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Shiratori‐Hayashi M, Tsuda M. Spinal glial cells in itch modulation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00754. [PMID: 34677000 PMCID: PMC8532133 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are electrically non-excitable and outnumber neurons in humans. Glial cells have attracted attention in recent years for their active involvement in the regulation of neuronal activity, suggesting their contribution to the pathogenesis and progression of neurological diseases. Studies have shown that astrocytes, a type of glial cell, are activated in the spinal cord in response to skin inflammation and contribute to the exacerbation of chronic itch. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes and other glial cells in the modulation of itch processing and the mechanism of their activation under itch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiratori‐Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and System PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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2
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Shiratori-Hayashi M, Yamaguchi C, Eguchi K, Shiraishi Y, Kohno K, Mikoshiba K, Inoue K, Nishida M, Tsuda M. Astrocytic STAT3 activation and chronic itch require IP 3R1/TRPC-dependent Ca 2+ signals in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1341-1353. [PMID: 32781002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic itch is a debilitating symptom of inflammatory skin diseases, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We have recently demonstrated that astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn become reactive in models of atopic and contact dermatitis via activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and critically contribute to chronic itch. In general, STAT3 is transiently activated; however, STAT3 activation in reactive astrocytes of chronic itch model mice persistently occurs via an unknown mechanism. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the mechanisms of persistent activation of astrocytic STAT3 in chronic itch conditions. METHODS To determine the factors that are required for persistent activation of astrocytic STAT3, Western blotting and calcium imaging with cultured astrocytes or spinal cord slices were performed. Thereafter, chronic itch model mice were used for genetic and behavioral experiments to confirm the role of the factors determined to mediate persistent STAT3 activation from in vitro and ex vivo experiments in chronic itch. RESULTS IP3 receptor type 1 (IP3R1) knockdown in astrocytes suppressed IL-6-induced persistent STAT3 activation and expression of lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an astrocytic STAT3-dependent inflammatory factor that is required for chronic itch. IP3R1-dependent astrocytic Ca2+ responses involved Ca2+ influx through the cation channel transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC), which was required for persistent STAT3 activation evoked by IL-6. IL-6 expression was upregulated in dorsal root ganglion neurons in a mouse model of chronic itch. Dorsal root ganglion neuron-specific IL-6 knockdown, spinal astrocyte-specific IP3R1 knockdown, and pharmacologic spinal TRPC inhibition attenuated LCN2 expression and chronic itch. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IP3R1/TRPC channel-mediated Ca2+ signals elicited by IL-6 in astrocytes are necessary for persistent STAT3 activation, LCN2 expression, and chronic itch, and they may also provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiratori-Hayashi
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazushi Eguchi
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Shiraishi
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Kohno
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan; Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan; Shanghai Institute of Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Setsu T, Hamada Y, Oikawa D, Mori T, Ishiuji Y, Sato D, Narita M, Miyazaki S, Furuta E, Suda Y, Sakai H, Ochiya T, Tezuka H, Iseki M, Inada E, Yamanaka A, Kuzumaki N, Narita M. Direct evidence that the brain reward system is involved in the control of scratching behaviors induced by acute and chronic itch. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:624-631. [PMID: 33220930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between scratching behaviors induced by itch and functional changes in the brain reward system. Using a conditional place preference test, the rewarding effect was clearly evoked by scratching under both acute and chronic itch stimuli. The induction of ΔFosB, a member of the Fos family of transcription factors, was observed in dopamine transporter (DAT)-positive dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of mice suffering from a chronic itch sensation. Based on a cellular analysis of scratching-activated neurons, these neurons highly expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DAT genes in the VTA. Furthermore, in an in vivo microdialysis study, the levels of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were significantly increased by transient scratching behaviors. To specifically suppress the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway using pharmacogenetics, we used the TH-cre/hM4Di mice. Pharmacogenetic suppression of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons significantly decreased scratching behaviors. Under the itch condition with scratching behaviors restricted by an Elizabethan collar, the induction of ΔFosB was found mostly in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-containing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These findings suggest that repetitive abnormal scratching behaviors under acute and chronic itch stimuli may activate mesolimbic dopamine neurons along with pleasant emotions, while the restriction of such scratching behaviors may initially induce the activation of PVN-CRH neurons associated with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Setsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yozo Ishiuji
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Narita
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Furuta
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Suda
