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Djukanovic D, von Hippel G, Meyer HB, Ottnad K, Salg M, Wittig H. Precision Calculation of the Electromagnetic Radii of the Proton and Neutron from Lattice QCD. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:211901. [PMID: 38856276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.211901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We present lattice-QCD results for the electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron including both quark-connected and -disconnected contributions. The parametrization of the Q^{2} dependence of the form factors is combined with the extrapolation to the physical point. In this way, we determine the electric and magnetic radii and the magnetic moments of the proton and neutron. For the proton, we obtain at the physical pion mass and in the continuum and infinite-volume limit sqrt[⟨r_{E}^{2}⟩^{p}]=0.820(14) fm, sqrt[⟨r_{M}^{2}⟩^{p}]=0.8111(89) fm, and μ_{M}^{p}=2.739(66), where the errors include all systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Djukanovic
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Georg von Hippel
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harvey B Meyer
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Ottnad
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Miguel Salg
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Wittig
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Scheidegger S, Merkt F. Precision-Spectroscopic Determination of the Binding Energy of a Two-Body Quantum System: The Hydrogen Atom and the Proton-Size Puzzle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:113001. [PMID: 38563947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Precision measurements in Rydberg states of H with principal quantum number n in the range between 20 and 30 are reported. In the presence of homogeneous electric fields with strengths below 2 V cm^{-1}, these Rydberg states are subject to a linear Stark effect with accurately calculable Stark shifts. From the spectral positions of field-independent and field-dependent Rydberg-Stark states, we derive the n=20 and 24 Bohr energies, and the ionization energy with respect to the 2 ^{2}S_{1/2}(f=0,1) [short 2S(0,1)] metastable states. Combining these results with the 2S(1)-1S(1) transition frequency [C. G. Parthey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 203001 (2011)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.107.203001; A. Matveev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 230801 (2013)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.110.230801] and the 1S hyperfine splitting [L. Essen et al., Nature (London) 229, 110 (1971)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/229110a0], we determine the ionization frequency of the 1S(0) ground state to be 3 288 087 922 407.2(3.7)_{stat}(1.8)_{syst} kHz, which is the most precise value ever determined for the binding energy of a two-body quantum system. Using the 2S(0)-2P_{1/2}(1) interval [N. Bezginov et al., Science 365, 1007 (2019)SCIEAS0036-807510.1126/science.aau7807], we determine the Rydberg frequency to be cR_{∞}=3 289 841 960 204(15)_{stat}(7)_{syst}(13)_{2S-2P} kHz in a procedure that is insensitive to the value of the proton charge radius. These new results are discussed in the context of the proton-size puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Scheidegger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Merkt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Xu B, Chen Z, Hänsch TW, Picqué N. Near-ultraviolet photon-counting dual-comb spectroscopy. Nature 2024; 627:289-294. [PMID: 38448594 PMCID: PMC10937374 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet spectroscopy provides unique insights into the structure of matter with applications ranging from fundamental tests to photochemistry in the Earth's atmosphere and astronomical observations from space telescopes1-8. At longer wavelengths, dual-comb spectroscopy, using two interfering laser frequency combs, has become a powerful technique capable of simultaneously providing a broad spectral range and very high resolution9. Here we demonstrate a photon-counting approach that can extend the unique advantages of this method into ultraviolet regions where nonlinear frequency conversion tends to be very inefficient. Our spectrometer, based on two frequency combs with slightly different repetition frequencies, provides a wide-span, high-resolution frequency calibration within the accuracy of an atomic clock, and overall consistency of the spectra. We demonstrate a signal-to-noise ratio at the quantum limit and an optimal use of the measurement time, provided by the multiplexed recording of all spectral data on a single photon-counter10. Our initial experiments are performed in the near-ultraviolet and in the visible spectral ranges with alkali-atom vapour, with a power per comb line as low as a femtowatt. This crucial step towards precision broadband spectroscopy at short wavelengths paves the way for extreme-ultraviolet dual-comb spectroscopy, and, more generally, opens up a new realm of applications for photon-level diagnostics, as encountered, for example, when driving single atoms or molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Xu
- Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Zaijun Chen
- Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodor W Hänsch
- Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Picqué
- Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.
