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Wei Z, Zhang M, Zhang X, Yi M, Xia X, Fang X. NAT2 gene polymorphisms and endometriosis risk: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227043. [PMID: 31881062 PMCID: PMC6934289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is a common chronic, gynecological disease. Despite many studies on the role of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) in endometriosis, its clinical significance is unclear. In this study, associations between NAT2 phenotypes as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within NAT2 (i.e. rs1799929, rs1799930, rs1208, and rs1799931) and endometriosis risk were evaluated using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS Embase, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang databases, Cochrane Library for clinical trials, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant articles. ORs (odds ratios) and 95% CIs (95% confidence intervals) were used to estimate the associations between NAT2 polymorphisms and endometriosis risk. Heterogeneity among included studies was also assessed. In addition, a subgroup analysis of NAT2 phenotypes and endometriosis risk based on ethnicity was performed. RESULTS Nine case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. The odds ratio was 2.30 (95% CI: 1.61-3.28) for the NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype versus the intermediate + fast acetylation phenotype in the Asian population. These results suggest that Asian individuals with the NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype have a 130% increased risk of endometriosis. A significant association was also found for rs1799930 (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.92), suggesting that individuals with this mutant genotype have a 26% decreased risk of endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS The rs1799930 mutant genotypes are associated with a decreased risk of endometriosis. No statistically significant associations were found between rs1799931, rs1208, or rs1799929 and endometriosis. Based on a subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, the NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype was found to increase the risk of endometriosis in Asians. No statistically significant associations were found between the NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype and endometriosis risk in Caucasians. Accordingly, NAT2 phenotypes and SNPs are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangming Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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2
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Bock KW. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): From selected human target genes and crosstalk with transcription factors to multiple AHR functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:65-70. [PMID: 31228464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence including studies of AHR-deficient mice and TCDD toxicity suggests multiple physiologic AHR functions. Challenges to identify responsible mechanisms are due to marked species differences and dependence upon cell type and cellular context. Transient AHR modulation is often necessary for physiologic functions whereas TCDD-mediated sustained receptor activation has been demonstrated to be responsible for toxic outcomes. To stimulate studies on responsible action mechanisms the commentary is focused on human AHR target genes and crosstalk with transcription factors. Discussed AHR functions include chemical and microbial defense, organ development, modulation of immunity and inflammation, reproduction, and NAD+-dependent energy metabolism. Obviously, much more work is needed to elucidate action mechanisms. In particular, studies of pathways leading to NAD+-dependent energy metabolism may shed light on the puzzling species differences of TCDD-mediated lethality and provide options for treatment of obesity and age-related degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Walter Bock
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Suzuki Y, Nakamura M, Otsuka Y, Suzuki N, Ohyama K, Kawakami T, Sato-Izawa K, Navarro RR, Hishiyama S, Inoue K, Kameyama T, Takahashi A, Katayama Y. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the enzyme for the reductive cleavage of diaryl ether bonds of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Geobacillus thermodenitrificans UZO 3. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:488-496. [PMID: 29805114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a cell-free extract prepared from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans UZO 3 reductively cleaves diaryl ether bonds of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), a dioxin with the highest toxicity, in a sequential fashion producing 3',4',4,5-tetrachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether (TCDE) as the intermediate, and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) as the final reaction product. The detection of TCDE implicated the discovery of an unprecedented dioxin-degrading enzyme that reductively cleaves the diaryl ether bonds. In this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of the dioxin reductive etherase gene dreE which codes for the 2,3,7,8-TCDD-degrading enzyme. We showed that dreE was expressed in Escherichia coli and that the product of the expression could reductively cleave diaryl ether bonds of 2,3,7,8-TCDD to produce TCDE. Furthermore, we established that the amino acid sequence encoded by dreE was homologous to an enzyme with yet unknown function that is encoded by a gene located in the riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthesis operon in Bacillus subtilis. We also showed that the amino acid sequence possesses a coenzyme A (CoA) binding site that is conserved in the N-acyltransferase superfamily. For the first time, the degradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD at the molecular level using a enzyme of bacterial origin has been demonstrated. A novel mechanism model for the reductive cleavage of diaryl ether bond of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Suzuki
