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Yazdani M. Cellular and Molecular Responses to Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: Some Underlying Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5665-5679. [PMID: 38224444 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder. It is caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements, mostly large-scale deletions of 1.1-10 kb. These deletions primarily affect energy supply through impaired oxidative phosphorylation and reduced ATP production. This impairment gives rise to dysfunction of several tissues, in particular those with high energy demand like brain and muscles. Over the past decades, changes in respiratory chain complexes and energy metabolism have been emphasized, whereas little attention has been paid to other reports on ROS overproduction, protein synthesis inhibition, myelin vacuolation, demyelination, autophagy, apoptosis, and involvement of lipid raft and oligodendrocytes in KSS. Therefore, this paper draws attention towards these relatively underemphasized findings that might further clarify the pathologic cascades following deletions in the mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 0027, Norway.
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2
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Bernardino Gomes TM, Vincent AE, Menger KE, Stewart JB, Nicholls TJ. Mechanisms and pathologies of human mitochondrial DNA replication and deletion formation. Biochem J 2024; 481:683-715. [PMID: 38804971 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Human mitochondria possess a multi-copy circular genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that is essential for cellular energy metabolism. The number of copies of mtDNA per cell, and their integrity, are maintained by nuclear-encoded mtDNA replication and repair machineries. Aberrant mtDNA replication and mtDNA breakage are believed to cause deletions within mtDNA. The genomic location and breakpoint sequences of these deletions show similar patterns across various inherited and acquired diseases, and are also observed during normal ageing, suggesting a common mechanism of deletion formation. However, an ongoing debate over the mechanism by which mtDNA replicates has made it difficult to develop clear and testable models for how mtDNA rearrangements arise and propagate at a molecular and cellular level. These deletions may impair energy metabolism if present in a high proportion of the mtDNA copies within the cell, and can be seen in primary mitochondrial diseases, either in sporadic cases or caused by autosomal variants in nuclear-encoded mtDNA maintenance genes. These mitochondrial diseases have diverse genetic causes and multiple modes of inheritance, and show notoriously broad clinical heterogeneity with complex tissue specificities, which further makes establishing genotype-phenotype relationships challenging. In this review, we aim to cover our current understanding of how the human mitochondrial genome is replicated, the mechanisms by which mtDNA replication and repair can lead to mtDNA instability in the form of large-scale rearrangements, how rearranged mtDNAs subsequently accumulate within cells, and the pathological consequences when this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Bernardino Gomes
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- NHS England Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Amy E Vincent
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Katja E Menger
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - James B Stewart
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Thomas J Nicholls
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
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3
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Borgert L, Becker T, den Brave F. Conserved quality control mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38790152 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria carry out essential functions for the cell, including energy production, various biosynthesis pathways, formation of co-factors and cellular signalling in apoptosis and inflammation. The functionality of mitochondria requires the import of about 900-1300 proteins from the cytosol in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human cells, respectively. The vast majority of these proteins pass the outer membrane in a largely unfolded state through the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex. Subsequently, specific protein translocases sort the precursor proteins into the outer and inner membranes, the intermembrane space and matrix. Premature folding of mitochondrial precursor proteins, defects in the mitochondrial protein translocases or a reduction of the membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane can cause stalling of precursors at the protein import apparatus. Consequently, the translocon is clogged and non-imported precursor proteins accumulate in the cell, which in turn leads to proteotoxic stress and eventually cell death. To prevent such stress situations, quality control mechanisms remove non-imported precursor proteins from the TOM channel. The highly conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system of the cytosol plays a critical role in this process. Thus, the surveillance of protein import via the TOM complex involves the coordinated activity of mitochondria-localized and cytosolic proteins to prevent proteotoxic stress in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Borgert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Ferreira T, Rodriguez S. Mitochondrial DNA: Inherent Complexities Relevant to Genetic Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:617. [PMID: 38790246 PMCID: PMC11121663 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibits distinct characteristics distinguishing it from the nuclear genome, necessitating specific analytical methods in genetic studies. This comprehensive review explores the complex role of mtDNA in a variety of genetic studies, including genome-wide, epigenome-wide, and phenome-wide association studies, with a focus on its implications for human traits and diseases. Here, we discuss the structure and gene-encoding properties of mtDNA, along with the influence of environmental factors and epigenetic modifications on its function and variability. Particularly significant are the challenges posed by mtDNA's high mutation rate, heteroplasmy, and copy number variations, and their impact on disease susceptibility and population genetic analyses. The review also highlights recent advances in methodological approaches that enhance our understanding of mtDNA associations, advocating for refined genetic research techniques that accommodate its complexities. By providing a comprehensive overview of the intricacies of mtDNA, this paper underscores the need for an integrated approach to genetic studies that considers the unique properties of mitochondrial genetics. Our findings aim to inform future research and encourage the development of innovative methodologies to better interpret the broad implications of mtDNA in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ferreira
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
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5
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Li MM, Yang Q, Chen LH, Li YY, Wu JX, Xu XL. Effect of short neuropeptide F signaling on larval feeding in Mythimna separata. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:417-434. [PMID: 37464946 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Mythimna separata is a notorious phytophagous pest which poses serious threats to cereal crops owing to the gluttony of the larvae. Because short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and its receptor sNPFR are involved in a diversity of physiological functions, especially in functions related to feeding in insects, it is a molecular target for pest control. Herein, an sNPF and 2 sNPFRs were identified and cloned from M. separata. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the sNPF and its receptors had a highly conserved RLRFamide C-terminus and 7 transmembrane domains, respectively. The sNPF and its receptor genes were distributed across larval periods and tissues, but 2 receptors had distinct expression patterns. The starvation-induced assay elucidated that sNPF and sNPFR expression levels were downregulated under food deprivation and recovered with subsequent re-feeding. RNA interference knockdown of sNPF, sNPFR1, and sNPFR2 by injection of double-stranded RNA into larvae not only suppressed food consumption and increased body size and weight, but also led to decrease of glycogen and total lipid contents, and increase of trehalose compared with double-stranded green fluorescent protein injection. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed on the interaction mode between sNPFR protein and its ligand sNPF based on the 3-dimensional models constructed by AlphaFold; the results indicated that both receptors were presumably activated by the mature peptide sNPF-2. These results revealed that sNPF signaling played a considerably vital role in the feeding regulation of M. separata and represents a potential control target for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Hui Chen
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiang-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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Ali A, Esmaeil A, Behbehani R. Mitochondrial Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia. Brain Sci 2024; 14:135. [PMID: 38391710 PMCID: PMC10887352 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare disorder that can be at the forefront of several mitochondrial diseases. This review overviews mitochondrial CPEO encephalomyopathies to enhance accurate recognition and diagnosis for proper management. METHODS This study is conducted based on publications and guidelines obtained by selective review in PubMed. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, Cochrane reviews, and literature meta-analyses were particularly sought. DISCUSSION CPEO is a common presentation of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, which can result from alterations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Genetic sequencing is the gold standard for diagnosing mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, preceded by non-invasive tests such as fibroblast growth factor-21 and growth differentiation factor-15. More invasive options include a muscle biopsy, which can be carried out after uncertain diagnostic testing. No definitive treatment option is available for mitochondrial diseases, and management is mainly focused on lifestyle risk modification and supplementation to reduce mitochondrial load and symptomatic relief, such as ptosis repair in the case of CPEO. Nevertheless, various clinical trials and endeavors are still at large for achieving beneficial therapeutic outcomes for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. KEY MESSAGES Understanding the varying presentations and genetic aspects of mitochondrial CPEO is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