- Max-Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short-Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Hong L, Yang H, Liu L, Li M, Liu Y, Chen B, Yu H, Ju W, Li ZY. Intense and Superflat White Laser with 700-nm 3-dB Bandwidth and 1-mJ Pulse Energy Enabling Single-Shot Subpicosecond Pulse Laser Spectroscopy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0210. [PMID: 37588618 PMCID: PMC10426273 DOI: 10.34133/research.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
An optical spectrometer is a basic spectral instrument that probes microscopic physical and chemical properties of macroscopic objects but generally suffers from difficulty in broadband time-resolved measurement. In this work, we report the creation of ultrabroadband white-light laser with a 3-dB bandwidth covering 385 to 1,080 nm, pulse energy of 1.07 mJ, and pulse duration of several hundred femtoseconds by passing 3-mJ pulse energy, 50-fs pulse duration Ti:Sapphire pulse laser through a cascaded fused silica plate and chirped periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. We utilize this unprecedented superflat, ultrabroadband, and intense femtosecond laser light source to build a single-shot (i.e., single-pulse) subpicosecond pulse laser ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer and successfully measure various atomic and molecular absorption spectra. The single-shot ultrafast spectrometer may open up a frontier to monitor simultaneously the ultrafast dynamics of multiple physical and chemical processes in various microscopic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Hong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Haiyao Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Baoqin Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huakang Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wenbo Ju
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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5
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Delaunay C, Karr JP, Kitahara T, Koelemeij JCJ, Soreq Y, Zupan J. Self-Consistent Extraction of Spectroscopic Bounds on Light New Physics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:121801. [PMID: 37027868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental physical constants are determined from a collection of precision measurements of elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. This is usually done under the assumption of the standard model (SM) of particle physics. Allowing for light new physics (NP) beyond the SM modifies the extraction of fundamental physical constants. Consequently, setting NP bounds using these data, and at the same time assuming the Committee on Data of the International Science Council recommended values for the fundamental physical constants, is not reliable. As we show in this Letter, both SM and NP parameters can be simultaneously determined in a consistent way from a global fit. For light vectors with QED-like couplings, such as the dark photon, we provide a prescription that recovers the degeneracy with the photon in the massless limit and requires calculations only at leading order in the small new physics couplings. At present, the data show tensions partially related to the proton charge radius determination. We show that these can be alleviated by including contributions from a light scalar with flavor nonuniversal couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delaunay
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique, CNRS-USMB, BP 110 Annecy-le-Vieux, F-74941 Annecy, France
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Karr
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulevard François Mitterrand, F-91000 Evry, France
| | - Teppei Kitahara
- Institute for Advanced Research and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- KEK Theory Center, IPNS, KEK, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jeroen C J Koelemeij
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yotam Soreq
- Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jure Zupan
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221,USA
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6
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Zeyen M, Affolter L, Ahmed MA, Graf T, Kara O, Kirch K, Marszalek M, Nez F, Ouf A, Pohl R, Rajamohanan S, Yzombard P, Antognini A, Schuhmann K. Pound-Drever-Hall locking scheme free from Trojan operating points. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013001. [PMID: 36725577 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique is a popular method for stabilizing the frequency of a laser to a stable optical resonator or, vice versa, the length of a resonator to the frequency of a stable laser. We propose a refinement of the technique yielding an "infinite" dynamic (capture) range so that a resonator is correctly locked to the seed frequency, even after large perturbations. The stable but off-resonant lock points (also called Trojan operating points), present in conventional PDH error signals, are removed by phase modulating the seed laser at a frequency corresponding to half the free spectral range of the resonator. We verify the robustness of our scheme experimentally by realizing an injection-seeded Yb:YAG thin-disk laser. We also give an analytical formulation of the PDH error signal for arbitrary modulation frequencies and discuss the parameter range for which our PDH locking scheme guarantees correct locking. Our scheme is simple as it does not require additional electronics apart from the standard PDH setup and is particularly suited to realize injection-seeded lasers and injection-seeded optical parametric oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zeyen
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Affolter
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marwan Abdou Ahmed
- Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Graf
- Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Oguzhan Kara
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Kirch
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - François Nez
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmed Ouf
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Randolf Pohl
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siddharth Rajamohanan
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pauline Yzombard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aldo Antognini