- Takasago Thermal Engineering Co. Ltd., Shinjyuku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Otsuka
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohyama
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawakami
- Takasago Thermal Engineering Co. Ltd., Shinjyuku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Kanna Sato-Izawa
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ronald R Navarro
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shojiro Hishiyama
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kouya Inoue
- Kantteku Co. Ltd., Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Takasago Thermal Engineering Co. Ltd., Shinjyuku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Katayama
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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4
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Dioxin-like rather than non-dioxin-like PCBs promote the development of endometriosis through stimulation of endocrine–inflammation interactions. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1915-1924. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Wang Y, Chen H, Wang N, Guo H, Fu Y, Xue S, Ai A, Lyu Q, Kuang Y. Combined 17β-Estradiol with TCDD Promotes M2 Polarization of Macrophages in the Endometriotic Milieu with Aid of the Interaction between Endometrial Stromal Cells and Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125559. [PMID: 25950905 PMCID: PMC4423913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to elucidate the effects of 17β-estradiol and TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) on macrophage phenotypes in the endometriotic milieu. Co-culture of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and U937 cells (macrophage cell line) was performed to simulate the endometriotic milieu and to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol and/or TCDD on IL10, IL12 production and HLA-DR, CD86 expression by U937 macrophages. We found that combining 17β-estradiol with TCDD has a synergistic effect on inducing M2 activation when macrophages are co-cultured with ESCs. Moreover, the combination of 17β-estradiol and TCDD significantly enhanced STAT3 and P38 phosphorylation in macrophages. Differentiation of M2 macrophages induced by 17β-estradiol and TCDD were effectively abrogated by STAT3 and P38MAPK inhibitors, but not by ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors. In conclusion, 17β-estradiol and TCDD in the ectopic milieu may lead to the development of endometriosis by inducing M2 polarization of macrophages through activation of the STAT3 and P38MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (Y-PK)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - NingLing Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiYan Guo
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglun Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songguo Xue
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai Ai
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (Y-PK)
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6
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Baranov VS, Ivaschenko TE, Liehr T, Yarmolinskaya MI. Systems genetics view of endometriosis: a common complex disorder. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 185:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Hosseinzadeh Z, Mashayekhi F, Sorouri ZZ. Association between GSTM1 gene polymorphism in Iranian patients with endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:185-9. [PMID: 20504102 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.488775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as a condition in which tissue histologically similar to the endometrium is found outside the uterine cavity. It develops mostly in women of reproductive age. Endometriosis shows a drastically elevated frequency in industrial areas. GSTM1 gene encodes a major detoxification phase enzyme that helps detoxify various xenobiotics. Deficiency in GSTM1 activity is caused by homozygous deletion of GSTM1 and leads to various biological consequences. There are significant interethnic differences in GSTM1 allele frequencies. In this study, the relationship between GSTM1 genotypes and endometriosis in an Iranian population was investigated. The study included 120 patients and 200 healthy volunteers. Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotypes and allele frequencies were determined in patients and healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with the increased risk of endometriosis (OR=3.75, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.42-6.45, P<0.0001). The prevalence of GSTM1-null genotype in the patient group was 72.5%, compared to 40% in the control group. The proportion of GSTM1A/B genotype was higher in controls as compared to cases (20% vs. 2.5%). This study suggests that GSTM1 null genotype is associated with higher risk of endometriosis; these observations, however, requiring further confirmation in a larger multi-ethnic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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8
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Guo SW, Simsa P, Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Fulop V, Othman EER, D'Hooghe TM. Reassessing the evidence for the link between dioxin and endometriosis: from molecular biology to clinical epidemiology. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:609-24. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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9