| | - Ali Esmaeil
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
| | - Raed Behbehani
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
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Shammas MK, Nie Y, Gilsrud A, Huang X, Narendra DP, Chinnery PF. CHCHD10 mutations induce tissue-specific mitochondrial DNA deletions with a distinct signature. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 33:91-101. [PMID: 37815936 PMCID: PMC10729859 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting the mitochondrial intermembrane space protein CHCHD10 cause human disease, but it is not known why different amino acid substitutions cause markedly different clinical phenotypes, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia, spinal muscular atrophy Jokela-type, isolated autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy. CHCHD10 mutations have been associated with deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA deletions), raising the possibility that these explain the clinical variability. Here, we sequenced mtDNA obtained from hearts, skeletal muscle, livers and spinal cords of WT and Chchd10 G58R or S59L knockin mice to characterise the mtDNA deletion signatures of the two mutant lines. We found that the deletion levels were higher in G58R and S59L mice than in WT mice in some tissues depending on the Chchd10 genotype, and the deletion burden increased with age. Furthermore, we observed that the spinal cord was less prone to the development of mtDNA deletions than the other tissues examined. Finally, in addition to accelerating the rate of naturally occurring deletions, Chchd10 mutations also led to the accumulation of a novel set of deletions characterised by shorter direct repeats flanking the deletion breakpoints. Our results indicate that Chchd10 mutations in mice induce tissue-specific deletions which may also contribute to the clinical phenotype associated with these mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario K Shammas
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Inherited Movement Disorders Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yu Nie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Gilsrud
- Inherited Movement Disorders Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Inherited Movement Disorders Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Derek P Narendra
- Inherited Movement Disorders Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Huang S, Wu Z, Wang T, Yu R, Song Z, Wang H. MmisAT and MmisP: an efficient and accurate suite of variant analysis toolkit for primary mitochondrial diseases. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:108. [PMID: 38012712 PMCID: PMC10683248 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have greatly accelerated the need for efficient annotation to accurately interpret clinically relevant genetic variants in human diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to develop appropriate analytical tools to improve the interpretation of disease variants. Given the unique genetic characteristics of mitochondria, including haplogroup, heteroplasmy, and maternal inheritance, we developed a suite of variant analysis toolkits specifically designed for primary mitochondrial diseases: the Mitochondrial Missense Variant Annotation Tool (MmisAT) and the Mitochondrial Missense Variant Pathogenicity Predictor (MmisP). MmisAT can handle protein-coding variants from both nuclear DNA and mtDNA and generate 349 annotation types across six categories. It processes 4.78 million variant data in 76 min, making it a valuable resource for clinical and research applications. Additionally, MmisP provides pathogenicity scores to predict the pathogenicity of genetic variations in mitochondrial disease. It has been validated using cross-validation and external datasets and demonstrated higher overall discriminant accuracy with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94, outperforming existing pathogenicity predictors. In conclusion, the MmisAT is an efficient tool that greatly facilitates the process of variant annotation, expanding the scope of variant annotation information. Furthermore, the development of MmisP provides valuable insights into the creation of disease-specific, phenotype-specific, and even gene-specific predictors of pathogenicity, further advancing our understanding of specific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Song
- OrigiMed, 5th Floor, Building 3, No.115 Xin Jun Huan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Mishra G, Coyne LP, Chen XJ. Adenine nucleotide carrier protein dysfunction in human disease. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:911-925. [PMID: 37449547 PMCID: PMC10592433 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is the prototypical member of the mitochondrial carrier protein family, primarily involved in ADP/ATP exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Several carrier proteins evolutionarily related to ANT, including SLC25A24 and SLC25A25, are believed to promote the exchange of cytosolic ATP-Mg2+ with phosphate in the mitochondrial matrix. They allow a net accumulation of adenine nucleotides inside mitochondria, which is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth. In the last two decades, mutations in the heart/muscle isoform 1 of ANT (ANT1) and the ATP-Mg2+ transporters have been found to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases by a recessive or dominant mechanism. Although loss-of-function recessive mutations cause a defect in oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in oxidative stress which drives the pathology, it is unclear how the dominant missense mutations in these proteins cause human diseases. In this review, we focus on how yeast was productively used as a model system for the understanding of these dominant diseases. We also describe the relationship between the structure and function of ANT and how this may relate to various pathologies. Particularly, mutations in Aac2, the yeast homolog of ANT, were recently found to clog the mitochondrial protein import pathway. This leads to mitochondrial precursor overaccumulation stress (mPOS), characterized by the toxic accumulation of unimported mitochondrial proteins in the cytosol. We anticipate that in coming years, yeast will continue to serve as a useful model system for the mechanistic understanding of mitochondrial protein import clogging and related pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Liam P Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Zhao G, Zhang W, Fu X, Xie X, Bai S, Li X. Synthesis and Screening of Chemical Agents Targeting Viral Protein Genome-Linked Protein of Telosma Mosaic Virus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13645-13653. [PMID: 37676131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The viral protein genome-linked protein (VPg) of telosma mosaic virus (TeMV) plays an important role in viral reproduction. In this study, the expression conditions of TeMV VPg were explored. A series of novel benzenesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized. The binding sites of the target compounds and TeMV VPg were studied by molecular docking, and the interaction was verified by microscale thermophoresis. The study revealed that the optimal expression conditions for TeMV VPg were in Escherichia coli Rosetta with IPTG concentration of 0.8 mM and induction temperature of 25 °C. Compounds A4, A6, A9, A16, and A17 exhibited excellent binding affinity to TeMV VPg, with Kd values of 0.23, 0.034, 0.19, 0.086, and 0.22 μM, respectively. LYS 121 is the key amino acid site. Compounds A9 inhibited the expression of TeMV VPg in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results suggested that TeMV VPg is a potential antiviral target to screen anti-TeMV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guili Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Industry Polytechnic College, Guiyang 550008, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Magistrati M, Gilea AI, Gerra MC, Baruffini E, Dallabona C. Drug Drop Test: How to Quickly Identify Potential Therapeutic Compounds for Mitochondrial Diseases Using Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10696. [PMID: 37445873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) refer to a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous pathologies characterized by defective mitochondrial function and energy production. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for most MDs, and current therapeutic management is limited to relieving symptoms. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been efficiently used as a model organism to study mitochondria-related disorders thanks to its easy manipulation and well-known mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. It has been successfully exploited both to validate alleged pathogenic variants identified in patients and to discover potential beneficial molecules for their treatment. The so-called "drug drop test", a phenotype-based high-throughput screening, especially if coupled with a drug repurposing approach, allows the identification of molecules with high translational potential in a cost-effective and time-saving manner. In addition to drug identification, S. cerevisiae can be used to point out the drug's target or pathway. To date, drug drop tests have been successfully carried out for a variety of disease models, leading to very promising results. The most relevant aspect is that studies on more complex model organisms confirmed the effectiveness of the drugs, strengthening the results obtained in yeast and demonstrating the usefulness of this screening as a novel approach to revealing new therapeutic molecules for MDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Magistrati
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexandru Ionut Gilea