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Schuhmann
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Solaro C, Debavelaere C, Cladé P, Guellati-Khelifa S. Atom Interferometer Driven by a Picosecond Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:173204. [PMID: 36332244 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.173204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a light-pulse atom interferometer based on the diffraction of free-falling atoms by a picosecond frequency-comb laser. More specifically, we coherently split and recombine wave packets of cold ^{87}Rb atoms by driving stimulated Raman transitions between the |5s ^{2}S_{1/2},F=1⟩ and |5s ^{2}S_{1/2},F=2⟩ hyperfine states, using two trains of picosecond pulses in a counterpropagating geometry. We study the impact of the pulses' length as well as the interrogation time onto the contrast of the atom interferometer. Our experimental data are well reproduced by a numerical simulation based on an effective coupling that depends on the overlap between the pulses and the atomic cloud. These results pave the way for extending light-pulse interferometry to transitions in other spectral regions and therefore to other species, for new possibilities in metrology, sensing of gravito-inertial effects, and tests of fundamental physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Solaro
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clément Debavelaere
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cladé
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Saïda Guellati-Khelifa
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 75003 Paris, France
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8
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Li R, Sparveris N, Atac H, Jones MK, Paolone M, Akbar Z, Gayoso CA, Berdnikov V, Biswas D, Boer M, Camsonne A, Chen JP, Diefenthaler M, Duran B, Dutta D, Gaskell D, Hansen O, Hauenstein F, Heinrich N, Henry W, Horn T, Huber GM, Jia S, Joosten S, Karki A, Kay SJD, Kumar V, Li X, Li WB, Liyanage AH, Malace S, Markowitz P, McCaughan M, Meziani ZE, Mkrtchyan H, Morean C, Muhoza M, Narayan A, Pasquini B, Rehfuss M, Sawatzky B, Smith GR, Smith A, Trotta R, Yero C, Zheng X, Zhou J. Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions. Nature 2022; 611:265-270. [PMID: 36261531 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton's bound state. A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities1 that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities2 map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades2. Here we report measurements of the proton's electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton's electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - H Atac
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M K Jones
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - M Paolone
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Z Akbar
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - V Berdnikov
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Biswas
- Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA.,Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M Boer
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - A Camsonne
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - J-P Chen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - M Diefenthaler
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - B Duran
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Dutta
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - D Gaskell
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - O Hansen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | | | - N Heinrich
- University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Henry
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - T Horn
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G M Huber
- University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - S Jia
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Joosten
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - A Karki
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - S J D Kay
- University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - V Kumar
- University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - X Li
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W B Li
- The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | | | - S Malace
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - P Markowitz
- Florida International University, University Park, FL, USA
| | - M McCaughan
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Z-E Meziani
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - H Mkrtchyan
- Artem Alikhanian National Laboratory, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - C Morean
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - M Muhoza
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Narayan
- Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah, India
| | - B Pasquini
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Pavia, Italy
| | - M Rehfuss
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Sawatzky
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - G R Smith
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - A Smith
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R Trotta
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Yero
- Florida International University, University Park, FL, USA
| | - X Zheng
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J Zhou
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Janka G, Ohayon B, Crivelli P. Muonium Lamb shift: theory update and experimental prospects. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226201001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the theory of the Lamb shift for muonium, provide an updated numerical value and present the prospects of the Mu-MASS collaboration at PSI to improve upon their recent measurement. Due to its smaller nuclear mass, the contributions of the higher-order recoil corrections (160 kHz level) and nucleus self-energy (40 kHz level) are enhanced for muonium compared to hydrogen where those are below the level of the latest measurement performed by Hessels et al. and thus could not be tested yet. The ongoing upgrades to the Mu-MASS setup will open up the possibility to probe these contributions and improve the sensitivity of this measurement to searches for new physics in the muonic sector.