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Department of Cellular Function Analysis, Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masako Iseki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Inada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Kuzumaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Liu X, Jia J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Yang K, He C, Zhao L. Catalyst‐Free and Visible Light Promoted Aminofluoroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes: An Access to Fluorinated Aziridines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education. School of Pharmacy.Zunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- Technology Center of China Tabacco Guizhou Industrial Co. Ltd. Guiyang, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education. School of Pharmacy.Zunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education. School of Pharmacy.Zunyi Medical University Zunyi, Guizhou People's Republic of China
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Shiratori-Hayashi M, Hasegawa A, Toyonaga H, Andoh T, Nakahara T, Kido-Nakahara M, Furue M, Kuraishi Y, Inoue K, Dong X, Tsuda M. Role of P2X3 receptors in scratching behavior in mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1252-1254.e8. [PMID: 30452925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiratori-Hayashi
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Honami Toyonaga
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kido-Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuraishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Steinhoff M, Schmelz M, Szabó IL, Oaklander AL. Clinical presentation, management, and pathophysiology of neuropathic itch. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:709-720. [PMID: 30033061 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unlike conventional itch, neuropathic itch develops in normal skin from excess peripheral firing or dampened central inhibition of itch pathway neurons. Neuropathic itch is a symptom of the same central and peripheral nervous system disorders that cause neuropathic pain, such as sensory polyneuropathy, radiculopathy, herpes zoster, stroke, or multiple sclerosis, and lesion location affects symptoms more than aetiology. The causes of neuropathic itch are heterogeneous, and thus diagnosis is based primarily on recognising characteristic, disease-specific clinical presentations. However, the diagnosis of neuropathic itch is challenging, different subforms exist (eg, focal vs widespread, peripheral vs central), and the mechanisms of neuropathic itch are poorly understood, resulting in reduced treatment availability. Currently available strategies include treating or preventing causal diseases, such as diabetes or herpes zoster, and topical or systemic medications that calm excess neuronal firing. Discovery of itch mediators such as gastrin releasing peptide, receptors (eg, neurokinin-1), and pathways (eg, Janus kinases) might encourage much needed new research into targeted treatments of neuropathic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; HMC Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Medical School, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, CBTM Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anne Louise Oaklander
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn and chronic itch. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:9-14. [PMID: 28870604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a hallmark symptom of inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. Existing treatment for chronic itch is largely ineffective. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the neuronal basis for itch sensation in the peripheral and central nervous systems, the mechanisms underlying how itch turns into a pathological chronic state remain poorly understood. Recent studies have uncovered the causal role of astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn using mouse models of chronic itch, including atopic dermatitis. Understanding the key roles of astrocytes may provide us with exciting insights into the mechanisms for the chronicity of itch sensation and clues to develop novel therapeutic agents for treating chronic itch.
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8
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Modulation of Pain and Itch by Spinal Glia. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:178-185. [PMID: 28389872 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain and itch are a pathological operation of the somatosensory system at the levels of primary sensory neurons, spinal cord and brain. Pain and itch are clearly distinct sensations, and recent studies have revealed the separate neuronal pathways that are involved in each sensation. However, the mechanisms by which these sensations turn into a pathological chronic state are poorly understood. A proposed mechanism underlying chronic pain and itch involves abnormal excitability in dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, an increasing body of evidence from models of chronic pain and itch has indicated that synaptic hyperexcitability in the spinal dorsal horn might not be a consequence simply of changes in neurons, but rather of multiple alterations in glial cells. Thus, understanding the key roles of glial cells may provide us with exciting insights into the mechanisms of chronicity of pain and itch, and lead to new targets for treating chronic pain and itch.
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Tsuda M. Spinal dorsal horn astrocytes: New players in chronic itch. Allergol Int 2017; 66:31-35. [PMID: 27595395 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic itch is a debilitating symptom of inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, and systemic diseases, for which existing treatment is largely ineffective. Recent studies have revealed the selective neuronal pathways that are involved in itch sensations; however, the mechanisms by which itch turns into a pathological chronic state are poorly understood. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms producing chronic itch have been made by defining causal roles for astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn in mouse models of chronic itch including atopic dermatitis. Understanding the key roles of astrocytes may provide us with exciting insights into the mechanisms for itch chronicity and lead to a previously unrecognized target for treating chronic itch.
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Hydrogen sulfide-induced itch requires activation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16768. [PMID: 26602811 PMCID: PMC4658482 DOI: 10.1038/srep16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of gasotransmitters to itch sensation are largely unknown. In this
study, we aimed to investigate the roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a
ubiquitous gasotransmitter, in itch signaling. We found that intradermal injection
of H2S donors NaHS or Na2S, but not GYY4137 (a slow-releasing
H2S donor), dose-dependently induced scratching behavior in a
μ-opioid receptor-dependent and histamine-independent manner in mice.