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gerra
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Baruffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Dallabona
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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12
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Chen Y, Wu L, Liu J, Ma L, Zhang W. Adenine nucleotide translocase: Current knowledge in post-translational modifications, regulations and pathological implications for human diseases. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22953. [PMID: 37224026 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201855rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are central to mitochondrial integrity and bioenergetic metabolism. This review aims to integrate the progresses and knowledge on ANTs over the last few years, contributing to a potential implication of ANTs for various diseases. Structures, functions, modifications, regulators and pathological implications of ANTs for human diseases are intensively demonstrated here. ANTs have four isoforms (ANT1-4), responsible for exchanging ATP/ADP, possibly composing of pro-apoptotic mPTP as a major component, and mediating FA-dependent uncoupling of proton efflux. ANT can be modified by methylation, nitrosylation and nitroalkylation, acetylation, glutathionylation, phosphorylation, carbonylation and hydroxynonenal-induced modifications. Compounds, including bongkrekic acid, atractyloside calcium, carbon monoxide, minocycline, 4-(N-(S-penicillaminylacetyl)amino) phenylarsonous acid, cardiolipin, free long-chain fatty acids, agaric acid, long chain acyl-coenzyme A esters, all have an ability to regulate ANT activities. ANT impairment leads to bioenergetic failure and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes (deficiency), heart disease (deficiency), Parkinson's disease (reduction), Sengers Syndrome (decrease), cancer (isoform shifting), Alzheimer's Disease (coaggregation with Tau), Progressive External Opthalmoplegia (mutation), and Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (overexpression). This review improves the understanding of the mechanism of ANT in pathogenesis of human diseases, and opens a window for novel therapeutic strategies targeted on ANT in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Chen
- Grade 2020, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leshuang Wu
- Grade 2019, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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13
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Coyne LP, Wang X, Song J, de Jong E, Schneider K, Massa PT, Middleton FA, Becker T, Chen XJ. Mitochondrial protein import clogging as a mechanism of disease. eLife 2023; 12:e84330. [PMID: 37129366 PMCID: PMC10208645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis requires the import of >1,000 mitochondrial preproteins from the cytosol. Most studies on mitochondrial protein import are focused on the core import machinery. Whether and how the biophysical properties of substrate preproteins affect overall import efficiency is underexplored. Here, we show that protein traffic into mitochondria can be disrupted by amino acid substitutions in a single substrate preprotein. Pathogenic missense mutations in ADP/ATP translocase 1 (ANT1), and its yeast homolog ADP/ATP carrier 2 (Aac2), cause the protein to accumulate along the protein import pathway, thereby obstructing general protein translocation into mitochondria. This impairs mitochondrial respiration, cytosolic proteostasis, and cell viability independent of ANT1's nucleotide transport activity. The mutations act synergistically, as double mutant Aac2/ANT1 causes severe clogging primarily at the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. This confers extreme toxicity in yeast. In mice, expression of a super-clogger ANT1 variant led to neurodegeneration and an age-dependent dominant myopathy that phenocopy ANT1-induced human disease, suggesting clogging as a mechanism of disease. More broadly, this work implies the existence of uncharacterized amino acid requirements for mitochondrial carrier proteins to avoid clogging and subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Jiyao Song
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Ebbing de Jong
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Karin Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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14
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Wu S, Longley MJ, Lujan SA, Kunkel TA, Copeland WC. Mitochondrial DNA Enrichment for Sensitive Next-Generation Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2615:427-441. [PMID: 36807807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2922-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes components essential for cellular respiration. Low levels of point mutations and deletions accumulate in mtDNA during normal aging. However, improper maintenance of mtDNA results in mitochondrial diseases, stemming from progressive loss of mitochondrial function through the accelerated formation of deletions and mutations in mtDNA. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the creation and propagation of mtDNA deletions, we developed the LostArc next-generation DNA sequencing pipeline to detect and quantify rare mtDNA species in small tissue samples. LostArc procedures are designed to minimize PCR amplification of mtDNA and instead achieve enrichment of mtDNA by selective destruction of nuclear DNA. This approach leads to cost-effective, high-depth sequencing of mtDNA with a sensitivity sufficient to identify one mtDNA deletion per million mtDNA circles. Here, we describe detailed protocols for isolation of genomic DNA from mouse tissues, enrichment of mtDNA through enzymatic destruction of linear nuclear DNA, and preparation of libraries for unbiased next-generation sequencing of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Wu
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Mitochondrial DNA Replication Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Longley
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Mitochondrial DNA Replication Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott A Lujan
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, DNA Replication Fidelity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas A Kunkel
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, DNA Replication Fidelity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William C Copeland
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Mitochondrial DNA Replication Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), characterized by ptosis and impaired eye movements, is a clinical syndrome with an expanding number of etiologically distinct subtypes. Advances in molecular genetics have revealed numerous pathogenic causes of PEO, originally heralded in 1988 by the detection of single large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in skeletal muscle of people with PEO and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Since then, multiple point variants of mtDNA and nuclear genes have been identified to cause mitochondrial PEO and PEO-plus syndromes, including mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) and sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria ophthalmoplegia (SANDO). Intriguingly, many of those nuclear DNA pathogenic variants impair maintenance of the mitochondrial genome causing downstream mtDNA multiple deletions and depletion. In addition, numerous genetic causes of nonmitochondrial PEO have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hirano
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Neuromuscular Medicine Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, especially perturbation of oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, disrupts cellular homeostasis and is a surprisingly frequent cause of central and peripheral nervous system pathology. Mitochondrial disease is an umbrella term that encompasses a host of clinical syndromes and features caused by in excess of 300 different genetic defects affecting the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Patients with mitochondrial disease can present at any age, ranging from neonatal onset to late adult life, with variable organ involvement and neurological manifestations including neurodevelopmental delay, seizures, stroke-like episodes, movement disorders, optic neuropathy, myopathy, and neuropathy. Until relatively recently, analysis of skeletal muscle biopsy was the focus of diagnostic algorithms, but step-changes in the scope and availability of next-generation sequencing technology and multiomics analysis have revolutionized mitochondrial disease diagnosis. Currently, there is no specific therapy for most types of mitochondrial disease, although clinical trials research in the field is gathering momentum. In that context, active management of epilepsy, stroke-like episodes, dystonia, brainstem dysfunction, and Parkinsonism are all the more important in improving patient quality of life and reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert McFarland
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Li M, Li B, Yang Q, Li Y, Wu J, Xu X. Identification of the neuropeptide gene family and feeding regulation by neuropeptide Y in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:676-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Akbari M, Nilsen HL, Montaldo NP. Dynamic features of human mitochondrial DNA maintenance and transcription. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:984245. [PMID: 36158192 PMCID: PMC9491825 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.984245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary sites for cellular energy production and are required for many essential cellular processes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16.6 kb circular DNA molecule that encodes only 13 gene products of the approximately 90 different proteins of the respiratory chain complexes and an estimated 1,200 mitochondrial proteins. MtDNA is, however, crucial for organismal development, normal function, and survival. MtDNA maintenance requires mitochondrially targeted nuclear DNA repair enzymes, a mtDNA replisome that is unique to mitochondria, and systems that control mitochondrial morphology and quality control. Here, we provide an overview of the current literature on mtDNA repair and transcription machineries and discuss how dynamic functional interactions between the components of these systems regulate mtDNA maintenance and transcription. A profound understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control mtDNA maintenance and transcription is important as loss of mtDNA integrity is implicated in normal process of aging, inflammation, and the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Akbari
