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Seymour LM, Maragh J, Sabatini P, Di Tommaso M, Weaver JC, Masic A. Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1602. [PMID: 36608117 PMCID: PMC9821858 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ancient Roman concretes have survived millennia, but mechanistic insights into their durability remain an enigma. Here, we use a multiscale correlative elemental and chemical mapping approach to investigating relict lime clasts, a ubiquitous and conspicuous mineral component associated with ancient Roman mortars. Together, these analyses provide new insights into mortar preparation methodologies and provide evidence that the Romans employed hot mixing, using quicklime in conjunction with, or instead of, slaked lime, to create an environment where high surface area aggregate-scale lime clasts are retained within the mortar matrix. Inspired by these findings, we propose that these macroscopic inclusions might serve as critical sources of reactive calcium for long-term pore and crack-filling or post-pozzolanic reactivity within the cementitious constructs. The subsequent development and testing of modern lime clast-containing cementitious mixtures demonstrate their self-healing potential, thus paving the way for the development of more durable, resilient, and sustainable concrete formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Seymour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Janille Maragh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Michel Di Tommaso
- IMM, Istituto Meccanica dei Materiali SA, via al Molino 55, 6916 Grancia, Switzerland
| | - James C. Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Admir Masic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Bevilacqua A, De Martino P, Giudicepietro F, Ricciolino P, Patra A, Pitman EB, Bursik M, Voight B, Flandoli F, Macedonio G, Neri A. Data analysis of the unsteadily accelerating GPS and seismic records at Campi Flegrei caldera from 2000 to 2020. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19175. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOngoing resurgence affects Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) via bradyseism, i.e. a series of ground deformation episodes accompanied by increases in shallow seismicity. In this study, we perform a mathematical analysis of the GPS and seismic data in the instrumental catalogs from 2000 to 2020, and a comparison of them to the preceding data from 1983 to 1999. We clearly identify and characterize two overlying trends, i.e. a decennial-like acceleration and cyclic oscillations with various periods. In particular, we show that all the signals have been accelerating since 2005, and 90–97% of their increase has occurred since 2011, 40–80% since 2018. Nevertheless, the seismic and ground deformation signals evolved differently—the seismic count increased faster than the GPS data since 2011, and even more so since 2015, growing faster than an exponential function The ground deformation has a linearized rate slope, i.e. acceleration, of 0.6 cm/yr2 and 0.3 cm/yr2 from 2000 to 2020, respectively for the vertical (RITE GPS) and the horizontal (ACAE GPS) components. In addition, all annual rates show alternating speed-ups and slow-downs, consistent between the signals. We find seven major rate maxima since 2000, one every 2.8–3.5 years, with secondary maxima at fractions of the intervals. A cycle with longer period of 6.5–9 years is also identified. Finally, we apply the probabilistic failure forecast method, a nonlinear regression that calculates the theoretical time limit of the signals going to infinity (interpreted here as a critical state potentially reached by the volcano), conditional on the continuation of the observed nonlinear accelerations. Since 2000, we perform a retrospective analysis of the temporal evolution of these forecasts which highlight the periods of more intense acceleration. The failure forecast method applied on the seismic count from 2001 to 2020 produces upper time limits of [0, 3, 11] years (corresponding to the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles, respectively), significantly shorter than those based on the GPS data, e.g. [0, 6, 21] years. Such estimates, only valid under the model assumption of continuation of the ongoing decennial-like acceleration, warn to keep the guard up on the future evolution of Campi Flegrei caldera.
