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Liang X, Chu Y, Wan B, Chen L, Chen L, Sandvol E, Grand SP, Li Y, Wang M, Tian X, Chen Y, Xu T, Li Y, Ji WQ. Fragmentation of continental subduction is ending the Himalayan orogeny. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:3048-3054. [PMID: 37919155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
After two continents collide, plate convergence and orogenesis are sustained because subducted continental lithosphere continues pulling the surface plate. It remains controversial how, why, and when continental plate convergence and collision slow down and eventually cease. We use an unprecedented data coverage and present a regional-scale seismic tomographic image of the mantle structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau. In the mantle transition zone, we identify multiple high-velocity anomalies and interpret them as detached pieces of the Indian continental slab. Facilitated by internal heterogeneity of the continental lithosphere, piecewise slab detachments could reduce the slab pull force, resulting in the Miocene slowdown of the India-Eurasia convergence and coeval diachronous potassic volcanism in southern Tibet. We propose that slab detachment is a mechanism that eventually will lead to the end of the Indo-Eurasian continental collision and the Himalayan orogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Eric Sandvol
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211, USA
| | - Stephen P Grand
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Yibing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Minling Wang
- College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaobo Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Qiu Q, Moore JDP, Barbot S, Feng L, Hill EM. Transient rheology of the Sumatran mantle wedge revealed by a decade of great earthquakes. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29520095 PMCID: PMC5843651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the rheological properties of the upper mantle is essential to develop a consistent model of mantle dynamics and plate tectonics. However, the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of these properties remain unclear. Here, we infer the rheological properties of the asthenosphere across multiple great megathrust earthquakes between 2004 and 2014 along the Sumatran subduction zone, taking advantage of decade-long continuous GPS and tide-gauge measurements. We observe transient mantle wedge flow following these earthquakes, and infer the temporal evolution of the effective viscosity. We show that the evolution of stress and strain rate following these earthquakes is better matched by a bi-viscous than by a power-law rheology model, and we estimate laterally heterogeneous transient and background viscosities on the order of ~1017 and ~1019 Pa s, respectively. Our results constitute a preliminary rheological model to explain stress evolution within earthquake cycles and the development of seismic hazard in the region. The rheology of the upper mantle is key to understanding how plate tectonics may evolve. Here, using GPS and tide-gauge measurements along the Sumatran subduction zone, the authors’ show that a bi-viscous rheology model is needed to explain the stress and strain evolution of the upper mantle following earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qiu
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore. .,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - James D P Moore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sylvain Barbot
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore. .,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lujia Feng
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Emma M Hill
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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3
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Moore JDP, Yu H, Tang CH, Wang T, Barbot S, Peng D, Masuti S, Dauwels J, Hsu YJ, Lambert V, Nanjundiah P, Wei S, Lindsey E, Feng L, Shibazaki B. Imaging the distribution of transient viscosity after the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake. Science 2017; 356:163-167. [PMID: 28408598 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The deformation of mantle and crustal rocks in response to stress plays a crucial role in the distribution of seismic and volcanic hazards, controlling tectonic processes ranging from continental drift to earthquake triggering. However, the spatial variation of these dynamic properties is poorly understood as they are difficult to measure. We exploited the large stress perturbation incurred by the 2016 earthquake sequence in Kumamoto, Japan, to directly image localized and distributed deformation. The earthquakes illuminated distinct regions of low effective viscosity in the lower crust, notably beneath the Mount Aso and Mount Kuju volcanoes, surrounded by larger-scale variations of viscosity across the back-arc. This study demonstrates a new potential for geodesy to directly probe rock rheology in situ across many spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D P Moore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Hang Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hsien Tang
- Institute of Earth Sciences Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teng Wang
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sylvain Barbot
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Dongju Peng
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sagar Masuti
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Justin Dauwels
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ya-Ju Hsu
- Institute of Earth Sciences Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Valère Lambert
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Shengji Wei