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hilde Loge Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Unit for precision medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola Pietro Montaldo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Nicola Pietro Montaldo,
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19
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Rosenberger FA, Tang JX, Sergeant K, Moedas MF, Zierz CM, Moore D, Smith C, Lewis D, Guha N, Hopton S, Falkous G, Lam A, Pyle A, Poulton J, Gorman GS, Taylor RW, Freyer C, Wredenberg A. Pathogenic SLC25A26 variants impair SAH transport activity causing mitochondrial disease. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2049-2062. [PMID: 35024855 PMCID: PMC9239748 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC25A26 gene encodes a mitochondrial inner membrane carrier that transports S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAM is the predominant methyl-group donor for most cellular methylation processes, of which SAH is produced as a by-product. Pathogenic, biallelic SLC25A26 variants are a recognized cause of mitochondrial disease in children, with a severe neonatal onset caused by decreased SAM transport activity. Here, we describe two, unrelated adult cases, one of whom presented with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain and metabolic decompensation with lactic acidosis. Both patients had exercise intolerance and mitochondrial myopathy associated with biallelic variants in SLC25A26, which led to marked respiratory chain deficiencies and mitochondrial histopathological abnormalities in skeletal muscle that are comparable to those previously described in early-onset cases. We demonstrate using both mouse and fruit fly models that impairment of SAH, rather than SAM, transport across the mitochondrial membrane is likely the cause of this milder, late-onset phenotype. Our findings associate a novel pathomechanism with a known disease-causing protein and highlight the quests of precision medicine in optimizing diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Rosenberger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Xin Tang
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kate Sergeant
- Oxford Regional Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Marco F Moedas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte M Zierz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Moore
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Conrad Smith
- Oxford Regional Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - David Lewis
- Department of General Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nishan Guha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sila Hopton
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gavin Falkous
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Amanda Lam
- Neurometabolic Unit, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Angela Pyle
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christoph Freyer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Gene Therapy for Mitochondrial Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061287. [PMID: 35745859 PMCID: PMC9231068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a group of severe genetic disorders caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome encoding proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. MDs have a wide range of symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunctions, with different clinical outcomes. The lack of natural history information, the limits of currently available preclinical models, and the wide range of phenotypic presentations seen in MD patients have all hampered the development of effective therapies. The growing number of pre-clinical and clinical trials over the last decade has shown that gene therapy is a viable precision medicine option for treating MD. However, several obstacles must be overcome, including vector design, targeted tissue tropism and efficient delivery, transgene expression, and immunotoxicity. This manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of gene therapy in MD, addressing the main challenges, the most feasible solutions, and the future perspectives of the field.
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21
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Almannai M, Salah A, El-Hattab AW. Mitochondrial Membranes and Mitochondrial Genome: Interactions and Clinical Syndromes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060625. [PMID: 35736332 PMCID: PMC9229594 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes; the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane. They are unique organelles since they have their own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is replicated continuously. Mitochondrial membranes have direct interaction with mtDNA and are therefore involved in organization of the mitochondrial genome. They also play essential roles in mitochondrial dynamics and the supply of nucleotides for mtDNA synthesis. In this review, we will discuss how the mitochondrial membranes interact with mtDNA and how this interaction is essential for mtDNA maintenance. We will review different mtDNA maintenance disorders that result from defects in this crucial interaction. Finally, we will review therapeutic approaches relevant to defects in mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Riyadh P.O. Box 22490, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Azza Salah
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 72772, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ayman W. El-Hattab
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 72772, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Genetics and Metabolic Department, KidsHeart Medical Center, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 505193, United Arab Emirates
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22
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Roy A, Kandettu A, Ray S, Chakrabarty S. Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair defects: Clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148554. [PMID: 35341749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria is a unique cellular organelle involved in multiple cellular processes and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This semi-autonomous organelle contains its circular genome - mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), that undergoes continuous cycles of replication and repair to maintain the mitochondrial genome integrity. The majority of the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial replisome and repair genes, are nuclear-encoded. Although the repair machinery of mitochondria is quite efficient, the mitochondrial genome is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and other types of exogenous and endogenous agent-induced DNA damage, due to the absence of protective histones and their proximity to the main ROS production sites. Mutations in replication and repair genes of mitochondria can result in mtDNA depletion and deletions subsequently leading to mitochondrial genome instability. The combined action of mutations and deletions can result in compromised mitochondrial genome maintenance and lead to various mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair process, key proteins involved, and their altered function in mitochondrial disorders. The focus of this review will be on the key genes of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair machinery and the clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amoolya Kandettu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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23
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232nd ENMC International Workshop: Recommendations for treatment of mitochondrial DNA maintenance disorders. 16 – 18 June 2017, Heemskerk, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2022; 32:609-620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Mitochondrial Neurodegeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040637. [PMID: 35203288 PMCID: PMC8870525 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles, which generate energy as heat and ATP, the universal energy currency of the cell. This process is carried out by coupling electron stripping through oxidation of nutrient substrates with the formation of a proton-based electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Controlled dissipation of the gradient can lead to production of heat as well as ATP, via ADP phosphorylation. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation, and is carried out by four multiheteromeric complexes (from I to IV) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, carrying out the electron flow whose energy is stored as a proton-based electrochemical gradient. This gradient sustains a second reaction, operated by the mitochondrial ATP synthase, or complex V, which condensates ADP and Pi into ATP. Four complexes (CI, CIII, CIV, and CV) are composed of proteins encoded by genes present in two separate compartments: the nuclear genome and a small circular DNA found in mitochondria themselves, and are termed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations striking either genome can lead to mitochondrial impairment, determining infantile, childhood or adult neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial disorders are complex neurological syndromes, and are often part of a multisystem disorder. In this paper, we divide the diseases into those caused by mtDNA defects and those that are due to mutations involving nuclear genes; from a clinical point of view, we discuss pediatric disorders in comparison to juvenile or adult-onset conditions. The complementary genetic contributions controlling organellar function and the complexity of the biochemical pathways present in the mitochondria justify the extreme genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this new area of inborn errors of metabolism known as ‘mitochondrial medicine’.