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The seismicity of Campi Flegrei in the contest of an evolving long term unrest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2900. [PMID: 35190627 PMCID: PMC8861174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective approaches to identifying possible precursors of eruptions is the analysis of seismicity patterns recorded at volcanoes. Accurate locations of the seismicity and the estimate of source mechanisms can resolve fault systems and track fluid migrations through volcanoes. We analysed the six main swarms recorded at Campi Flegrei since 2000, using them as a proxy of the processes involved in the long-term-unrest of this densely populated caldera. We re-located the earthquakes comprised in these swarms and estimated the focal mechanisms, which appear in agreement with the fault systems of the caldera and with tomographic images. The focal mechanisms are in agreement with the tensional stress induced by the caldera uplift. Most of the swarms and remaining seismicity delineate a highly fractured volume extending vertically below the Solfatara/Pisciarelli vents, where gases find preferential paths to the surface triggering earthquakes. The main swarms are located below this volume where the presence of a rigid caprock is still debated. We interpreted the current unrest in term of a gradual increment in the activity of a wide hydrothermal system whose most evident manifestation is the enlargement of the fumarolic-field of Pisciarelli and the increment of the earthquakes occurrence rate.
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Petrosino S, De Siena L. Fluid migrations and volcanic earthquakes from depolarized ambient noise. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6656. [PMID: 34789733 PMCID: PMC8599670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient noise polarizes inside fault zones, yet the spatial and temporal resolution of polarized noise on gas-bearing fluids migrating through stressed volcanic systems is unknown. Here we show that high polarization marks a transfer structure connecting the deforming centre of the caldera to open hydrothermal vents and extensional caldera-bounding faults during periods of low seismic release at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). Fluids pressurize the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system, migrate, and increase stress before earthquakes. The loss of polarization (depolarization) of the transfer and extensional structures maps pressurized fluids, detecting fluid migrations after seismic sequences. After recent intense seismicity (December 2019-April 2020), the transfer structure appears sealed while fluids stored in the east caldera have moved further east. Our findings show that depolarized noise has the potential to monitor fluid migrations and earthquakes at stressed volcanoes quasi-instantaneously and with minimum processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petrosino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, 80124, Italy
| | - L De Siena
- Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
- TeMaS - Terrestrial Magmatic Systems Research Area, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
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5
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Anatomy of the Campi Flegrei caldera using Enhanced Seismic Tomography Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16254. [PMID: 30389977 PMCID: PMC6214947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) is a densely inhabited area and suffered several unrest episodes in the last centuries. The dynamic of the caldera is highly debated because of conflicting interpretations. Here we present a detailed reconstruction of the Campi Flegrei structure obtained using the microseismicity recorded during the 1984 unrest. Enhanced Seismic Tomography models obtained with these data allow us describing seismic velocities, attenuation, and scattering patterns. Results show: (1) a plumbing system with a diameter of 1 km located between 2.3 km and 4 km depth (2) a 0.5 km thick caprock located at 2 km depth interpreted as the main structure regulating the fluid interchange between deep and shallow sectors of the caldera, (3) the shape and volume of a shallow reservoir beneath the city of Pozzuoli; this reservoir played a key role during the 1982-1984 unrest, (4) several small reservoirs beneath the main craters of the caldera. All these features fit into the debated question on magmatic or hydrothermal mechanism driving the caldera deformation resulting of crucial importance to allow a better assessment of the hazard.