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10
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Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Jiang S, Wang Y, Jin W, Ren W. Dual-comb photothermal spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2181. [PMID: 35449158 PMCID: PMC9023540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) has revolutionized optical spectroscopy by providing broadband spectral measurements with unprecedented resolution and fast response. Photothermal spectroscopy (PTS) with a pump-probe configuration offers a highly sensitive gas sensing method, which is normally performed using a single-wavelength pump laser. The merging of PTS with DCS may enable a spectroscopic method by taking advantage of both technologies, which has never been studied yet. Here, we report dual-comb photothermal spectroscopy (DC-PTS) by passing dual combs and a probe laser through a gas-filled anti-resonant hollow-core fiber, where the generated multi-heterodyne modulation of the refractive index is sensitively detected by an in-line interferometer. As an example, we have measured photothermal spectra of acetylene over 1 THz, showing a good agreement with the spectral database. Our proposed DC-PTS provides opportunities for broadband gas sensing with super-fine resolution and high sensitivity, as well as with a small sample volume and compact configuration. 'Recent developments in spectroscopy have witnessed the establishment of dual-comb techniques. In this work the authors demonstrate dual-comb photothermal spectroscopy providing gas sensing with superfine resolution and high sensitivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shoulin Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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11
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Brandt AD, Cooper SF, Rasor C, Burkley Z, Matveev A, Yost DC. Measurement of the 2S_{1/2}-8D_{5/2} Transition in Hydrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:023001. [PMID: 35089737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a measurement of the hydrogen 2S_{1/2}-8D_{5/2} transition performed with a cryogenic atomic beam. The measured resonance frequency is ν=770649561570.9(2.0) kHz, which corresponds to a relative uncertainty of 2.6×10^{-12}. Combining our result with the most recent measurement of the 1S-2S transition, we find a proton radius of r_{p}=0.8584(51) fm and a Rydberg constant of R_{∞}=10973731.568332(52) m^{-1}. This result has a combined 3.1σ disagreement with the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) 2018 recommended value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Brandt
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - S F Cooper
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - C Rasor
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Z Burkley
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - A Matveev
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - D C Yost
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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12
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Delaunay C, Ohayon B, Soreq Y. Towards an Independent Determination of Muon g-2 from Muonium Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:251801. [PMID: 35029437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.251801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We show that muonium spectroscopy in the coming years can reach a precision high enough to determine the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon below one part per million (ppm). Such an independent determination of muon g-2 would certainly shed light on the ∼2 ppm difference currently observed between spin-precession measurements and (R-ratio based) standard model predictions. The magnetic dipole interaction between electrons and (anti)muons bound in muonium gives rise to a hyperfine splitting (HFS) of the ground state which is sensitive to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. A direct comparison of the muonium frequency measurements of the HFS at J-PARC and the 1S-2S transition at PSI with theory predictions will allow us to extract muon g-2 with high precision. Improving the accuracy of QED calculations of these transitions by about 1 order of magnitude is also required. Moreover, the good agreement between theory and experiment for the electron g-2 indicates that new physics interactions are unlikely to affect muonium spectroscopy down to the envisaged precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delaunay
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique LAPTh, CNRS-USMB, BP 110 Annecy-le-Vieux, F-74941 Annecy, France
| | - Ben Ohayon
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yotam Soreq
- Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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13
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Sun Y, Lian Z, Ren Z, Yao Z, Yin Y, Huai P, Zhu F, Huang Y, Wen W, Li X, Tai R, Zhu D. Proton-Dominated Reversible Aqueous Zinc Batteries with an Ultraflat Long Discharge Plateau. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14766-14775. [PMID: 34432437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems because of their low cost and high safety. However, currently developed AZB cathodes always suffer from the intense charge repulsion of multivalent-ion and complex multiphase electrochemistry, resulting in an insufficient cycling life and impracticable high-sloping discharge profile. Herein, we found that the synthesized ultrathin Bi2O2Se nanosheets can effectively activate stable protons storage in AZBs rather than large zinc ions. This proton-dominated cathode provides an ultraflat discharge plateau (72% capacity proportion) and exhibits long-term cyclability as 90.64% capacity retention after 2300 cycles at 1 A g-1. Further in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, ex situ X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, and density functional theory confirm the energy storage mechanism regarding the highly reversible proton insertion/extraction process. Benefiting from the proton-dominated fast dynamics, reliable energy supply (>81.5% discharge plateau capacity proportion) is demonstrated at a high rate of up to 10 A g-1 and in the frozen electrolyte below -15 °C. This work provides a potential design of high-performance electrode materials for AZBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhe Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaofeng Lian
