoretical approach employed the method coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative contributions of connected triples, CCSD(T), along with the series of correlation-consistent basis sets and with extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit in the optimization of the geometrical parameters and to quantify the energetic quantities. The structural and vibrational frequencies here reported are unique and represent the most accurate investigation to date of these species. The global minimum corresponds to a skewed structure HSSBr with a disulfide bond; this is followed by a pyramidal-like structure, SSHBr, 18.85 kcal/mol above the minimum. Much higher in energy, we found another skewed structure, HSBrS (50.29 kcal/mol), with one S-Br dative-type bond, and another pyramidal-like one, HBrSS (109.80 kcal/mol), with two S-Br dative-type bonds. The interconversion of HSSBr into SSHBr can occur via a transfer of either the hydrogen or the bromine atom but involves a very high barrier of about 43 kcal/mol. These molecules are potentially a new route of coupling the sulfur and bromine chemistry in the atmosphere, and conditions of high concentration of H(2)S like in volcanic eruptions might contribute to their formation. We note that HSSBr can act as a reservoir molecule for the reaction between the radicals HSS and Br. Also, an assessment of the methods DFT/B3LYP/CBS and MP2/CBS relative to CCSD(T)/CBS provides insights on the expected performance of these methods on the characterization of polysulfides and also of more complex systems containing disulfide bridges.
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Hancock G, Horrocks SJ, Ritchie GAD, Helden JHV, Walker RJ. Time-Resolved Detection of the CF3 Photofragment Using Chirped QCL Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9751-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804849m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - S. J. Horrocks
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - G. A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. van Helden
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. J. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Ndongmouo UFT, Lee MS, Rousseau R, Baletto F, Scandolo S. Finite-Temperature Effects on the Stability and Infrared Spectra of HCl(H2O)6 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12810-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0765603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. F. T. Ndongmouo
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, I-34014 Italy, Centre for modeling and simulation, and Department of Physics, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India, International School For Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, I-34014 Italy, DMSE-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and INFM/CNR “Democritos” National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
| | - M.-S. Lee
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, I-34014 Italy, Centre for modeling and simulation, and Department of Physics, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India, International School For Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, I-34014 Italy, DMSE-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and INFM/CNR “Democritos” National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
| | - R. Rousseau
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, I-34014 Italy, Centre for modeling and simulation, and Department of Physics, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India, International School For Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, I-34014 Italy, DMSE-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and INFM/CNR “Democritos” National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Baletto
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, I-34014 Italy, Centre for modeling and simulation, and Department of Physics, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India, International School For Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, I-34014 Italy, DMSE-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and INFM/CNR “Democritos” National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
| | - S. Scandolo
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, I-34014 Italy, Centre for modeling and simulation, and Department of Physics, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India, International School For Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, I-34014 Italy, DMSE-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and INFM/CNR “Democritos” National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
ClOOCl was prepared in situ in a temperature controlled photoreactor (v = 420 L) by photolyzing OClO/N2 mixtures in the wavelength range 300-500 nm at temperatures between 242 and 261 K and total pressures between 2 and 480 mbar. After switching off the lights, excess NO2 was added, and IR and UV spectra were monitored simultaneously as a function of time. By spectral stripping of all other known UV absorbers (in particular, other chlorine oxides and chlorine nitrate), we determined rate constants k-1 of the reaction ClOOCl (+M) --> ClO + ClO (+M) from the first-order decay of the residual UV absorption of ClOOCl at 246 and 255 nm. k-1,0 = [N2] x 7.6 x 10(-9) exp[(-53.6 +/- 6.0) kJ mol(-1)/RT] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (2sigma) was derived for the low-pressure limiting rate constant. Application of Troe's expression for the limiting low-pressure rate constants of unimolecular decomposition reactions leads to E0 = Delta(r)H0(0)(ClOOCl-->ClO+ClO) = 66.4 +/- 3.0 kJ mol(-1). k-1,0 started to fall off from the pressure proportional low pressure behavior at p approximately 30 mbar; however, reliable extrapolation to the high pressure limit was not possible. The decomposition rate constants of ClOOCl were directly measured for the first time, and they are higher, depending on temperature and pressure, by factors between 1.5 and 4.2 as compared to experimental data on k-1 by Nickolaisen et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 155] which were derived from the approach of ClO to thermal equilibrium with its dimer ClOOCl. Combination of the present dissociation rate constants with recommended temperature and pressure dependent data on the reverse reaction (k1) demonstrate inconsistencies between the dissociation and recombination rate constants. Summarizing laboratory data on k1 and k-1 above 250 K and field measurements on the ClO + ClO <= => ClOOCl equilibrium in the nighttime polar stratosphere close to 200 K, the expression Kc = k1/k-1 = 3.0 x 10(-27) exp(8433 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) is derived for the temperature range 200-300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bröske