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Kinehara M, Fukuda I, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. High-throughput evaluation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-binding sites selected via chromatin immunoprecipitation-based screening in Hepa-1c1c7 cells stimulated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Genes Genet Syst 2009; 83:455-68. [PMID: 19282623 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.83.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon binding to ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is activated to form a heterodimer with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) and binds to DNA. It has been shown that the binding of AhR to DNA depends on the dioxin response element (DRE) and controls xenobiotic-response genes. AhR-binding DNA fragments from mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells stimulated with TCDD were once enriched in a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) DNA library and screened through a high-throughput southwestern chemistry-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SW-ELISA). After screening 1700 fragments, the ChIP-SW-ELISA screening strategy allowed us to isolate 77 fragments tightly interacting with AhR in the presence of TCDD. Only 39 of the 77 fragments appeared to contain a typical DRE, indicating that in some cases the DRE was dispensable for AhR-binding, while 75 fragments were located within promoter-distal regions. Genomic mapping of the 77 fragments enabled us to estimate 121 potential AhR targets including known targets such as Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1, but only a limited number exhibited an altered expression dependent on TCDD. This study revealed the fact that TCDD-activated AhR frequently binds to promoter-distal regions even without a DRE and is not always involved in transcriptional regulation, suggesting that within the genome DNA-binding of AhR could take place often in many regions without cis-regulatory elements and might not be a key determinant to establish its regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinehara
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Japan
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10
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Ohtake F, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Kato S. AhR acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to modulate steroid receptor functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:474-84. [PMID: 18838062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the adverse effects of dioxins, including modulation of sex steroid hormone signaling. The role of AhR as a transcription factor is well described. AhR regulates the expression of target genes such as CYP1A1; however, the mechanisms of AhR function through other target-selective systems remain elusive. Accumulating evidence suggests that AhR modulates the functions of other transcription factors. The ligand-activated AhR directly associates with estrogen or androgen receptors (ERalpha or AR) and modulates their function both positively and negatively. This may, in part explain the sex steroid hormone-related adverse effects of dioxins. AhR has recently been shown to promote the proteolysis of ERalpha/AR through assembling a ubiquitin ligase complex, CUL4B(AhR). In the CUL4B(AhR) complex, AhR acts as a substrate-recognition subunit to recruit ERalpha/AR. This action defines a novel role for AhR as a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase. We propose that target-specific regulation of protein destruction, as well as gene expression, is modulated by environmental toxins through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ohtake
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Oshima M, Mimura J, Yamamoto M, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Molecular mechanism of transcriptional repression of AhR repressor involving ANKRA2, HDAC4, and HDAC5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Ohyama K, Ohta M, Sano T, Sato K, Nakagomi Y, Shimura Y, Yamano Y. Maternal Exposure of Low Dose of TCDD Modulates the Expression of Estrogen Receptor Subunits of Male Gonads in Offspring. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:619-25. [PMID: 17611358 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the effects of low-dose transplacental and lactational exposure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on gene expression relating to the dioxin and sexual hormone cascade, and demonstrated the effects on testicular growth and sexual maturation in male offspring rats. TCDD (10 ng/kg) was administered to dams on Days 7 and 14 of gestation, and on Days 0, 7 and 14 after delivery. Gene expression of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) in the liver of 17-day-old rats was significantly increased compared with controls. Furthermore, expression of estrogen receptors (ER)alpha and ERbeta was significantly increased at 17 and 42 days old, respectively in the testis of TCDD-administered rats compared with controls. Although testicular weight and the seminiferous tubule diameter were increased in 17-day-old rats, there was no difference in the number of germ cells between TCDD-treated and control animals. The expressions of androgen receptor and inhibin subunit genes were not significantly changed. These findings suggest that low-dose exposure of TCDD leads to unusual development of the testis by perturbation of steroid hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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13