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26
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Molecular Genetics Overview of Primary Mitochondrial Myopathies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030632. [PMID: 35160083 PMCID: PMC8836969 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are the most common inherited conditions, characterized by defects in oxidative phosphorylation and caused by mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial genes. Due to its high energy request, skeletal muscle is typically involved. According to the International Workshop of Experts in Mitochondrial Diseases held in Rome in 2016, the term Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy (PMM) should refer to those mitochondrial disorders affecting principally, but not exclusively, the skeletal muscle. The clinical presentation may include general isolated myopathy with muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, chronic ophthalmoplegia/ophthalmoparesis (cPEO) and eyelids ptosis, or multisystem conditions where there is a coexistence with extramuscular signs and symptoms. In recent years, new therapeutic targets have been identified leading to the launch of some promising clinical trials that have mainly focused on treating muscle symptoms and that require populations with defined genotype. Advantages in next-generation sequencing techniques have substantially improved diagnosis. So far, an increasing number of mutations have been identified as responsible for mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we focused on the principal molecular genetic alterations in PMM. Accordingly, we carried out a comprehensive review of the literature and briefly discussed the possible approaches which could guide the clinician to a genetic diagnosis.
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27
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Reynolds EGM, Lopdell T, Wang Y, Tiplady KM, Harland CS, Johnson TJJ, Neeley C, Carnie K, Sherlock RG, Couldrey C, Davis SR, Harris BL, Spelman RJ, Garrick DJ, Littlejohn MD. Non-additive QTL mapping of lactation traits in 124,000 cattle reveals novel recessive loci. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:5. [PMID: 35073835 PMCID: PMC8785530 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleterious recessive conditions have been primarily studied in the context of Mendelian diseases. Recently, several deleterious recessive mutations with large effects were discovered via non-additive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of quantitative growth and developmental traits in cattle, which showed that quantitative traits can be used as proxies of genetic disorders when such traits are indicative of whole-animal health status. We reasoned that lactation traits in cattle might also reflect genetic disorders, given the increased energy demands of lactation and the substantial stresses imposed on the animal. In this study, we screened more than 124,000 cows for recessive effects based on lactation traits. RESULTS We discovered five novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are associated with large recessive impacts on three milk yield traits, with these loci presenting missense variants in the DOCK8, IL4R, KIAA0556, and SLC25A4 genes or premature stop variants in the ITGAL, LRCH4, and RBM34 genes, as candidate causal mutations. For two milk composition traits, we identified several previously reported additive QTL that display small dominance effects. By contrasting results from milk yield and milk composition phenotypes, we note differing genetic architectures. Compared to milk composition phenotypes, milk yield phenotypes had lower heritabilities and were associated with fewer additive QTL but had a higher non-additive genetic variance and were associated with a higher proportion of loci exhibiting dominance. CONCLUSIONS We identified large-effect recessive QTL which are segregating at surprisingly high frequencies in cattle. We speculate that the differences in genetic architecture between milk yield and milk composition phenotypes derive from underlying dissimilarities in the cellular and molecular representation of these traits, with yield phenotypes acting as a better proxy of underlying biological disorders through presentation of a larger number of major recessive impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Lopdell
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Yu Wang
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn M. Tiplady
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Katie Carnie
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathew D. Littlejohn
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
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28
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Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome with a mutation in SLC25A4 developing epileptic encephalopathy: A case report. Brain Dev 2022; 44:56-62. [PMID: 34452803 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MTDPS-12A) is characterized by severe hypotonia from birth due to a mutation in the adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1). CASE REPORT A 4-year-old female patient diagnosed with neonatal-onset mitochondrial disease, who had good cognitive function while receiving antiepileptic treatment, presented with sudden-onset status epilepticus with facial and limb myoclonus persisting for more than 30 min. Subsequently, she developed epileptic encephalopathy. Brain MRI showed progressive ventricular enlargement and marked white matter atrophy. She was unable to perform verbal communication or make eye contact and fingertip movements. She lacked any signs of cardiomyopathy. Sanger sequencing demonstrated a heterozygous de novo mutation of c.239G>A (p.Arg80His) in SLC25A4. Her right quadriceps muscle tissue showed lowered complexes I, III, and IV activities and mitochondria DNA depletion (mitochondria/nuclear DNA: 14.6 ± 2.2%) through the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. She was definitively diagnosed with MTDPS-12A. CONCLUSION Status epilepticus causes encephalopathy in patients with MTDPS-12A. Reducing the energy requirement on the cardiac muscle and brain may be a treatment strategy for patients with MTDPS-12A. Therefore, seizure management and preventive treatment of status epilepticus are considered to be important for maintaining neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Amahong K, Yan M, Li J, Yang N, Liu H, Bi X, Vuitton DA, Lin R, Lü G. EgGLUT1 Is Crucial for the Viability of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto Metacestode: A New Therapeutic Target? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:747739. [PMID: 34858873 PMCID: PMC8632494 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.747739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster. It is urgent to identify novel drug targets and develop new drug candidates against CE. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is mainly responsible for the transmembrane transport of glucose to maintain its constant cellular availability and is a recent research hotspot as a drug target in various diseases. However, the role of GLUT1 in E. granulosus s.l. (EgGLUT1) was unknown. In this study, we cloned a conserved GLUT1 homology gene (named EgGLUT1-ss) from E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and found EgGLUT1-ss was crucial for glucose uptake and viability by the protoscoleces of E. granulosus s.s. WZB117, a GLUT1 inhibitor, inhibited glucose uptake by E. granulosus s.s. and the viability of the metacestode in vitro. In addition, WZB117 showed significant therapeutic activity in E. granulosus s.s.-infected mice: a 10 mg/kg dose of WZB117 significantly reduced the number and weight of parasite cysts (P < 0.05) as efficiently as the reference drug, albendazole. Our results demonstrate that EgGLUT1-ss is crucial for glucose uptake by the protoscoleces of E. granulosus s.s., and its inhibitor WZB117 has a therapeutic effect on CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuerbannisha Amahong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingzhi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jintian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- French National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Tool for Studying Mutations in Nuclear Genes Involved in Diseases Caused by Mitochondrial DNA Instability. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121866. [PMID: 34946817 PMCID: PMC8701800 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is critical for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) since some subunits of the respiratory chain complexes are mitochondrially encoded. Pathological mutations in nuclear genes involved in the mtDNA metabolism may result in a quantitative decrease in mtDNA levels, referred to as mtDNA depletion, or in qualitative defects in mtDNA, especially in multiple deletions. Since, in the last decade, most of the novel mutations have been identified through whole-exome sequencing, it is crucial to confirm the pathogenicity by functional analysis in the appropriate model systems. Among these, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be a good model for studying mutations associated with mtDNA instability. This review focuses on the use of yeast for evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations in six genes, MPV17/SYM1, MRM2/MRM2, OPA1/MGM1, POLG/MIP1, RRM2B/RNR2, and SLC25A4/AAC2, all associated with mtDNA depletion or multiple deletions. We highlight the techniques used to construct a specific model and to measure the mtDNA instability as well as the main results obtained. We then report the contribution that yeast has given in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutant variants, in finding the genetic suppressors of the mitochondrial defects and in the discovery of molecules able to improve the mtDNA stability.