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Physikalische Chemie/FB C, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Tripathi OP, Godin-Beekmann S, Lefèvre F, Pazmiño A, Hauchecorne A, Chipperfield M, Feng W, Millard G, Rex M, Streibel M, von der Gathen P. Comparison of polar ozone loss rates simulated by one-dimensional and three-dimensional models with Match observations in recent Antarctic and Arctic winters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75231, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75231, France
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Davies S, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Sinnhuber BM, Anderson JG, Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Fahey DW, Popp PJ, Richard EC, von der Gathen P, Jost H, Webster CR. Modeling the effect of denitrification on Arctic ozone depletion during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Davies
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | | | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - B.-M. Sinnhuber
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. W. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
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Avallone LM, Toohey DW. Tests of halogen photochemistry using in situ measurements of ClO and BrO in the lower polar stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Smith JB, Hintsa EJ, Allen NT, Stimpfle RM, Anderson JG. Mechanisms for midlatitude ozone loss: Heterogeneous chemistry in the lowermost stratosphere? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tabazadeh A, Santee ML, Danilin MY, Pumphrey HC, Newman PA, Hamill PJ, Mergenthaler JL. Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery. Science 2000; 288:1407-11. [PMID: 10827948 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite observations indicate that extensive denitrification without significant dehydration currently occurs only in the Antarctic during mid to late June. The fact that denitrification occurs in a relatively warm month in the Antarctic raises concern about the likelihood of its occurrence and associated effects on ozone recovery in a colder and possibly more humid future Arctic lower stratosphere. Polar stratospheric cloud lifetimes required for Arctic denitrification to occur in the future are presented and contrasted against the current Antarctic cloud lifetimes. Model calculations show that widespread severe denitrification could enhance future Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139-3794, USA. Departme
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Hartmann DL, Wallace JM, Limpasuvan V, Thompson DW, Holton JR. Can ozone depletion and global warming interact to produce rapid climate change? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1412-7. [PMID: 10677475 PMCID: PMC26447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmosphere displays modes of variability whose structures exhibit a strong longitudinally symmetric (annular) component that extends from the surface to the stratosphere in middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres. In the past 30 years, these modes have exhibited trends that seem larger than their natural background variability, and may be related to human influences on stratospheric ozone and/or atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The pattern of climate trends during the past few decades is marked by rapid cooling and ozone depletion in the polar lower stratosphere of both hemispheres, coupled with an increasing strength of the wintertime westerly polar vortex and a poleward shift of the westerly wind belt at the earth's surface. Annular modes of variability are fundamentally a result of internal dynamical feedbacks within the climate system, and as such can show a large response to rather modest external forcing. The dynamics and thermodynamics of these modes are such that strong synergistic interactions between stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse warming are possible. These interactions may be responsible for the pronounced changes in tropospheric and stratospheric climate observed during the past few decades. If these trends continue, they could have important implications for the climate of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hartmann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
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Rex M, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Sen B, Margitan JJ, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Gao RS, Donnelly S, Keim E, Neuman J, Fahey DW, Webster CR, Scott DC, Herman RL, May RD, Moyer EJ, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Chang AY, Rinsland CP, Bui TP. Subsidence, mixing, and denitrification of Arctic polar vortex air measured during POLARIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Woyke T, Müller R, Stroh F, McKenna DS, Engel A, Margitan JJ, Rex M, Carslaw KS. A test of our understanding of the ozone chemistry in the Arctic polar vortex based on in situ measurements of ClO, BrO, and O3in the 1994/1995 winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dessler AE, Wu J, Santee ML, Schoeberl MR. Satellite observations of temporary and irreversible denitrification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bacelo DE, Binning RC, Ishikawa Y. Ab Initio Monte Carlo Simulated Annealing Study of HCl(H2O)n (n = 3, 4) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9843003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Bacelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346
| | - R. C. Binning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346
| | - Yasuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alcamí M, Mó O, Yáñez M, Cooper IL. Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of XO2+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Systems. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983856n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - O. Mó
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Yáñez
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. L. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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23
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Xu SC, Zhao XS. Theoretical Investigation of the Reaction of ClONO2 with H2O on Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9814045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Sheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Alcamı́ M, Cooper IL. Ab initio calculations on bromine oxide and dioxides and their corresponding anions. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Salawitch RJ, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Implications for Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wincel H, Mereand E, Castleman AW. Gas-Phase Reactions of ClONO2 with Cl-(D2O)n=0-3 and NO2-. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9701146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wincel
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - E. Mereand
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Ying