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Baba T, Mimura J, Nakamura N, Harada N, Yamamoto M, Morohashi KI, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Intrinsic function of the aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor as a key factor in female reproduction. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10040-51. [PMID: 16260617 PMCID: PMC1280268 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.10040-10051.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxins exert a variety of adverse effects on organisms, including teratogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor promotion, and estrogenic action. Studies using aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-deficient mice suggest that the majority of these toxic effects are mediated by the AhR. In spite of the adverse effects mediated by this receptor, the AhR gene is conserved among a number of animal species, ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. This high degree of conservation strongly suggests that AhR possesses an important physiologic function, and a critical function is also supported by the reduced fertility observed with AhR-null female mice. We demonstrate that AhR plays a crucial role in female reproduction by regulating the expression of ovarian P450 aromatase (Cyp19), a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis. As revealed by in vitro reporter gene assay and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, AhR cooperates with an orphan nuclear receptor, Ad4BP/SF-1, to activate Cyp19 gene transcription in ovarian granulosa cells. Administration to female mice of an AhR ligand, DMBA (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene), induced ovarian Cyp19 gene expression, irrespective of the intrinsic phase of the estrus cycle. In addition to elucidating a physiological function for AhR, our studies also suggest a possible mechanism for the toxic effects of exogenous AhR ligands as endocrine disruptors.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aromatase/biosynthesis
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Granulosa Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Ovary/metabolism
- Ovulation
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/chemistry
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reproduction
- Steroidogenic Factor 1
- Steroids/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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14
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Gibson PR, Placek E, Lane J, Brohimer SO, Lovelace ACE. Disability-induced identity changes in persons with multiple chemical sensitivity. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2005; 15:502-524. [PMID: 15761095 DOI: 10.1177/1049732304271960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this qualitative study, the authors asked respondents with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in an open-ended question how having the condition affected their identities. Authors then examined responses for themes, which they discuss within the framework of critical theory. Emergent themes included loss of a stable, familiar personality, loss of self-positioning, emotional suppression to meet others' expectations, redesigning the planned life, forced growth, struggling with support, discovering the spiritual self, and identity reconsolidation. The authors compare findings with published works on adjustment to chronic illness and other delegitimized illnesses, find them to be fairly congruent, and then discuss problems regarding cultural acceptance of MCS as a condition caused by chemical exposure.
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15
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Hsieh YY, Chang CC, Tsai FJ, Lin CC, Chen JM, Tsai CH. Glutathione S-transferase M1*null genotype but not myeloperoxidase promoter G-463A polymorphism is associated with higher susceptibility to endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2004; 10:713-7. [PMID: 15299090 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), one member of the GST family, is responsible for metabolism of xenobiotics and carcinogens. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays an important role in the oxidation and activation of carcinogens and nitric oxide. Allelic variants of GSTM1 and MPO gene polymorphisms might impair detoxification function and increase the susceptibility to endometriosis. We aimed to investigate if these polymorphisms are useful markers for predicting endometriosis susceptibility. Women were divided into two groups: (i) endometriosis (n=150); (ii) non-endometriosis (n=159). Polymorphisms for GSTM1 and MPO were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and detected by electrophoresis after restriction digestion. The relative frequencies of the GSTM1*wild (+/+,+/0)/null (0/0) genotypes and MPO-463*G/A gene polymorphisms between both groups were compared. The distribution of GSTM1 polymorphisms was significantly different between the two groups. Proportions of GSTM1*wild/null alleles in both groups were: (i) 36.7/63.3%; (ii) 95/5% (P=0.001). In contrast, MPO-463 genotypes were not significantly different between the two groups. Proportions of MPO*A homozygote/heterozygote/G homozygote in both groups were: (i) 2.7/17.4/79.9% and (ii) 1.9/17/81.1% (P> 0.05). We conclude that the GSTM1*null genotype is associated with a higher risk of endometriosis development. MPO-463*G/A gene polymorphism is not related to the susceptibility of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Barouki R. [A fatal kiss between estrogen receptor and dioxin]. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:1068-9. [PMID: 14648478 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200319111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Ohtake F, Takeyama KI, Matsumoto T, Kitagawa H, Yamamoto Y, Nohara K, Tohyama C, Krust A, Mimura J, Chambon P, Yanagisawa J, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Kato S. Modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling by association with the activated dioxin receptor. Nature 2003; 423:545-50. [PMID: 12774124 DOI: 10.1038/nature01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants affect a wide variety of biological events in many species. Dioxins are typical environmental contaminants that exert adverse oestrogen-related effects. Although their anti-oestrogenic actions are well described, dioxins can also induce endometriosis and oestrogen-dependent tumours, implying possible oestrogenic effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying oestrogen-related actions of dioxins remains largely unknown. A heterodimer of the dioxin receptor (AhR) and Arnt, which are basic helix-loop-helix/PAS-family transcription factors, mediates most of the toxic effects of dioxins. Here we show that the agonist-activated AhR/Arnt heterodimer directly associates with oestrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta. This association results in the recruitment of unliganded ER and the co-activator p300 to oestrogen-responsive gene promoters, leading to activation of transcription and oestrogenic effects. The function of liganded ER is attenuated. Oestrogenic actions of AhR agonists were detected in wild-type ovariectomized mouse uteri, but were absent in AhR-/- or ER-alpha-/- ovariectomized mice. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which ER-mediated oestrogen signalling is modulated by a co-regulatory-like function of activated AhR/Arnt, giving rise to adverse oestrogen-related actions of dioxin-type environmental contaminants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator
- Binding Sites
- COS Cells
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Dioxins/pharmacology
- Environmental Pollutants/pharmacology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Methylcholanthrene/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ovariectomy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/chemistry
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Uterus/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ohtake
- The Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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18
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Oikawa K, Kosugi Y, Ohbayashi T, Kameta A, Isaka K, Takayama M, Kuroda M, Mukai K. Increased expression of IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor in endometriotic implants. J Pathol 2003; 199:318-23. [PMID: 12579533 DOI: 10.1002/path.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A complex network of cytokines mediates the immunoregulatory responses leading to endometriosis. Recent intensive studies suggest that monocyte and T cell chemoattractants contribute to the inflammatory environment of endometriotic implants. The relationship between the inflammation present during endometriosis and the development of endometriotic implants in the peritoneal cavity remains unclear. On the other hand, the association between endometriosis and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) exposure has been discussed in recent years, and our previous results revealed that IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) is inducible by TCDD. The present study aimed to clarify the expression, localization, and function of HRF in endometriosis. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that HRF is overexpressed in endometriotic implants. RT-PCR with Southern blot analysis, however, showed that HRF overexpression was not always accompanied by CYP1A1 induction in endometriotic implants, suggesting that HRF is inducible in endometriosis without exposure to TCDD. HRF is also inducible by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Immunohistochemistry showed CD68-positive macrophages in the stroma of endometriotic implants, adjacent to regions with prominent HRF accumulation. HRF-overexpressing cells exhibited high implantation efficiency in comparison to control cells when the cells were injected into the peritoneal cavities of nude mice. These results suggest that the accumulation of macrophages in endometriotic implants induces HRF; the overexpression of HRF accelerates the growth of endometriotic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Abstract
In conclusion, several studies indicate that there is an association between cigarette smoking and adverse reproductive outcomes in women as well as men. Some studies indicate that alcohol consumption impairs the reproductive capacity of women. Exposures to PCE in the dry cleaning industry, toluene in the printing business, ethylene oxide and mixed solvents have been associated with decreased fecundity. Abnormalities in sperm production have been found in men exposed to radiant heat or heavy metals. Environmental exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT, PCB, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorocyclohexane) has been associated with an increase in rates of miscarriage and endometriosis. Clinicians should counsel patients who are trying to achieve a successful pregnancy to stop smoking and limit alcohol intake. Clinicians can additionally counsel patients who are in contact with potentially harmful occupational and environmental toxicants to limit their exposure. It is important to recognize, however, that many of the studies to date are limited by small sample size, poor exposure assessment, poor outcome measurements, recruitment bias, or recall bias. Additional studies will be necessary to clarify the magnitude of risk associated with these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hruska
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1192, USA.