Interestingly, NaHS induced itch via unique mechanisms that involved
capsaicin-insensitive A-fibers, but not TRPV1-expressing C-fibers that are
traditionally considered for mediating itch, revealed by depletion of
TRPV1-expressing C-fibers by systemic resiniferatoxin treatment. Moreover, local
application of capsaizapine (TRPV1 blocker) or HC-030031 (TRPA1 blocker) had no
effects on NaHS-evoked scratching. Strikingly, pharmacological blockade and
silencing of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel by mibefradil, ascorbic acid,
zinc chloride or Cav3.2 siRNA dramatically decreased NaHS-evoked
scratching. NaHS induced robust alloknesis (touch-evoked itch), which was inhibited
by T-type calcium channels blocker mibefradil. Compound 48/80-induced itch was
enhanced by an endogenous precursor of H2S (L-cysteine) but attenuated by
inhibitors of H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase and
cystathionine β-synthase. These results indicated that H2S,
as a novel nonhistaminergic itch mediator, may activates Cav3.2 T-type
calcium channel, probably located at A-fibers, to induce scratching and alloknesis
in mice.
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Shiratori-Hayashi M, Koga K, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Kohro Y, Toyonaga H, Yamaguchi C, Hasegawa A, Nakahara T, Hachisuka J, Akira S, Okano H, Furue M, Inoue K, Tsuda M. STAT3-dependent reactive astrogliosis in the spinal dorsal horn underlies chronic itch. Nat Med 2015; 21:927-31. [PMID: 26193341 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is an intractable symptom of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic and contact dermatitis. Recent studies have revealed neuronal pathways selective for itch, but the mechanisms by which itch turns into a pathological chronic state are poorly understood. Using mouse models of atopic and contact dermatitis, we demonstrate a long-term reactive state of astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal segments that corresponds to lesioned, itchy skin. We found that reactive astrogliosis depended on the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Conditional disruption of astrocytic STAT3 suppressed chronic itch, and pharmacological inhibition of spinal STAT3 ameliorated the fully developed chronic itch. Mice with atopic dermatitis exhibited an increase in scratching elicited by intrathecal administration of the itch-inducer gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and this enhancement was normalized by suppressing STAT3-mediated reactive astrogliosis. Moreover, we identified lipocalin-2 (LCN2) as an astrocytic STAT3-dependent upregulated factor that was crucial for chronic itch, and we demonstrated that intrathecal administration of LCN2 to normal mice increased spinal GRP-evoked scratching. Our findings indicate that STAT3-dependent reactive astrocytes act as critical amplifiers of itching through a mechanism involving the enhancement of spinal itch signals by LCN2, thereby providing a previously unrecognized target for treating chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiratori-Hayashi
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koga
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kohro
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Honami Toyonaga
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yamaguchi
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Hachisuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- 1] Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [2] Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- 1] Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Indo Y. Nerve growth factor, pain, itch and inflammation: lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:1707-24. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Molander GA, Cavalcanti LN, García-García C. Nickel-catalyzed borylation of halides and pseudohalides with tetrahydroxydiboron [B2(OH)4]. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6427-39. [PMID: 23777538 PMCID: PMC3740274 DOI: 10.1021/jo401104y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Arylboronic acids are gaining increased importance as reagents and target structures in a variety of useful applications. Recently, the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylboronic acids employing the atom-economical tetrahydroxydiboron (BBA) reagent has been reported. The high cost associated with palladium, combined with several limitations of both palladium- and copper-catalyzed processes, prompted us to develop an alternative method. Thus, the nickel-catalyzed borylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudohalides using tetrahydroxydiboron (BBA) has been formulated. The reaction proved to be widely functional group tolerant and applicable to a number of heterocyclic systems. To the best of our knowledge, the examples presented here represent the only effective Ni-catalyzed Miyaura borylations conducted at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories and Penn/Merck Laboratory for High Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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Molander GA, Cavalcanti LN. Synthesis of trifluoromethylated isoxazolidines: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrosoarenes, (trifluoromethyl)diazomethane, and alkenes. Org Lett 2013; 15:3166-9. [PMID: 24490778 PMCID: PMC3914015 DOI: 10.1021/ol401402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxazolidines have proven to be important substrates in synthetic organic chemistry. Limited examples in the literature that provide trifluoromethylated versions of these compounds have prompted us to investigate a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition route providing access to N-functionalized isoxazolidines containing a trifluoromethyl group. Thus, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrosoarenes, (trifluoromethyl)diazomethane, and alkenes was developed. The starting materials can be synthesized from easy to handle and accessible reagents. The reaction proved to be tolerant of a variety of electron-deficient alkenes and nitrosoarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Livia N. Cavalcanti
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Petersen J, Austin D, Sack R, Hayes TL. Actigraphy-Based Scratch Detection Using Logistic Regression. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2013; 17:277-83. [DOI: 10.1109/titb.2012.2204761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Oxidative stress induces itch via activation of transient receptor potential subtype ankyrin 1 in mice. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:145-54. [PMID: 22466125 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of oxidative stress in itch-indicative scratching behavior in mice, and furthermore, to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-mediated itch. METHODS Scratching behavior was induced by intradermal injection of the oxidants hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) into the nape of the neck in mice. The mice were observed for 30 min. RESULTS Intradermal H₂O₂ (0.03%-1%) or tBHP (1-30 μmol) elicited robust scratching behavior, displaying an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, but not morphine, largely suppressed the oxidant-induced scratching. Chlorpheniramine, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, blocked histamine- but not oxidant-induced scratching, indicating the involvement of a histamine-independent mechanism in oxidant-evoked itch. Further, resiniferatoxin treatment abolished oxidant-induced scratching, suggesting an essential role of C-fibers. Notably, blockade of transient receptor potential subtype ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) with the selective TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031, or genetic deletion of Trpa1 but not Trpv1 (subfamily V, member 1) resulted in a profound reduction in H₂O₂-evoked scratching. Finally, systemic administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or trolox (a water-soluble vitamin E analog) attenuated scratching induced by the oxidants. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress by different oxidants induces profound scratching behavior, which is largely histamine- and TRPV1-independent but TRPA1-dependent. Antioxidants and TRPA1 antagonists may be used to treat human itch conditions associated with oxidative stress.