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Learning from Yeast about Mitochondrial Carriers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102044. [PMID: 34683364 PMCID: PMC8539049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play an important role in both energetic and synthetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The flow of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is controlled by a set of highly selective carrier proteins localised in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As defects in the transport of these molecules may affect cell metabolism, mutations in genes encoding for mitochondrial carriers are involved in numerous human diseases. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our understanding of many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, the yeast is also exceptionally well suited for investigation of mitochondrial carriers. This article reviews the advantages of using yeast to study mitochondrial carriers with the focus on addressing the involvement of these carriers in human diseases.
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Kunji ERS, King MS, Ruprecht JJ, Thangaratnarajah C. The SLC25 Carrier Family: Important Transport Proteins in Mitochondrial Physiology and Pathology. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:302-327. [PMID: 32783608 PMCID: PMC7611780 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mitochondrial carrier family (SLC25) transport a variety of compounds across the inner membrane of mitochondria. These transport steps provide building blocks for the cell and link the pathways of the mitochondrial matrix and cytosol. An increasing number of diseases and pathologies has been associated with their dysfunction. In this review, the molecular basis of these diseases is explained based on our current understanding of their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund R S Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J Ruprecht
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chancievan Thangaratnarajah
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Membrane Enzymology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier exists and functions as a monomer. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1419-1432. [PMID: 32725219 PMCID: PMC7458400 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, the oligomeric state of members of the mitochondrial carrier family (SLC25) has been the subject of debate. Initially, the consensus was that they were dimeric, based on the application of a large number of different techniques. However, the structures of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, a member of the family, clearly demonstrated that its structural fold is monomeric, lacking a conserved dimerisation interface. A re-evaluation of previously published data, with the advantage of hindsight, concluded that technical errors were at the basis of the earlier dimer claims. Here, we revisit this topic, as new claims for the existence of dimers of the bovine ADP/ATP carrier have emerged using native mass spectrometry of mitochondrial membrane vesicles. However, the measured mass does not agree with previously published values, and a large number of post-translational modifications are proposed to account for the difference. Contrarily, these modifications are not observed in electron density maps of the bovine carrier. If they were present, they would interfere with the structure and function of the carrier, including inhibitor and substrate binding. Furthermore, the reported mass does not account for three tightly bound cardiolipin molecules, which are consistently observed in other studies and are important stabilising factors for the transport mechanism. The monomeric carrier has all of the required properties for a functional transporter and undergoes large conformational changes that are incompatible with a stable dimerisation interface. Thus, our view that the native mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier exists and functions as a monomer remains unaltered.
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Pasquadibisceglie A, Polticelli F. Computational studies of the mitochondrial carrier family SLC25. Present status and future perspectives. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The members of the mitochondrial carrier family, also known as solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), are transmembrane proteins involved in the translocation of a plethora of small molecules between the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the matrix. These transporters are characterized by three homologous domains structure and a transport mechanism that involves the transition between different conformations. Mutations in regions critical for these transporters’ function often cause several diseases, given the crucial role of these proteins in the mitochondrial homeostasis. Experimental studies can be problematic in the case of membrane proteins, in particular concerning the characterization of the structure–function relationships. For this reason, computational methods are often applied in order to develop new hypotheses or to support/explain experimental evidence. Here the computational analyses carried out on the SLC25 members are reviewed, describing the main techniques used and the outcome in terms of improved knowledge of the transport mechanism. Potential future applications on this protein family of more recent and advanced in silico methods are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences , Roma Tre University , Rome , Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section , Rome , Italy
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A Yeast-Based Screening Unravels Potential Therapeutic Molecules for Mitochondrial Diseases Associated with Dominant ANT1 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094461. [PMID: 33923309 PMCID: PMC8123201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases result from inherited or spontaneous mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA, leading to an impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation responsible for the synthesis of ATP. To date, there are no effective pharmacological therapies for these pathologies. We performed a yeast-based screening to search for therapeutic drugs to be used for treating mitochondrial diseases associated with dominant mutations in the nuclear ANT1 gene, which encodes for the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. Dominant ANT1 mutations are involved in several degenerative mitochondrial pathologies characterized by the presence of multiple deletions or depletion of mitochondrial DNA in tissues of affected patients. Thanks to the presence in yeast of the AAC2 gene, orthologue of human ANT1, a yeast mutant strain carrying the M114P substitution equivalent to adPEO-associated L98P mutation was created. Five molecules were identified for their ability to suppress the defective respiratory growth phenotype of the haploid aac2M114P. Furthermore, these molecules rescued the mtDNA mutability in the heteroallelic AAC2/aac2M114P strain, which mimics the human heterozygous condition of adPEO patients. The drugs were effective in reducing mtDNA instability also in the heteroallelic strain carrying the R96H mutation equivalent to the more severe de novo dominant missense mutation R80H, suggesting a general therapeutic effect on diseases associated with dominant ANT1 mutations.
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Backes S, Bykov YS, Flohr T, Räschle M, Zhou J, Lenhard S, Krämer L, Mühlhaus T, Bibi C, Jann C, Smith JD, Steinmetz LM, Rapaport D, Storchová Z, Schuldiner M, Boos F, Herrmann JM. The chaperone-binding activity of the mitochondrial surface receptor Tom70 protects the cytosol against mitoprotein-induced stress. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108936. [PMID: 33826901 PMCID: PMC7615001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and post-translationally transported into mitochondria. The mitochondrial surface protein Tom70 acts at the interface of the cytosol and mitochondria. In vitro import experiments identified Tom70 as targeting receptor, particularly for hydrophobic carriers. Using in vivo methods and high-content screens, we revisit the question of Tom70 function and considerably expand the set of Tom70-dependent mitochondrial proteins. We demonstrate that the crucial activity of Tom70 is its ability to recruit cytosolic chaperones to the outer membrane. Indeed, tethering an unrelated chaperone-binding domain onto the mitochondrial surface complements most of the defects caused by Tom70 deletion. Tom70-mediated chaperone recruitment reduces the proteotoxicity of mitochondrial precursor proteins, particularly of hydrophobic inner membrane proteins. Thus, our work suggests that the predominant function of Tom70 is to tether cytosolic chaperones to the outer mitochondrial membrane, rather than to serve as a mitochondrion-specifying targeting receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Backes
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yury S Bykov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamara Flohr
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Räschle
- Molecular Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jialin Zhou
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Lenhard
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lena Krämer
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Chen Bibi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Cosimo Jann
- Genome Biology Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Justin D Smith
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Genome Biology Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Molecular Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Felix Boos
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Ceccatelli Berti C, di Punzio G, Dallabona C, Baruffini E, Goffrini P, Lodi T, Donnini C. The Power of Yeast in Modelling Human Nuclear Mutations Associated with Mitochondrial Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:300. [PMID: 33672627 PMCID: PMC7924180 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of next generation sequencing approaches to the analysis of human exome and whole genome data has enabled the identification of novel variants and new genes involved in mitochondrial diseases. The ability of surviving in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial genome makes the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae an excellent model system for investigating the role of these new variants in mitochondrial-related conditions and dissecting the molecular mechanisms associated with these diseases. The aim of this review was to highlight the main advantages offered by this model for the study of mitochondrial diseases, from the validation and characterisation of novel mutations to the dissection of the role played by genes in mitochondrial functionality and the discovery of potential therapeutic molecules. The review also provides a summary of the main contributions to the understanding of mitochondrial diseases emerged from the study of this simple eukaryotic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.C.B.); (G.d.P.); (C.D.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (T.L.)