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20
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Bulun SE, Zeitoun KM, Kilic G. Expression of dioxin-related transactivating factors and target genes in human eutopic endometrial and endometriotic tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:767-75. [PMID: 10764452 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(00)70325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although an association between dioxin exposure and endometriosis has been proposed, the effects of this environmental toxin on human endometriosis are not known. To understand the potential underlying molecular mechanisms we studied the expressions of cytochrome P-450 genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 ), which are induced by dioxin, and the expressions of cytosolic receptor for dioxin, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and its nuclear translocator, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein, in endometriotic and eutopic endometrial tissues. STUDY DESIGN Levels of transcripts of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein were determined by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot assay in total ribonucleic acid samples from endometriotic and eutopic endometrial tissues. Eutopic endometrial tissue samples (n = 33) and endometriotic tissue samples (n = 10) were obtained at the time of uterine curettage and laparoscopy from disease-free women and from patients with endometriosis. Portions of these eutopic endometrial and endometriotic tissues were obtained simultaneously from the same patients (n = 8 pairs of samples). Levels of transcripts of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein were determined in endometrial and endometriotic tissues during follicular and luteal phases of the cycle and in cultured endometriotic stromal cells treated with forskolin, phorbol diacetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate,and serum. RESULTS Transcripts of dioxin receptor, its nuclear translocator, and two dioxin-induced target genes (CYP1A2 and CYP1B1) were demonstrated during follicular and luteal phases of the cycle in both eutopic endometrial tissues and tissues affected by pelvic endometriosis, with no readily detectable differences between these tissues. On the other hand, levels of transcripts of another dioxin-induced gene, CYP1A1, were found to be strikingly higher in endometriotic tissues than in the eutopic endometrium. Mean levels in endometriotic tissues were 8.7 times those found in eutopic endometrium. Various hormonal treatments of endometriotic stromal cells did not significantly alter these levels. CONCLUSION We demonstrated for the first time the expression of dioxin-related transcription factors aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein and target genes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 in endometriotic tissues and stromal cells. Strikingly elevated CYP1A1 transcripts in endometriosis may give rise to significantly increased P-4501A1 enzyme activity and thus promote the development and growth of endometriosis by either activating procarcinogens or inducing the formation of catechol estrogens or both. In fact, the proposed link between dioxin exposure and endometriosis may be explained in part by the up-regulation of the CYP1A1 gene expression in endometriotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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21
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Kuil CW, Brouwer A, van der Saag PT, van der Burg B. Interference between progesterone and dioxin signal transduction pathways. Different mechanisms are involved in repression by the progesterone receptor A and B isoforms. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:8829-34. [PMID: 9535862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.15.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between transcription factors are an important means of regulating gene transcription, leading to modifications in the pattern of gene expression and cell fate. In this study, we report that the progesterone receptor (PR) can strongly interfere with transactivation mediated by the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in T47D breast cancer cells. This interference was not only demonstrated by induction of a transfected dioxin-responsive reporter plasmid but also on the AhR-mediated up-regulation of the endogenous cytochrome P450-1A1 activity. The interference was not mutual, as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent activator of the AhR, did not inhibit progestin-induced promoter activity. When the isoforms of the human PR, hPR-A and hPR-B, were expressed separately in HepG-2 hepatocarcinoma cells, both negatively interfered with the AhR signaling, indicating that the effect is not restricted to T47D cells. In addition, results obtained from studies with both antiprogestins and mutant receptors indicate differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms of repression for both PR isoforms. The suppression by hPR-A does not require additional gene expression or a full transcriptional competent conformation of the receptor. For the repressive effects of hPR-B, however, additional gene expression seems to be involved, as only the agonist-bound, wild-type hPR-B could clearly repress the TCDD-induced response. In conclusion, these studies highlight different mechanisms of repression for the progesterone receptor isoforms on the AhR-mediated trans-activation and underscore the importance of interactions between transcription factors of different families in the regulation of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Kuil