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Lindsey
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lujia Feng
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Bunichiro Shibazaki
- International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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4
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Lasting mantle scars lead to perennial plate tectonics. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11834. [PMID: 27282541 PMCID: PMC4906409 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-ocean ridges, transform faults, subduction and continental collisions form the conventional theory of plate tectonics to explain non-rigid behaviour at plate boundaries. However, the theory does not explain directly the processes involved in intraplate deformation and seismicity. Recently, damage structures in the lithosphere have been linked to the origin of plate tectonics. Despite seismological imaging suggesting that inherited mantle lithosphere heterogeneities are ubiquitous, their plate tectonic role is rarely considered. Here we show that deep lithospheric anomalies can dominate shallow geological features in activating tectonics in plate interiors. In numerical experiments, we found that structures frozen into the mantle lithosphere through plate tectonic processes can behave as quasi-plate boundaries reactivated under far-field compressional forcing. Intraplate locations where proto-lithospheric plates have been scarred by earlier suturing could be regions where latent plate boundaries remain, and where plate tectonics processes are expressed as a ‘perennial' phenomenon. The causes of intraplate deformation remain poorly constrained. Heron et al. use numerical models to show that ancient plate tectonic processes produce mantle lithosphere structures that may be reactivated to generate intraplate deformation.
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5
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Sigloch K, Mihalynuk MG. Intra-oceanic subduction shaped the assembly of Cordilleran North America. Nature 2013; 496:50-6. [PMID: 23552944 DOI: 10.1038/nature12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The western quarter of North America consists of accreted terranes--crustal blocks added over the past 200 million years--but the reason for this is unclear. The widely accepted explanation posits that the oceanic Farallon plate acted as a conveyor belt, sweeping terranes into the continental margin while subducting under it. Here we show that this hypothesis, which fails to explain many terrane complexities, is also inconsistent with new tomographic images of lower-mantle slabs, and with their locations relative to plate reconstructions. We offer a reinterpretation of North American palaeogeography and test it quantitatively: collision events are clearly recorded by slab geometry, and can be time calibrated and reconciled with plate reconstructions and surface geology. The seas west of Cretaceous North America must have resembled today's western Pacific, strung with island arcs. All proto-Pacific plates initially subducted into almost stationary, intra-oceanic trenches, and accumulated below as massive vertical slab walls. Above the slabs, long-lived volcanic archipelagos and subduction complexes grew. Crustal accretion occurred when North America overrode the archipelagos, causing major episodes of Cordilleran mountain building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sigloch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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6
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King SD, Ita J. Effect of slab rheology on mass transport across a phase transition boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Coakley B, Gurnis M. Far-field tilting of Laurentia during the Ordovician and constraints on the evolution of a slab under an ancient continent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Hines JM, Billen MI. Sensitivity of the short- to intermediate-wavelength geoid to rheologic structure in subduction zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Stadler G, Gurnis M, Burstedde C, Wilcox LC, Alisic L, Ghattas O. The dynamics of plate tectonics and mantle flow: from local to global scales. Science 2010; 329:1033-8. [PMID: 20798311 DOI: 10.1126/science.1191223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plate tectonics is regulated by driving and resisting forces concentrated at plate boundaries, but observationally constrained high-resolution models of global mantle flow remain a computational challenge. We capitalized on advances in adaptive mesh refinement algorithms on parallel computers to simulate global mantle flow by incorporating plate motions, with individual plate margins resolved down to a scale of 1 kilometer. Back-arc extension and slab rollback are emergent consequences of slab descent in the upper mantle. Cold thermal anomalies within the lower mantle couple into oceanic plates through narrow high-viscosity slabs, altering the velocity of oceanic plates. Viscous dissipation within the bending lithosphere at trenches amounts to approximately 5 to 20% of the total dissipation through the entire lithosphere and mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Stadler
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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10
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Liu L, Spasojević S, Gurnis M. Reconstructing Farallon Plate Subduction Beneath North America Back to the Late Cretaceous. Science 2008; 322:934-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1162921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sonja Spasojević
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael Gurnis
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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11
