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Sun Y, Dong Q, Yang H, Song W, Zhou H. CuS quantum dots activated DNAzyme for ratiometric electrochemical detection of telomerase activity. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1248:340884. [PMID: 36813453 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity detection has attracted much attention concerning its importance for early cancer diagnosis. Here, we established a ratiometric electrochemical biosensor for telomerase detection based on CuS quantum dots (CuS QDs) dependent DNAzyme-regulated dual signals. The telomerase substrate probe was used as the linker to combine the DNA fabricated magnetic beads and CuS QDs. In this way, telomerase extended the substrate probe with repeated sequence to from hairpin structure, releasing CuS QDs as an input to DNAzyme modified electrode. DNAzyme was cleaved with high current of ferrocene (Fc) and low current of methylene blue (MB). On the basis of the obtained ratiometric signals, telomerase activity detection was achieved in the range of 1.0 × 10-12-1.0 × 10-6 IU/L, with the limit of detection down to 2.75 × 10-14 IU/L. Moreover, telomerase activity from HeLa extracts was also tested to verify the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Weiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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2
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Khorsandi K, Esfahani H, Abrahamse H. Characteristics of circRNA and its approach as diagnostic tool in melanoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1079-1094. [PMID: 34380368 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1967749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common types of cancer in the world is skin cancer, which has been divided into two groups: non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. Different external and internal agents are considered as risk factors for melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis but the exact mechanisms are not yet confirmed. Genetic and epigenetic changes, UV exposure, arsenic compounds, and chemical substances are contributory factors to the development of melanoma. A correlation has emerged between new therapies and the discovery of a basic molecular pattern for skin cancer patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are described as a unique group of extensively expressed endogenous regulatory RNAs with closed-loop structure bonds connecting the 5' and 3' ends, which are commonly expressed in mammalian cells. In this review, we describe the biogenesis of circular RNAs and its function in cancerous conditions focusing on the crosstalk between different circRNAs and melanoma. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs appears to be relative to the origin and development of skin-related diseases like malignant melanoma. Different circular RNAs like hsa_circ_0025039, hsa_circRNA006612, circRNA005537, and circANRIL, by targeting different cellular and molecular targets (e.g., CDK4, DAB2IP, ZEB1, miR-889, and let-7 c-3p), can participate in melanoma cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Nrf SARChI Chair: Laser Applications in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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3
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Li C, Liu J, Jiang L, Xu J, Ren A, Lin Y, Yao G. The value of melanoma inhibitory activity and LDH with melanoma patients in a Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24840. [PMID: 33663104 PMCID: PMC7909219 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Malignant melanoma is a highly malignant tumor originating from the melanocytes of the neural crest, which is prone to metastasis and has a poor prognosis. Previous research demonstrated that melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) could serve as serum markers in malignant melanoma and indicate prognosis in the Caucasian race. Researchers suspected that both MIA and LDH could prompt the prognosis of malignant melanoma in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the value of MIA and LDH in the prognosis of acral malignant melanoma.From January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, in Jiangsu Province, 44 acral malignant melanoma patients with complete data were chosen from the clinic. The LDH levels were extracted from their clinical data, and MIA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. 8 paired advancing samples before and after metastasis were examined. 22 health donors were matched to the patient group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of MIA and LDH were drawn to determine acral malignant melanoma tumorigenesis and metastasis and finally got the cut-off value. Cumulative survival was illustrated with the Kaplan-Meier plot, and factors were compared using the Log-rank test.Compared with age-matched healthy donors, MIA was significantly high in patients (P < .001). Moreover, serum MIA was significantly higher in III-IV stage patients than I-II stage patients (P < .001). However, there was no such association between LDH and melanoma stage and risk. Further study indicated that the MIA cut-off > 914.7pg/mL predicted disease progression with 86.4% specificity and 95.5% sensitivity. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, MIA levels were independent risk factors for long-term mortality of acral malignant melanoma patients.It concluded that the quantification of MIA in the serum should be performed as a general standard of care in patients at risk of developing metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Li
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery
| | | | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anjing Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery
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4