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhiguo Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zeying Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaru Yin
- Centre for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ping Huai
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yaobo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Daming Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
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14
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Cui ZF, Binosi D, Roberts CD, Schmidt SM. Fresh Extraction of the Proton Charge Radius from Electron Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:092001. [PMID: 34506174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method for extracting the proton radius from elastic electron-proton (ep) scattering data. The approach is based on interpolation via continued fractions augmented by statistical sampling and avoids any assumptions on the form of function used for the representation of data and subsequent extrapolation onto Q^{2}≃0. Applying the method to extant modern ep datasets, we find that all results are mutually consistent and, combining them, we arrive at r_{p}=0.847(8) fm. This result compares favorably with values obtained from contemporary measurements of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen, transitions in electronic hydrogen, and muonic deuterium spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Fang Cui
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Institute for Nonperturbative Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Daniele Binosi
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas, Villa Tambosi, Strada delle Tabarelle 286, I-38123 Villazzano (TN), Italy
| | - Craig D Roberts
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Institute for Nonperturbative Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Sebastian M Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden D-01314, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut B, Aachen D-52074, Germany
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15
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Clausen G, Jansen P, Scheidegger S, Agner JA, Schmutz H, Merkt F. Ionization Energy of the Metastable 2 ^{1}S_{0} State of ^{4}He from Rydberg-Series Extrapolation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:093001. [PMID: 34506206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a recent breakthrough in first-principles calculations of two-electron systems, Patkóś, Yerokhin, and Pachucki [Phys. Rev. A 103, 042809 (2021)PLRAAN2469-992610.1103/PhysRevA.103.042809] have performed the first complete calculation of the Lamb shift of the helium 2 ^{3}S_{1} and 2 ^{3}P_{J} triplet states up to the term in α^{7}m. Whereas their theoretical result of the frequency of the 2 ^{3}P←2 ^{3}S transition perfectly agrees with the experimental value, a more than 10σ discrepancy was identified for the 3 ^{3}D←2 ^{3}S and 3 ^{3}D←2 ^{3}P transitions, which hinders the determination of the He^{2+} charge radius from atomic spectroscopy. We present here a new measurement of the ionization energy of the 2 ^{1}S_{0} state of He [960 332 040.491(32) MHz] which we use in combination with the 2 ^{3}S_{1}←2 ^{1}S_{0} interval measured by Rengelink et al. [Nat. Phys. 14, 1132 (2018).NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/s41567-018-0242-5] and the 2 ^{3}P←2 ^{3}S_{1} interval measured by Zheng et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 263002 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.263002] and Cancio Pastor et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 023001 (2004)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.92.023001] to derive experimental ionization energies of the 2 ^{3}S_{1} state [1152 842 742.640(32) MHz] and the 2 ^{3}P centroid energy [876 106 247.025(39) MHz]. These values reveal disagreements with the α^{7}m Lamb shift prediction by 6.5σ and 10σ, respectively, and support the suggestion by Patkóš et al. of an unknown theoretical contribution to the Lamb shifts of the 2 ^{3}S and 2 ^{3}P states of He.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Clausen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jansen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Scheidegger
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef A Agner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjürg Schmutz
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Merkt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Burkley Z, de Sousa Borges L, Ohayon B, Golovozin A, Zhang J, Crivelli P. Stable high power deep-uv enhancement cavity in ultra-high vacuum with fluoride coatings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:27450-27459. [PMID: 34615160 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the superior performance of dielectric fluoride coatings versus oxide coatings in long term vacuum operation of a high power deep-ultraviolet enhancement cavity. In ultra-high vacuum (10-8 mbar), the fluoride optics can maintain up to 10 W of stable intracavity power on one hour time scales, a record-high at these vacuum levels, whereas for the oxide optics, we observe rapid degradation at lower intracavity powers with a rate that increases with power. After observing degradation in high vacuum, we can recover the fluoride and oxide optics with oxygen; however, this recovery process becomes ineffective after several applications. For the fluoride optics, we see that initial UV conditioning in an oxygen environment helps to improve the performances of the optics. In oxygen-rich environments from ∼10-4 mbar, the fluoride optics can stably maintain up to 20 W of intracavity power on several-hour time scales whereas for the oxide optics there is immediate degradation with a rate that increases with decreasing oxygen pressure.