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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XIIth international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Abstracts and programme. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580400501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brinton LA, Gridley G, Persson I, Baron J, Bergqvist A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:572-9. [PMID: 9077609 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine the risk of cancer after hospitalization for endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN Records of 20,686 women hospitalized with endometriosis during the period 1969 to 1983, as identified through the nationwide Swedish Inpatient Register, were linked against the National Swedish Cancer Registry through 1989 to identify all subsequent diagnoses of cancer. The study subjects were followed up for a mean of 11.4 years, with the cohort contributing 216,851 woman years of follow-up. Standardized incidence ratios were computed by the use of age- and period-specific incidence rates derived from the Swedish population. Because of the high proportion of subjects with gynecologic operations (55.6%), evaluation of the risk of gynecologic cancers involved truncation of person years at the time of any such operation. RESULTS The overall cancer risk was 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.3). Significant excesses were observed for breast cancer (standardized incidence ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.4), ovarian cancer (1.9, 1.3 to 2.8), and hematopoietic malignancies (1.4, 1.0 to 1.8); this latter excess was largely driven by an excess risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.8, 1.2 to 2.6). The risk of ovarian cancer was particularly elevated among subjects with a long-standing history of ovarian endometriosis (4.2, 2.0 to 7.7). Cervical cancer risk was slightly reduced (0.7, 0.4 to 1.3) whereas no association was observed for cancer of the endometrium (1.1, 0.6 to 1.9). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that further attention be given to the risk of breast, ovarian and hematopoietic cancers among women with endometriosis and to exploring possible hormonal and immunologic reasons for the excess risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Smith EM, Hammonds-Ehlers M, Clark MK, Kirchner HL, Fuortes L. Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility. J Occup Environ Med 1997; 39:138-47. [PMID: 9048320 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199702000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between occupational chemical and radiation exposures and risk of medically diagnosed infertility in 281 women compared with 216 fertile women. After adjustment for age and exposures that occurred before case/referent ascertainment, there was an increased risk of infertility among those women exposed to volatile organic solvents (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 2.71), chemical dusts (OR, 2.66; CI, 1.17 to 6.05), pesticides (OR, 3.02; CI, 1.10 to 8.29), and video display terminals (OR, 2.21, CI, 1.22, to 4.01). Among the medically diagnosed causes of infertility, the adjusted risk associated with having an ovulatory factor increased among those women exposed to solvents (OR, 1.75; CI, 1.03 to 2.98), dusts (OR, 3.00; CI, 1.19 to 7.52), or pesticides (OR, 3.82; 1.28 to 11.42). Solvents and dusts also were associated with a higher risk of tubal-factor infertility (solvents; OR, 1.95; CI, 1.08 to 3.52; dusts: OR, 2.87; CI, 1.05 to 7.88) and endometriosis (solvents: OR, 2.13; CI, 0.96 to 4.72; dusts: OR, 3.63; CI, 0.99 to 13.28). Video display terminal exposure was more likely to be found among those women diagnosed with endometriosis (OR, 3.69; CI, 1.50 to 9.13) and cervical-factor infertility (OR, 2.65; CI, 0.99 to 7.12). Results suggest that among women with a medically confirmed diagnosis, fertility may be adversely affected by a variety of occupational chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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25