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Guo Y, Liu S, Yang H, Wang P, Feng Q. Proximity binding-triggered multipedal DNA walker for the electrochemiluminescence detection of telomerase activity. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1144:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Ding X, Liu X, Wang F, Wang F, Geng X. Role of Senescence and Neuroprotective Effects of Telomerase in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 23:150-158. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Ferris LK, Moy RL, Gerami P, Sligh JE, Jansen B, Yao Z, Cockerell CJ. Noninvasive Analysis of High-Risk Driver Mutations and Gene Expression Profiles in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1127-1134. [PMID: 30500343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tools that help reduce the number of surgical biopsies performed on benign lesions have the potential to improve patient care. The pigmented lesion assay (PLA) is a noninvasive tool validated against histopathology that helps rule out melanoma and the need for surgical biopsies of atypical pigmented skin lesions. Genetic information is collected using adhesive patches and the expression of two genes, LINC and PRAME, is measured. By using genetic material collected noninvasively and to further validate the PLA, somatic hotspot mutations in genes known to be drivers of early melanoma development (BRAF other than V600E, NRAS, and the TERT promoter) can also be identified. The frequency of these hotspot mutations in samples of early melanoma was 77%, which is higher than the 14% found in nonmelanoma samples (P < 0.0001). TERT promoter mutations were the most prevalent mutation type in PLA-positive melanomas; 82% of PLA-negative lesions had no mutations, and 97% of histopathologically confirmed melanomas were PLA and/or mutation positive (cohort 1, n = 103). Mutation frequencies were similar in prospectively collected real-world PLA samples (cohort 2, n = 519), in which 88% of PLA-negative samples had no mutations. Combining gene expression and mutation analyses enhances the ability to noninvasively detect early cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Ronald L Moy
- RodeoDerm Moy Fincher Chips, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James E Sligh
- Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Zuxu Yao
- DermTech, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Yang S, Gao X, He Y, Hu Y, Xu B, Cheng Z, Xiang M, Xie Y. Applying an innovative biodegradable self-assembly nanomicelles to deliver α-mangostin for improving anti-melanoma activity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:146. [PMID: 30770785 PMCID: PMC6377678 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin (αM), a traditional natural product with promising application of treating a series of diseases, was limited use in clinical due to its hydrophobicity. Herein, MPEG-PCL nanomicelles were used to embed the αM for resolving hydrophobicity and improving the anti-melanoma effect of the αM. The anti-melanoma activity and potential mechanisms of biodegradable αM/MPEG-PCL nanomicelles were investigated. The αM/MPEG-PCL nanomicelles possessed a stronger effect on anti-melanoma compared to the free αM both in vitro and in vivo with a low cytotoxicity in non-tumor cell lines. In the research of mechanisms, the αM/MPEG-PCL nanomicelles inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cell, induced apoptosis via both apoptosis pathways of intrinsic and exogenous in vitro, as well as suppressed tumor growth and restrained angiogenesis in vivo, which implied that the αM/MPEG-PCL nanomicelles have potential application as a novel chemotherapeutic agent in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yihong He
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mingli Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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8
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Yan BY, Garcet S, Gulati N, Kiecker F, Fuentes-Duculan J, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Shemer A, Mitsui H, Krueger JG. Novel immune signatures associated with dysplastic naevi and primary cutaneous melanoma in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:35-44. [PMID: 30326165 PMCID: PMC6333525 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysplastic naevi (DN) are benign lesions with atypical features intermediate between that of common melanocytic naevi (CMN) and malignant melanoma (MM). Debate remains over whether DN represent progressive lesions from CMN. Through gene expression profiling and analysis of molecular gene signatures, our study revealed progressive increases in immune activation and regulation, along with pathways implicated in melanomagenesis, from CMN to DN to MM. Using criteria of 1.5-fold change and false discovery rate ≤0.05, we found differential expression of 7186 probes (6370 unique genes) with the largest difference detected between DN and MM from the standpoint of genomic melanoma progression. Despite progressive increases in the T-helper type 1 (Th1)-inducing gene (IL-12), RT-PCR indicated impaired Th1 or cytotoxic T-cell response (decreased IFN-γ) in MM. Concordantly, our results indicated progressive increases in molecular markers associated with regulatory T cells, exhausted T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells, including detection of increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) in dendritic cells associated with MM. All together, our findings suggest that the increased immunosuppressive microenvironment of melanoma may contribute to unhampered proliferation of neoplastic cells. In addition, the detection of increased markers associated with tolerogenic dendritic cells in MM suggests that targeting these suppressive immune cell types may represent an alternative avenue for future immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Y. Yan
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
| | - Sandra Garcet
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
| | - Nicholas Gulati
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
| | - Felix Kiecker
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, Skin Cancer Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany0020
| | | | - Patricia Gilleaudeau
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
| | - Mary Sullivan-Whalen
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Hashomer Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hiroshi Mitsui