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Feuerstein J, Austin D, Sack R, Hayes TL. Wrist actigraphy for scratch detection in the presence of confounding activities. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:3652-5. [PMID: 22255131 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Scratching is a symptom of many dermatological disorders, especially atopic dermatitis. For the development of anti-itch medications, there is a need for objective measures of scratching. Wrist actigraphy (monitoring wrist and hand movements with micro-accelerometers) is a promising method for assessing scratching; however, currently available technology has a limited capacity to discriminate scratching from other similar movements. In this study, we investigated methods to improve the specificity of actigraphy for scratch detection on movement data collected from subjects using the PAM-RL actigraph. A k-means cluster analysis was used to differentiate scratching from walking and restless sleep, which are potential confounds for nighttime scratching. Features used in the analysis include variance, peak frequency, autocorrelation value at one lag, and number of counts above 0.01 g's. The k-means cluster analysis exhibited a high sensitivity (0.90 ± 0.10) and specificity for walking (0.98 ± 0.05) and restless sleep (0.88 ± 0.06), respectively, demonstrating the separability of these activities. This work indicates that the features described here can be used to develop a classifier that discriminates scratch from other activities. The described method of scratch detection shows promise as an objective method for assessing scratching movements in clinical trials and longitudinal studies of scratch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Feuerstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kuiper EMM, van Erpecum KJ, Beuers U, Hansen BE, Thio HB, de Man RA, Janssen HLA, van Buuren HR. The potent bile acid sequestrant colesevelam is not effective in cholestatic pruritus: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2010; 52:1334-40. [PMID: 20683930 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colesevelam is an anion-exchange resin with a 7-fold higher bile acid-binding capacity and fewer side effects than cholestyramine, the current first-line treatment option for cholestatic pruritus. The aim of this trial was to compare the effects of colesevelam and a placebo in patients with cholestatic pruritus. In a randomized, double-blind, investigator-initiated, multicenter trial, patients with cholestatic pruritus, both treatment-naive and previously treated, received 1875 mg of colesevelam or an identical placebo twice daily for 3 weeks. The effect on pruritus was assessed with daily visual analogue scales, quality-of-life scores, and evaluations of cutaneous scratch lesions. The predefined primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with at least a 40% reduction in pruritus visual analogue scale scores. Thirty-eight patients were included, and 35 were evaluable: 17 took colesevelam, 18 took the placebo, 22 were female, 8 were treatment-naive, 14 had primary biliary cirrhosis, and 14 had primary sclerosing cholangitis. The mean serum bile acid levels were comparable between the groups before treatment (P = 0.74), but they were significantly different after treatment (P = 0.01) in favor of patients treated with colesevelam. Thirty-six percent of patients in the colesevelam group reached the primary endpoint versus 35% in the placebo group (P = 1.0). There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to pruritus scores, quality-of-life scores, and severity of cutaneous scratch lesions. Mild side effects occurred in one colesevelam-treated patient and four placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSION Although colesevelam significantly decreased serum bile acid levels, this trial was unable to demonstrate that it was more effective than a placebo in alleviating the severity of pruritus of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M M Kuiper
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Scratching below the surface of sleep and itch. Sleep Med Rev 2010; 14:349-50. [PMID: 20494596 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Wood GJ, Akiyama T, Carstens E, Oaklander AL, Yosipovitch G. An insatiable itch. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:792-7. [PMID: 19638326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Wood
- Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, Institute to Enhance Palliative Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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McGeoch PD. A new treatment for chronic itch? Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:1074-5. [PMID: 18078718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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