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Evidence of lower-mantle slab penetration phases in plate motions. Nature 2008; 451:981-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Schellart WP, Freeman J, Stegman DR, Moresi L, May D. Evolution and diversity of subduction zones controlled by slab width. Nature 2007; 446:308-11. [PMID: 17361181 DOI: 10.1038/nature05615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Subducting slabs provide the main driving force for plate motion and flow in the Earth's mantle, and geodynamic, seismic and geochemical studies offer insight into slab dynamics and subduction-induced flow. Most previous geodynamic studies treat subduction zones as either infinite in trench-parallel extent (that is, two-dimensional) or finite in width but fixed in space. Subduction zones and their associated slabs are, however, limited in lateral extent (250-7,400 km) and their three-dimensional geometry evolves over time. Here we show that slab width controls two first-order features of plate tectonics-the curvature of subduction zones and their tendency to retreat backwards with time. Using three-dimensional numerical simulations of free subduction, we show that trench migration rate is inversely related to slab width and depends on proximity to a lateral slab edge. These results are consistent with retreat velocities observed globally, with maximum velocities (6-16 cm yr(-1)) only observed close to slab edges (<1,200 km), whereas far from edges (>2,000 km) retreat velocities are always slow (<2.0 cm yr(-1)). Models with narrow slabs (< or =1,500 km) retreat fast and develop a curved geometry, concave towards the mantle wedge side. Models with slabs intermediate in width ( approximately 2,000-3,000 km) are sublinear and retreat more slowly. Models with wide slabs (> or =4,000 km) are nearly stationary in the centre and develop a convex geometry, whereas trench retreat increases towards concave-shaped edges. Additionally, we identify periods (5-10 Myr) of slow trench advance at the centre of wide slabs. Such wide-slab behaviour may explain mountain building in the central Andes, as being a consequence of its tectonic setting, far from slab edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Schellart
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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13
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Miller MS, Kennett BLN, Toy VG. Spatial and temporal evolution of the subducting Pacific plate structure along the western Pacific margin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Miller
- Research School of Earth Sciences; Australian National University; Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - B. L. N. Kennett
- Research School of Earth Sciences; Australian National University; Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - V. G. Toy
- Research School of Earth Sciences; Australian National University; Canberra, ACT Australia
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14
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Korenaga J. Archean geodynamics and the thermal evolution of Earth. ARCHEAN GEODYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENTS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/164gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Bellahsen N. Dynamics of subduction and plate motion in laboratory experiments: Insights into the “plate tectonics” behavior of the Earth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Funiciello F, Faccenna C, Giardini D, Regenauer-Lieb K. Dynamics of retreating slabs: 2. Insights from three-dimensional laboratory experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Faccenna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche; Universita' degli Studi “Roma Tre,”; Rome Italy
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17
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Faccenna C, Jolivet L, Piromallo C, Morelli A. Subduction and the depth of convection in the Mediterranean mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Faccenna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche; Università di Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Laurent Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Tectonique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | | | - Andrea Morelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Rome Italy
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18
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Johnson CL. A conceptual model for the relationship between coronae and large-scale mantle dynamics on Venus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Albarède F, Van Der Hilst RD. Zoned mantle convection. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2002; 360:2569-2592. [PMID: 12460481 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We review the present state of our understanding of mantle convection with respect to geochemical and geophysical evidence and we suggest a model for mantle convection and its evolution over the Earth's history that can reconcile this evidence. Whole-mantle convection, even with material segregated within the D" region just above the core-mantle boundary, is incompatible with the budget of argon and helium and with the inventory of heat sources required by the thermal evolution of the Earth. We show that the deep-mantle composition in lithophilic incompatible elements is inconsistent with the storage of old plates of ordinary oceanic lithosphere, i.e. with the concept of a plate graveyard. Isotopic inventories indicate that the deep-mantle composition is not correctly accounted for by continental debris, primitive material or subducted slabs containing normal oceanic crust. Seismological observations have begun to hint at compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 km or so of the mantle, but there is no compelling