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Baranov VS, Ivaschenko T, Bakay B, Aseev M, Belotserkovskaya R, Baranova H, Malet P, Perriot J, Mouraire P, Baskakov VN, Savitskyi GA, Gorbushin S, Deyneka SI, Michnin E, Barchuck A, Vakharlovsky V, Pavlov G, Shilko VI, Guembitzkaya T, Kovaleva L. Proportion of the GSTM1 0/0 genotype in some Slavic populations and its correlation with cystic fibrosis and some multifactorial diseases. Hum Genet 1996; 97:516-20. [PMID: 8834254 DOI: 10.1007/bf02267078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A homozygous gene deletion at the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) locus of genomic DNA from blood spots was studied by PCR in the group of Slavic populations from the north-western and central-eastern regions of European Russia and in patients with lung cancer (LC), other tumors (OT), endometriosis (E), alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic bronchitis (CB). The frequencies of the GSTM1 0/0 genotype were 38.8% and 67.5% for both population groups, respectively. The proportion of the GSTM1 gene deletion genotype was estimated as significantly increased in LC (81%), OT (65%), E (81%), AC (77.3%), and in CB (73.6%) patients with symptoms of CB confirmed by X-ray but not in CB patients without X-ray evidence of disease (40.9%). A definite preponderance of GSTM1-0 homozygotes (51.1%) has been registered in CF patients of the pancreatic sufficient group with clear-cut pulmonological manifestations but not in those of the pancreatic insufficient group with predominantly intestinal or mixed clinical symptoms (41.2% and 37.5%, respectively). Earlier clinical manifestations and death before the age of 5 years are typical for GSTM1-deleted CF patients. These data support the notion that GSTM1 deletion should be considered as a convenient genetic marker for the early detection of groups at higher risk of many diseases caused by environmental and genetic factors, where manifestation depends on the lack of detoxification. High levels of GSTM1 0/0 genotypes in E patients favor the substantial contribution of certain environmental toxins in the pathogenesis of this widespread disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Baranov
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint Petersburg
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Abstract
Age-specific mortality from carcinoma of the prostate was analyzed by drawing a line between the value at age 52 years and that at age 87. Slope of the line was relatively constant for the pooled years 1962-1966, 1967-1971 and 1972-1976 (maximum variation from the mean of 4.5%). However, the slope was 17.7% greater for the period 1977-1981 and 29.8% over the prior mean in 1987-1992. This was explored by two models. Mortality versus age was well described by a power function, with an increase in slope noted in the mid-1970s. An exponential growth model was also utilized and revealed the existence of a 'change point' around the year 1975. Hence, two models are available for further exploring the increase in age-specific mortality from carcinoma of the prostate which occurred in the mid-1970 period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Clive
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-2804, USA
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Hild CM. The next step in assessing Arctic human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1995; 160-161:559-569. [PMID: 7892585 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04390-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mapping of global pathways along which trace elements and persistent organic compounds are distributed has set the stage for parallel monitoring of levels of contamination in humans. Before expanded monitoring is undertaken, decisions must be made on which contaminants to study, what tissues to sample, how samples should be taken and evaluated, and what units should be used for consistent reporting. Once international guidelines are in place, a process should be initiated to similarly address general human health conditions. It is recommended that the next step be a global mapping of various health conditions and disease. Computer analysis should be performed to identify any correlation to known pollution plumes or deposition patterns. In addition, cultural or behavioral patterns, as well as geographic distributions, should be evaluated. The general trends would be important, as major synergistic effects might be masked if only one contaminant or health concern were monitored at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hild
- Rural Alaska Community Action Program, Subsistence and Natural Resources Department, Anchorage 99520
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Sternberg SS. Is dioxin a human carcinogen? (continued). Science 1994; 263:1545-6. [PMID: 8128234 DOI: 10.1126/science.8128234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Apostolou A. Is dioxin a human carcinogen? Science 1994; 263:14. [PMID: 8272860 DOI: 10.1126/science.8272860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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