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17
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Xu H, Lu H, Li Z, Zhao J. Deep-ultraviolet femtosecond laser source at 243 nm for hydrogen spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17398-17404. [PMID: 34154284 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the generation of a 100 MHz repetition rate, 1.7 mW average power and femtosecond deep-ultraviolet (DUV) 243 nm laser source. The infra-red output of a broadband Titanium-Sapphire (TiSa) laser containing 729 nm light is mixed with its second harmonic in a β-barium borate (BBO) crystal. By manipulating the group delay dispersion (GDD), we customize the spectral shape of TiSa resonator to improve conversion efficiency. This DUV laser is employed for direct frequency comb spectroscopy of hydrogen.
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18
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Paul N, Bian G, Azuma T, Okada S, Indelicato P. Testing Quantum Electrodynamics with Exotic Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:173001. [PMID: 33988393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Precision study of few-electron, high-Z ions is a privileged field for probing high-field, bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BSQED). However, the accuracy of such tests is plagued by nuclear uncertainties, which are often larger than the BSQED effects under investigation. We propose an alternative method with exotic atoms and show that transitions may be found between circular Rydberg states where nuclear contributions are vanishing while BSQED effects remain large. When probed with newly available quantum sensing detectors, these systems offer gains in sensitivity of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, while the mean electric field largely exceeds the Schwinger limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Paul
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74; 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guojie Bian
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74; 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088 Beijing, China
| | - Toshiyuki Azuma
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Paul Indelicato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74; 4, place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
Precise measurement of an atomic hydrogen transition resolves the proton size puzzle
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Ubachs
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Grinin A, Matveev A, Yost DC, Maisenbacher L, Wirthl V, Pohl R, Hänsch TW, Udem T. Two-photon frequency comb spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen. Science 2020; 370:1061-1066. [PMID: 33243883 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc7776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have performed two-photon ultraviolet direct frequency comb spectroscopy on the 1S-3S transition in atomic hydrogen to illuminate the so-called proton radius puzzle and to demonstrate the potential of this method. The proton radius puzzle is a significant discrepancy between data obtained with muonic hydrogen and regular atomic hydrogen that could not be explained within the framework of quantum electrodynamics. By combining our result [f 1S-3S = 2,922,743,278,665.79(72) kilohertz] with a previous measurement of the 1S-2S transition frequency, we obtained new values for the Rydberg constant [R ∞ = 10,973,731.568226(38) per meter] and the proton charge radius [r p = 0.8482(38) femtometers]. This result favors the muonic value over the world-average data as presented by the most recent published CODATA 2014 adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Grinin
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
| | - Arthur Matveev
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - Dylan C Yost
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - Lothar Maisenbacher
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - Vitaly Wirthl
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - Randolf Pohl
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - Theodor W Hänsch
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.,Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Udem
- Laser Spectroscopy Division Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.,Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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