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Lebedev EB, Kern H, Pavlenkova NI, Lukanin OA, Lobanov KV, Zharikov AV, Popp T. Compressional wave velocity measurements on mafic-ultramafic rocks under high aqueous fluid pressure and temperature help to explain low-velocity zones in the lithosphere. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13424. [PMID: 34183696 PMCID: PMC8239040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep seismic studies have revealed that low-velocity zones mainly occurred in the continental lithosphere at the depth of 100–150 km. Their origin has not been clearly explained yet. The article demonstrates the possible scale of Vp changes in crystalline rocks of different composition. The conclusions were made on the basis of the comprehensive analysis of the experimental data obtained by the authors. The compressional wave velocities in the temperature range from 20 to 800 °C, both in dry conditions (at pressure of 600 MPa) and in the presence of aqueous fluid (at pressure of 300 MPa) were measured. It is shown that the most significant decrease of velocities (by ~ 3 km/s) in the temperature range of 400–700 °C, corresponding to the deep waveguides of the lithospheric mantle, occurs under water pressure in ultramafic rocks enriched by olivine (dunites). Such decrease is due to rock structure changes caused by olivine serpentinization reactions. It is assumed that serpentinization and/or formation of similar hydrous minerals, which are stable in a wide range of PT-conditions in olivine-rich mantle rocks due to the influence of deep fluids, may cause low-velocities zones in the upper mantle at depths of about 100 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny B Lebedev
- Vemadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 19, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Hartmut Kern
- Institut Fur Geowissenschaften der Universitat Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40-60, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ninely I Pavlenkova
- Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences, B. Gruzinskaya Str. 10, Moscow, Russia, 123242
| | - Oleg A Lukanin
- Vemadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 19, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Konstantin V Lobanov
- Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow, Russia, 119017
| | - Andrey V Zharikov
- Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow, Russia, 119017.
| | - Till Popp
- Lnstitut Für Gebirgsmechanik, Friederikenstraße 60, 04279, Leipzig, Germany
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Bianchi I, Miller MS, Bokelmann G. Insights on the upper mantle beneath the Eastern Alps. EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 2014; 403:199-209. [PMID: 25843967 PMCID: PMC4375711 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of Ps and Sp receiver functions from datasets collected by permanent and temporary seismic stations, image a seismic discontinuity, due to a negative velocity contrast across the entire Eastern Alps. The receiver functions show the presence of the discontinuity within the upper mantle with a resolution of tens of kilometers laterally. It is deeper (100-130 km) below the central portion of the Eastern Alps, and shallower (70-80 km) towards the Pannonian Basin and in the Central Alps. Comparison with previous studies renders it likely that the observed discontinuity coincides with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) east of 15°E longitude, while it could be associated with a low velocity zone west of 15°E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bianchi
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meghan S. Miller
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA
| | - Götz Bokelmann
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lithospheric layering in the North American craton. Nature 2010; 466:1063-8. [PMID: 20740006 DOI: 10.1038/nature09332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How cratons-extremely stable continental areas of the Earth's crust-formed and remained largely unchanged for more than 2,500 million years is much debated. Recent studies of seismic-wave receiver function data have detected a structural boundary under continental cratons at depths too shallow to be consistent with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, as inferred from seismic tomography and other geophysical studies. Here we show that changes in the direction of azimuthal anisotropy with depth reveal the presence of two distinct lithospheric layers throughout the stable part of the North American continent. The top layer is thick ( approximately 150 km) under the Archaean core and tapers out on the surrounding Palaeozoic borders. Its thickness variations follow those of a highly depleted layer inferred from thermo-barometric analysis of xenoliths. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is relatively flat (ranging from 180 to 240 km in depth), in agreement with the presence of a thermal conductive root that subsequently formed around the depleted chemical layer. Our findings tie together seismological, geochemical and geodynamical studies of the cratonic lithosphere in North America. They also suggest that the horizon detected in receiver function studies probably corresponds to the sharp mid-lithospheric boundary rather than to the more gradual lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.
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Chen CW, Rondenay S, Evans RL, Snyder DB. Geophysical Detection of Relict Metasomatism from an Archean (~3.5 Ga) Subduction Zone. Science 2009; 326:1089-91. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wu Chen
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stéphane Rondenay
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rob. L. Evans
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS 22, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - David B. Snyder
- Geological Survey of Canada, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E9, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Bagley B, Revenaugh J. Upper mantle seismic shear discontinuities of the Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper C, Lenardic A, Levander A, Moresi L. Creation and preservation of cratonic lithosphere: Seismic constraints and geodynamic models. ARCHEAN GEODYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENTS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/164gm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Rychert CA, Fischer KM, Rondenay S. A sharp lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary imaged beneath eastern North America. Nature 2005; 436:542-5. [PMID: 16049485 DOI: 10.1038/nature03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plate tectonic theory hinges on the concept of a relatively rigid lithosphere moving over a weaker asthenosphere, yet the nature of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary remains poorly understood. The gradient in seismic velocity that occurs at this boundary is central to constraining the physical and chemical properties that create differences in mechanical strength between the two layers. For example, if the lithosphere is simply a thermal boundary layer that is more rigid owing to colder temperatures, mantle flow models indicate that the velocity gradient at its base would occur over tens of kilometres. In contrast, if the asthenosphere is weak owing to volatile enrichment or the presence of partial melt, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary could occur over a much smaller depth range. Here we use converted seismic phases in eastern North America to image a very sharp seismic velocity gradient at the base of the lithosphere-a 3-11 per cent drop in shear-wave velocity over a depth range of 11 km or less at 90-110 km depth. Such a strong, sharp boundary cannot be reconciled with a purely thermal gradient, but could be explained by an asthenosphere that contains a few per cent partial melt or that is enriched in volatiles relative to the lithosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Rychert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Box 1846, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Karlstrom KE, Whitmeyer SJ, Dueker K, Williams ML, Bowring SA, Levander AR, Humphreys ED, Keller GR. Synthesis of results from the CD-ROM Experiment: 4-D image of the lithosphere beneath the Rocky Mountains and implications for understanding the evolution of continental lithosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/154gm31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Ross AR, Thybo H, Solidilov LN. Reflection seismic profiles of the core-mantle boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Ross
- Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Thybo
- Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. N. Solidilov
- Center for Regional Geophysical and Geoecological Studies; Moscow Russia
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Nielsen L, Thybo H. The origin of teleseismicPnwaves: Multiple crustal scattering of upper mantle whispering gallery phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Nielsen
- Geological Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Thybo
- Geological Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Morozova EA, Morozov IB, Smithson SB, Solodilov LN. Heterogeneity of the uppermost mantle beneath Russian Eurasia from the ultra-long-range profile quartz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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