evidence in support of an interface between deep and shallow mantle at mid-depth. We suggest that in a system of thermochemical convection, lithospheric plates subduct to a depth that depends - in a complicated fashion - on their composition and thermal structure. The thermal structure of the sinking plates is primarily determined by the direction and rate of convergence, the age of the lithosphere at the trench, the sinking rate and the variation of these parameters over time (i.e. plate-tectonic history) and is not the same for all subduction systems. The sinking rate in the mantle is determined by a combination of thermal (negative) and compositional buoyancy and as regards the latter we consider in particular the effect of the loading of plates with basaltic plateaux produced by plume heads. Barren oceanic plates are relatively buoyant and may be recycled preferentially in the shallow mantle. Oceanic plateau-laden plates have a more pronounced negative buoyancy and can more easily founder to the very base of the mantle. Plateau segregation remains statistical and no sharp compositional interface is expected from the multiple fate of the plates. We show that the variable depth subduction of heavily laden plates can prevent full vertical mixing and preserve a vertical concentration gradient in the mantle. In addition, it can account for the preservation of scattered remnants of primitive material in the deep mantle and therefore for the Ar and (3)He observations in ocean-island basalts.
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20
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Mesozoic plate-motion history below the northeast Pacific Ocean from seismic images of the subducted Farallon slab. Nature 2000; 405:337-40. [PMID: 10830960 DOI: 10.1038/35012586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The high-resolution seismic imaging of subducted oceanic slabs has become a powerful tool for reconstructing palaeogeography. The images can now be interpreted quantitatively by comparison with models of the general circulation of the Earth's mantle. Here we use a three-dimensional spherical computer model of mantle convection to show that seismic images of the subducted Farallon plate provide strong evidence for a Mesozoic period of low-angle subduction under North America. Such a period of low-angle subduction has been invoked independently to explain Rocky Mountain uplift far inland from the plate boundary during the Laramide orogeny. The computer simulations also allow us to locate the largely unknown Kula-Farallon spreading plate boundary, the location of which is important for inferring the trajectories of 'suspect' terrain across the Pacific basin.
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21
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Zhong S, Zuber MT, Moresi L, Gurnis M. Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Valenzuela RW, Wysession ME, Neustadt MO, Butler JL. Lateral variations at the base of the mantle from profiles of digitalSdiffdata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Kárason H, van der Hilst RD. Constraints on Mantle Convection From Seismic Tomography. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm121p0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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On the competing roles of fault reactivation and brittle failure in generating plate tectonics from mantle convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm121p0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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25
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Bercovici D, Ricard Y, Richards MA. The Relation between mantle dynamics and plate tectonics: A Primer. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm121p0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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The Quest for self-consistent generation of plate tectonics in mantle convection models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm121p0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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27
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Conrad CP, Hager BH. Effects of plate bending and fault strength at subduction zones on plate dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Becker TW, Faccenna C, O'Connell RJ, Giardini D. The development of slabs in the upper mantle: Insights from numerical and laboratory experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Jellinek AM, Kerr RC, Griffiths RW. Mixing and compositional stratification produced by natural convection: 1. Experiments and their application to Earth's core and mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Karason H. Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: toward a hybrid convection model. Science 1999; 283:1885-8. [PMID: 10082455 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5409.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tomographic imaging indicates that slabs of subducted lithosphere can sink deep into Earth's lower mantle. The view that convective flow is stratified at 660-kilometer depth and preserves a relatively pristine lower mantle is therefore not tenable. However, a range of geophysical evidence indicates that compositionally distinct, hence convectively isolated, mantle domains may exist in the bottom 1000 kilometers of the mantle. Survival of these domains, which are perhaps related to local iron enrichment and silicate-to-oxide transformations, implies that mantle convection is more complex than envisaged by conventional end-member flow models.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Widiyantoro
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Rob van der Hilst
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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