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De Siena L, Chiodini G, Vilardo G, Del Pezzo E, Castellano M, Colombelli S, Tisato N, Ventura G. Source and dynamics of a volcanic caldera unrest: Campi Flegrei, 1983-84. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8099. [PMID: 28808286 PMCID: PMC5556014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance for eruption forecasting the causes of seismic rupture processes during caldera unrest are still poorly reconstructed from seismic images. Seismic source locations and waveform attenuation analyses of earthquakes in the Campi Flegrei area (Southern Italy) during the 1983-1984 unrest have revealed a 4-4.5 km deep NW-SE striking aseismic zone of high attenuation offshore Pozzuoli. The lateral features and the principal axis of the attenuation anomaly correspond to the main source of ground uplift during the unrest. Seismic swarms correlate in space and time with fluid injections from a deep hot source, inferred to represent geochemical and temperature variations at Solfatara. These swarms struck a high-attenuation 3-4 km deep reservoir of supercritical fluids under Pozzuoli and migrated towards a shallower aseismic deformation source under Solfatara. The reservoir became aseismic for two months just after the main seismic swarm (April 1, 1984) due to a SE-to-NW directed input from the high-attenuation domain, possibly a dyke emplacement. The unrest ended after fluids migrated from Pozzuoli to the location of the last caldera eruption (Mt. Nuovo, 1538 AD). The results show that the high attenuation domain controls the largest monitored seismic, deformation, and geochemical unrest at the caldera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Siena
- University of Aberdeen, School of Geosciences, Dept. Geology and Petroleum Geology, Meston Building, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Giovanni Chiodini
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via D. Creti 12, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vilardo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli-Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - Edoardo Del Pezzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli-Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy.,Instituto Andaluz de Geofisica, Universidad de Granada, Calle Prof. Clavera, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli-Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Colombelli
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Tisato
- The University of Texas at Austin, Jackson School of Geosciences, Department of Geological Sciences, 2275 Speedway Stop C9000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., M5S 1A4, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guido Ventura
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Roma, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00181, Roma, Italy.,Istituto per l' Ambiente Marino Costiero, CNR, Napoli, Italy
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Amoruso A, Crescentini L, D'Antonio M, Acocella V. Thermally-assisted Magma Emplacement Explains Restless Calderas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7948. [PMID: 28801635 PMCID: PMC5554218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many calderas show repeated unrest over centuries. Though probably induced by magma, this unique behaviour is not understood and its dynamics remains elusive. To better understand these restless calderas, we interpret deformation data and build thermal models of Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy. Campi Flegrei experienced at least 4 major unrest episodes in the last decades. Our results indicate that the inflation and deflation of magmatic sources at the same location explain most deformation, at least since the build-up of the last 1538 AD eruption. However, such a repeated magma emplacement requires a persistently hot crust. Our thermal models show that this repeated emplacement was assisted by the thermal anomaly created by magma that was intruded at shallow depth ~3 ka before the last eruption. This may explain the persistence of the magmatic sources promoting the restless behaviour of the Campi Flegrei caldera; moreover, it explains the crystallization, re-melting and mixing among compositionally distinct magmas recorded in young volcanic rocks. Our model of thermally-assisted unrest may have a wider applicability, possibly explaining also the dynamics of other restless calderas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Amoruso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Luca Crescentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Antonio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, NA, Italy
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Chiodini G, Selva J, Del Pezzo E, Marsan D, De Siena L, D'Auria L, Bianco F, Caliro S, De Martino P, Ricciolino P, Petrillo Z. Clues on the origin of post-2000 earthquakes at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). Sci Rep 2017; 7:4472. [PMID: 28667256 PMCID: PMC5493613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inter-arrival times of the post 2000 seismicity at Campi Flegrei caldera are statistically distributed into different populations. The low inter-arrival times population represents swarm events, while the high inter-arrival times population marks background seismicity. Here, we show that the background seismicity is increasing at the same rate of (1) the ground uplift and (2) the concentration of the fumarolic gas specie more sensitive to temperature. The seismic temporal increase is strongly correlated with the results of recent simulations, modelling injection of magmatic fluids in the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system. These concurrent variations point to a unique process of temperature-pressure increase of the hydrothermal system controlling geophysical and geochemical signals at the caldera. Our results thus show that the occurrence of background seismicity is an excellent parameter to monitor the current unrest of the caldera.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chiodini
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, via D. Creti 12, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
| | - J Selva
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, via D. Creti 12, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Del Pezzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy.,Istituto Andalùz de Geofisica, Università de Granada, C/ Profesor Clavera Nº12, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - D Marsan
- ISTerre, CNRS, Université de Savoie Mont Blanc, Campus Scientifique, 73376, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - L De Siena
- School of Geosciences, Geology and Petroleum Geology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - L D'Auria
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38400, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
| | - F Bianco
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Caliro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - P De Martino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - P Ricciolino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - Z Petrillo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Napoli, Italy
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