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Jackson TD, Hock DH, Fujihara KM, Palmer CS, Frazier AE, Low YC, Kang Y, Ang CS, Clemons NJ, Thorburn DR, Stroud DA, Stojanovski D. The TIM22 complex mediates the import of sideroflexins and is required for efficient mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:475-491. [PMID: 33476211 PMCID: PMC8101445 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylglycerol kinase (AGK) is a mitochondrial lipid kinase that contributes to protein biogenesis as a subunit of the TIM22 complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mutations in AGK cause Sengers syndrome, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and lactic acidosis. We mapped the proteomic changes in Sengers patient fibroblasts and AGKKO cell lines to understand the effects of AGK dysfunction on mitochondria. This uncovered down-regulation of a number of proteins at the inner mitochondrial membrane, including many SLC25 carrier family proteins, which are predicted substrates of the complex. We also observed down-regulation of SFXN proteins, which contain five transmembrane domains, and show that they represent a novel class of TIM22 complex substrate. Perturbed biogenesis of SFXN proteins in cells lacking AGK reduces the proliferative capabilities of these cells in the absence of exogenous serine, suggesting that dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism is a molecular feature in the biology of Sengers syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
| | - Daniella H Hock
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
| | - Kenji M Fujihara
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
| | - Ann E Frazier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute and.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yau C Low
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute and.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yilin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute and.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
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40
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Fontana GA, Gahlon HL. Mechanisms of replication and repair in mitochondrial DNA deletion formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11244-11258. [PMID: 33021629 PMCID: PMC7672454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with diverse human pathologies including cancer, aging and mitochondrial disorders. Large-scale deletions span kilobases in length and the loss of these associated genes contributes to crippled oxidative phosphorylation and overall decline in mitochondrial fitness. There is not a united view for how mtDNA deletions are generated and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. This review discusses the role of replication and repair in mtDNA deletion formation as well as nucleic acid motifs such as repeats, secondary structures, and DNA damage associated with deletion formation in the mitochondrial genome. We propose that while erroneous replication and repair can separately contribute to deletion formation, crosstalk between these pathways is also involved in generating deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele A Fontana
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hailey L Gahlon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 44 632 3731;
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41
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Ishikawa K, Nakada K. Attempts to understand the mechanisms of mitochondrial diseases: The reverse genetics of mouse models for mitochondrial disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129835. [PMID: 33358867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial disease is a general term for a disease caused by a decline in mitochondrial function. The pathology of this disease is extremely diverse and complex, and the mechanism of its pathogenesis is still unknown. Using mouse models that develop the disease via the same processes as in humans is the easiest path to understanding the underlying mechanism. However, creating a mouse model is extremely difficult due to the lack of technologies that enable editing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). SCOPE OF REVIEW This paper outlines the complex pathogenesis of mitochondrial disease, and the difficulties in producing relevant mouse models. Then, the paper provides a detailed discussion on several mice created with mutations in mtDNA. The paper also introduces the pathology of mouse models with mutations including knockouts of nuclear genes that directly affect mitochondrial function. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Several mice with mtDNA mutations and those with nuclear DNA mutations have been established. Although these models help elucidate the pathological mechanism of mitochondrial disease, they lack sufficient diversity to enable a complete understanding. Considering the variety of factors that affect the cause and mechanism of mitochondrial disease, it is necessary to account for this background diversity in mouse models as well. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Mouse models are indispensable for understanding the pathological mechanism of mitochondrial disease, as well as for searching new treatments. There is a need for the creation and examination of mouse models with more diverse mutations and altered nuclear backgrounds and breeding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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42
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Falkenberg M, Gustafsson CM. Mammalian mitochondrial DNA replication and mechanisms of deletion formation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:509-524. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1818684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Falkenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes M. Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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43
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Maghbooli M, Ghaffarpour M, Ghazizadeh T, Shalbaf NA, MalekMahmoudi G. Clinicogenetical Variants of Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia - An Especial Review of Non-ophthalmic Manifestations. Neurol India 2020; 68:760-768. [PMID: 32859811 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.293454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by extraocular muscles involvement, leading to frozen eyes without diplopia. The pattern of inheritance may be mitochondrial, autosomal dominant or, rarely, autosomal recessive. Sporadic forms were also reported. Muscular involvement other than extraocular muscles may occur with varying degrees of weakness, but this mostly happens many years after the disease begins. There are also scattered data about systemic signs besides ophthalmoplegia. This article aims to review non-ophthalmic findings of PEO from a clinicogenetical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Maghbooli
- Department of Neurology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Ghaffarpour
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Ghazizadeh
- Department of Neurology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Azizi Shalbaf
- Department of Neurology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ghazal MalekMahmoudi
- Department of Neurology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan, Iran
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44
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A PRIMPOL mutation and variants in multiple genes may contribute to phenotypes in a familial case with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia symptoms. Neurosci Res 2020; 157:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Vial J, Huchedé P, Fagault S, Basset F, Rossi M, Geoffray J, Soldati H, Bisaccia J, Elsensohn MH, Creveaux M, Neves D, Blay JY, Fauvelle F, Bouquet F, Streichenberger N, Corradini N, Bergeron C, Maucort-Boulch D, Castets P, Carré M, Weber K, Castets M. Low expression of ANT1 confers oncogenic properties to rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells by modulating metabolism and death pathways. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:64. [PMID: 32728477 PMCID: PMC7382490 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent form of pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma. It is divided into two main subtypes: ERMS (embryonal) and ARMS (alveolar). Current treatments are based on chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. The 5-year survival rate has plateaued at 70% since 2000, despite several clinical trials. RMS cells are thought to derive from the muscle lineage. During development, myogenesis includes the expansion of muscle precursors, the elimination of those in excess by cell death and the differentiation of the remaining ones into myofibers. The notion that these processes may be hijacked by tumor cells to sustain their oncogenic transformation has emerged, with RMS being considered as the dark side of myogenesis. Thus, dissecting myogenic developmental programs could improve our understanding of RMS molecular etiology. We focused herein on ANT1, which is involved in myogenesis and is responsible for genetic disorders associated with muscle degeneration. ANT1 is a mitochondrial protein, which has a dual functionality, as it is involved both in metabolism via the regulation of ATP/ADP release from mitochondria and in regulated cell death as part of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Bioinformatics analyses of transcriptomic datasets revealed that ANT1 is expressed at low levels in RMS. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we showed that reduced ANT1 expression confers selective advantages to RMS cells in terms of proliferation and resistance to stress-induced death. These effects arise notably from an abnormal metabolic switch induced by ANT1 downregulation. Restoration of ANT1 expression using a Tet-On system is sufficient to prime tumor cells to death and to increase their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Based on our results, modulation of ANT1 expression and/or activity appears as an appealing therapeutic approach in RMS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Vial
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - P. Huchedé
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - S. Fagault
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - F. Basset
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - M. Rossi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm UMR_S 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - J. Geoffray
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - H. Soldati
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J. Bisaccia
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - M. H. Elsensohn
- Service de Biostatistique—Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - M. Creveaux