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinsheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Häder DP, Lebert M, Tahedl H, Richter P. The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological dosimeters. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Richardson SL, Francisco JS, Mebel AM, Morokuma K. Can chlorine anion catalyze the reaction of HOCl with HCl? Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kawa SR, Newman PA, Lait LR, Schoeberl MR, Stimpfle RM, Kohn DW, Webster CR, May RD, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Chan KR, Loewenstein M. Activation of chlorine in sulfate aerosol as inferred from aircraft observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pollution. Inorg Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012678550-0/50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Portmann RW, Solomon S, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Read WG, Waters JW, Chipperfield MP, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Russell JM. Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Müller R, Crutzen PJ, Grooß JU, Brühl C, Russell JM, Tuck AF. Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mebel AM, Morokuma K. Theoretical Study of the Reaction of HCl with ClONO2 Catalyzed by NO3-. “Attachment−Detachment” Mechanism for the Anion-Catalyzed Neutral Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952817y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mebel
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Satellite confirmation of the dominance of chlorofluorocarbons in the global stratospheric chlorine budget. Nature 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/379526a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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39
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Santee ML, Read WG, Waters JW, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Flower DA, Jarnot RF, Harwood RS, Peckham GE. Interhemispheric Differences in Polar Stratospheric HNO3, H2O, CIO, and O3. Science 1995; 267:849-52. [PMID: 17813911 DOI: 10.1126/science.267.5199.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous global measurements of nitric acid (HNO(3)), water (H(2)O), chlorine monoxide (CIO), and ozone (O(3)) in the stratosphere have been obtained over complete annual cycles in both hemispheres by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. A sizeable decrease in gas-phase HNO(3) was evident in the lower stratospheric vortex over Antarctica by early June 1992, followed by a significant reduction in gas-phase H(2)O after mid-July. By mid-August, near the time of peak CIO, abundances of gas-phase HNO(3) and H(2)O were extremely low. The concentrations of HNO(3) and H(2)O over Antarctica remained depressed into November, well after temperatures in the lower stratosphere had risen above the evaporation threshold for polar stratospheric clouds, implying that denitrification and dehydration had occurred. No large decreases in either gas-phase HNO(3) or H(2)O were observed in the 1992-1993 Arctic winter vortex. Although CIO was enhanced over the Arctic as it was over the Antarctic, Arctic O(3) depletion was substantially smaller than that over Antarctica. A major factor currently limiting the formation of an Arctic ozone "hole" is the lack of denitrification in the northern polar vortex, but future cooling of the lower stratosphere could lead to more intense denitrification and consequently larger losses of Arctic ozone.
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Zhang R, Leu MT, Keyser LF. Sulfuric acid monohydrate: Formation and heterogeneous chemistry in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Notholt J, von der Gathen P, Peil S. Heterogeneous conversion of HCl and ClONO2during the Arctic winter 1992/1993 initiating ozone depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Gao RS, Keim ER, Woodbridge EL, Ciciora SJ, Proffitt MH, Thompson TL, Mclaughlin RJ, Fahey DW. New photolysis system for NO2measurements in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lefèvre F, Brasseur GP, Folkins I, Smith AK, Simon P. Chemistry of the 1991–1992 stratospheric winter: Three-dimensional model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Gottlieb EW, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Strahan SE, Proffitt MH, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey DW, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Kelly KK, Elkins JW, Chan KR, Anderson JG. Chemical Loss of Ozone in the Arctic Polar Vortex in the Winter of 1991-1992. Science 1993; 261:1146-9. [PMID: 17790349 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.
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Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Fahey DW, Woodbridge EL, Anderson JG. The Seasonal Evolution of Reactive Chlorine in the Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere. Science 1993; 261:1134-6. [PMID: 17790345 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) at mid- and high northern latitudes are reported for the period October 1991 to February 1992. As early as mid-December and throughout the winter, significant enhancements of this ozone-destroying radical were observed within the polar vortex shortly after temperatures dropped below 195 k. Decreases in ClO observed in February were consistent with the rapid formation of chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) by recombination of ClO with nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) released photochemically from nitric acid (HNO(3)). Outside the vortex, ClO abundances were higher than in previous years as a result of NOx suppression by heterogeneous reactions on sulfate aerosols enhanced by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
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Webster CR, May RD, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Anderson JG, Newman P, Lait L, Schoeberl MR, Elkins JW, Chan KR. Chlorine Chemistry on Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in the Arctic Winter. Science 1993; 261:1130-4. [PMID: 17790344 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl.
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Fahey DW, Kawa SR, Woodbridge EL, Tin P, Wilson JC, Jonsson HH, Dye JE, Baumgardner D, Borrmann S, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Proffitt MH, Margitan J, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Ko MKW, Anderson DE, Schoeber MR, Chan KR. In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in mid-latitude ozone depletion. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/363509a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- DuPont Chemicals/Fluorochemicals, Wilmington, DE 19898
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49
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Prather MJ. More rapid polar ozone depletion through the reaction of HOCI with HCI on polar stratospheric clouds. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355534a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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