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
- Authors share senior authorship
| | - James G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, N0059
- Authors share senior authorship
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9
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Andrés-Lencina JJ, Rachakonda S, García-Casado Z, Srinivas N, Skorokhod A, Requena C, Soriano V, Kumar R, Nagore E. TERT promoter mutation subtypes and survival in stage I and II melanoma patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1027-1036. [PMID: 30070694 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within the promoter of gene encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit are frequent in many cancers including melanoma. Previously, the TERT promoter mutations were shown to associate with markers of poor outcome and reduced survival in patients with primary melanoma. In this study, we investigated the impact of the subtypes of TERT mutations on disease-free and melanoma-specific survival in 287 patients with stage I/II nonacral melanoma. Our results showed that of the three TERT promoter mutation subtypes, in multivariate models, the -138/-139 CC > TT tandem mutation associated with worst disease-free and melanoma-specific survival. In particular, in combination with BRAF/NRAS mutations, the -138/-139 CC > TT TERT promoter mutation associated with statistically significant poor disease-free and melanoma-specific survival with hazard ratios of 6.04 (95% CI 2.03-17.94, p = 0.001) and 12.59 (95% CI 2.18-72.70, p = 0.005), respectively. In contrast to the survival data, luciferase assays showed that the highest activity was observed in experiments with a promoter construct with -124 C > T mutation followed by the -138/-139 CC > TT and -146 C > T mutations, which showed similar activity. Based on previous reports, we speculate that the tandem mutation probably leads to greater genomic instability than the common TERT promoter mutations, hence the association with worst survival. However, the results from the study are only preliminary with limited patient data, therefore, require a cautious interpretation. The observations in this study, if confirmed, could have implications for melanoma patients treated with MAP-kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zaida García-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Nalini Srinivas
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Skorokhod
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Virtudes Soriano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", València, Spain
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10
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Fiorini E, Santoni A, Colla S. Dysfunctional telomeres and hematological disorders. Differentiation 2018; 100:1-11. [PMID: 29331736 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Telomere biology disorders, which are characterized by telomerase activity haploinsufficiency and accelerated telomere shortening, most commonly manifest as degenerative diseases. Tissues with high rates of cell turnover, such as those in the hematopoietic system, are particularly vulnerable to defects in telomere maintenance genes that eventually culminate in bone marrow (BM) failure syndromes, in which the BM cannot produce sufficient new blood cells. Here, we review how telomere defects induce degenerative phenotypes across multiple organs, with particular focus on how they impact the hematopoietic stem and progenitor compartment and affect hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation. We also discuss how both the increased risk of myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematological malignancies that is associated with telomere disorders and the discovery of cancer-associated somatic mutations in the shelterin components challenge the conventional interpretation that telomere defects are cancer-protective rather than cancer-promoting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fiorini
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea Santoni
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Kim W, Shay JW. Long-range telomere regulation of gene expression: Telomere looping and telomere position effect over long distances (TPE-OLD). Differentiation 2018; 99:1-9. [PMID: 29197683 PMCID: PMC5826875 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human cellular reverse transcriptase, telomerase, is very tightly regulated in large long-lived species. Telomerase is expressed during early human fetal development, is turned off in most adult tissues, and then becomes reactivated in almost all human cancers. However, the exact mechanism regulating these switches in expression are not known. We recently described a phenomenon where genes are regulated by telomere length dependent loops (telomere position effects over long distances; TPE-OLD). The hTERT gene is ~ 1.2Mb from the human chromosome 5p end. We observed that when telomeres are long hTERT gene expression is repressed and a probe next to the 5p telomere and the hTERT locus are spatially co-localized. When telomeres are short at least one of the hTERT alleles is spatially separated from the telomere, developing more active histone marks and changes in DNA methylation in the hTERT promoter region. These findings have implications for how cells turn off telomerase when telomeres are long during fetal development and how cancer cells reactivate telomerase in cells that have short telomeres. In addition to TPE-OLD, in proliferating stem cells such as activated T-lymphocytes, telomerase can be reversibly activated and silenced by telomere looping. In telomerase positive cancer cells that are induced to differentiate and downregulate telomerase, telomere looping correlates with silencing of the hTERT gene. These studies and others support a role of telomeres in regulating gene expression via telomere looping that may involve interactions with internal telomeric sequences (ITS). In addition to telomere looping, TPE-OLD may be one mechanism of how cells time changes in physiology without initiating a DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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