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - J. Y. Blay
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - F. Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, US17, MRI facility IRMaGe, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Bouquet
- Roche Institute, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - N. Streichenberger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INMG CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - N. Corradini
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - C. Bergeron
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - D. Maucort-Boulch
- Service de Biostatistique—Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - P. Castets
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, CMU, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Carré
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm UMR_S 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - K. Weber
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - M. Castets
- Cell death and Childhood Cancers Laboratory—Equipe labellisée LabEx DEV2CAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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Pirinen E, Auranen M, Khan NA, Brilhante V, Urho N, Pessia A, Hakkarainen A, Kuula J, Heinonen U, Schmidt MS, Haimilahti K, Piirilä P, Lundbom N, Taskinen MR, Brenner C, Velagapudi V, Pietiläinen KH, Suomalainen A. Niacin Cures Systemic NAD + Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1078-1090.e5. [PMID: 32386566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ is a redox-active metabolite, the depletion of which has been proposed to promote aging and degenerative diseases in rodents. However, whether NAD+ depletion occurs in patients with degenerative disorders and whether NAD+ repletion improves their symptoms has remained open. Here, we report systemic NAD+ deficiency in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy patients. We administered an increasing dose of NAD+-booster niacin, a vitamin B3 form (to 750-1,000 mg/day; clinicaltrials.govNCT03973203) for patients and their matched controls for 10 or 4 months, respectively. Blood NAD+ increased in all subjects, up to 8-fold, and muscle NAD+ of patients reached the level of their controls. Some patients showed anemia tendency, while muscle strength and mitochondrial biogenesis increased in all subjects. In patients, muscle metabolome shifted toward controls and liver fat decreased even 50%. Our evidence indicates that blood analysis is useful in identifying NAD+ deficiency and points niacin to be an efficient NAD+ booster for treating mitochondrial myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Pirinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
| | - Mari Auranen
- Research Program of Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nahid A Khan
- Research Program of Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Virginia Brilhante
- Research Program of Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Niina Urho
- Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alberto Pessia
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo 12200, Finland
| | - Juho Kuula
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Heinonen
- Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kimmo Haimilahti
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Obesity Centre, Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Program of Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; HUSlab, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Neuroscience Center, HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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47
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La Morgia C, Maresca A, Caporali L, Valentino ML, Carelli V. Mitochondrial diseases in adults. J Intern Med 2020; 287:592-608. [PMID: 32463135 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial medicine is a field that expanded exponentially in the last 30 years. Individually rare, mitochondrial diseases as a whole are probably the most frequent genetic disorder in adults. The complexity of their genotype-phenotype correlation, in terms of penetrance and clinical expressivity, natural history and diagnostic algorithm derives from the dual genetic determination. In fact, in addition to the about 1.500 genes encoding mitochondrial proteins that reside in the nuclear genome (nDNA), we have the 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), for which 22 specific tRNAs and 2 rRNAs are also needed. Thus, besides Mendelian genetics, we need to consider all peculiarities of how mtDNA is inherited, maintained and expressed to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of these disorders. Yet, from the initial restriction to the narrow field of oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction, the landscape of mitochondrial functions impinging on cellular homeostasis, driving life and death, is impressively enlarged. Finally, from the clinical standpoint, starting from the neuromuscular field, where brain and skeletal muscle were the primary targets of mitochondrial dysfunction as energy-dependent tissues, after three decades virtually any subspecialty of medicine is now involved. We will summarize the key clinical pictures and pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial diseases in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- C La Morgia
- From the, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Caporali
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - M L Valentino
- From the, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carelli
- From the, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
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48
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Palmieri F, Scarcia P, Monné M. Diseases Caused by Mutations in Mitochondrial Carrier Genes SLC25: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040655. [PMID: 32340404 PMCID: PMC7226361 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1980s, after the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had been sequenced, several diseases resulting from mtDNA mutations emerged. Later, numerous disorders caused by mutations in the nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were found. A group of these diseases are due to defects of mitochondrial carriers, a family of proteins named solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), that transport a variety of solutes such as the reagents of ATP synthase (ATP, ADP, and phosphate), tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, cofactors, amino acids, and carnitine esters of fatty acids. The disease-causing mutations disclosed in mitochondrial carriers range from point mutations, which are often localized in the substrate translocation pore of the carrier, to large deletions and insertions. The biochemical consequences of deficient transport are the compartmentalized accumulation of the substrates and dysfunctional mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, which frequently develop into various forms of myopathy, encephalopathy, or neuropathy. Examples of diseases, due to mitochondrial carrier mutations are: combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, carnitine-acylcarnitine carrier deficiency, hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrillinuria (HHH) syndrome, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 3, Amish microcephaly, aspartate/glutamate isoform 1 deficiency, congenital sideroblastic anemia, Fontaine progeroid syndrome, and citrullinemia type II. Here, we review all the mitochondrial carrier-related diseases known until now, focusing on the connections between the molecular basis, altered metabolism, and phenotypes of these inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0805443323 (F.P.)
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0805443323 (F.P.)
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Abstract
The POLG gene encodes the mitochondrial DNA polymerase that is responsible for replication of the mitochondrial genome. Mutations in POLG can cause early childhood mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes or later-onset syndromes arising from mtDNA deletions. POLG mutations are the most common cause of inherited mitochondrial disorders, with as many as 2% of the population carrying these mutations. POLG-related disorders comprise a continuum of overlapping phenotypes with onset from infancy to late adulthood. The six leading disorders caused by POLG mutations are Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome, which is one of the most severe phenotypes; childhood myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum, which presents within the first 3 years of life; myoclonic epilepsy myopathy sensory ataxia; ataxia neuropathy spectrum; autosomal recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia; and autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia. This Review describes the clinical features, pathophysiology, natural history and treatment of POLG-related disorders, focusing particularly on the neurological manifestations of these conditions.
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50
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A Brief History of Mitochondrial Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225643. [PMID: 31718067 PMCID: PMC6888695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of "mitochondrial pathologies", namely genetic pathologies affecting mitochondrial metabolism because of mutations in nuclear DNA-encoded genes for proteins active inside mitochondria or mutations in mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes, began in 1988. In that year, two different groups of researchers discovered, respectively, large-scale single deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in muscle biopsies from patients with "mitochondrial myopathies" and a point mutation in the mtDNA gene for subunit 4 of NADH dehydrogenase (MTND4), associated with maternally inherited Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Henceforth, a novel conceptual "mitochondrial genetics", separate from mendelian genetics, arose, based on three features of mtDNA: (1) polyplasmy; (2) maternal inheritance; and (3) mitotic segregation. Diagnosis of mtDNA-related diseases became possible through genetic analysis and experimental approaches involving histochemical staining of muscle or brain sections, single-fiber polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of mtDNA, and the creation of patient-derived "cybrid" (cytoplasmic hybrid) immortal fibroblast cell lines. The availability of the above-mentioned techniques along with the novel sensitivity of clinicians to such disorders led to the characterization of a constantly growing number of pathologies. Here is traced a brief historical perspective on the discovery of autonomous pathogenic mtDNA mutations and on the related mendelian pathology altering mtDNA integrity.
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