3
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Martin KC, Buizert C, Edwards JS, Kalk ML, Riddell-Young B, Brook EJ, Beaudette R, Severinghaus JP, Sowers TA. Bipolar impact and phasing of Heinrich-type climate variability. Nature 2023; 617:100-104. [PMID: 37095266 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
During the last ice age, the Laurentide Ice Sheet exhibited extreme iceberg discharge events that are recorded in North Atlantic sediments1. These Heinrich events have far-reaching climate impacts, including widespread disruptions to hydrological and biogeochemical cycles2-4. They occurred during Heinrich stadials-cold periods with strongly weakened Atlantic overturning circulation5-7. Heinrich-type variability is not distinctive in Greenland water isotope ratios, a well-dated site temperature proxy8, complicating efforts to assess their regional climate impact and phasing against Antarctic climate change. Here we show that Heinrich events have no detectable temperature impact on Greenland and cooling occurs at the onset of several Heinrich stadials, and that both types of Heinrich variability have a distinct imprint on Antarctic climate. Antarctic ice cores show accelerated warming that is synchronous with increases in methane during Heinrich events, suggesting an atmospheric teleconnection9, despite the absence of a Greenland climate signal. Greenland ice-core nitrogen stable isotope ratios, a sensitive temperature proxy, indicate an abrupt cooling of about three degrees Celsius at the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1 (17.8 thousand years before present, where present is defined as 1950). Antarctic warming lags this cooling by 133 ± 93 years, consistent with an oceanic teleconnection. Paradoxically, proximal sites are less affected by Heinrich events than remote sites, suggesting spatially complex event dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden C Martin
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Christo Buizert
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jon S Edwards
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael L Kalk
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ben Riddell-Young
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Edward J Brook
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ross Beaudette
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Todd A Sowers
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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4
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Shao C, Sun S, Liu K, Wang J, Li S, Liu Q, Deagle BE, Seim I, Biscontin A, Wang Q, Liu X, Kawaguchi S, Liu Y, Jarman S, Wang Y, Wang HY, Huang G, Hu J, Feng B, De Pittà C, Liu S, Wang R, Ma K, Ying Y, Sales G, Sun T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Pan S, Hao X, Wang Y, Xu J, Yue B, Sun Y, Zhang H, Xu M, Liu Y, Jia X, Zhu J, Liu S, Ruan J, Zhang G, Yang H, Xu X, Wang J, Zhao X, Meyer B, Fan G. The enormous repetitive Antarctic krill genome reveals environmental adaptations and population insights. Cell 2023; 186:1279-1294.e19. [PMID: 36868220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is Earth's most abundant wild animal, and its enormous biomass is vital to the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Here, we report a 48.01-Gb chromosome-level Antarctic krill genome, whose large genome size appears to have resulted from inter-genic transposable element expansions. Our assembly reveals the molecular architecture of the Antarctic krill circadian clock and uncovers expanded gene families associated with molting and energy metabolism, providing insights into adaptations to the cold and highly seasonal Antarctic environment. Population-level genome re-sequencing from four geographical sites around the Antarctic continent reveals no clear population structure but highlights natural selection associated with environmental variables. An apparent drastic reduction in krill population size 10 mya and a subsequent rebound 100 thousand years ago coincides with climate change events. Our findings uncover the genomic basis of Antarctic krill adaptations to the Southern Ocean and provide valuable resources for future Antarctic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shuai Sun
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Shuo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruce E Deagle
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | | | - Qian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; BGI-Beijing, Beijing 102601, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - So Kawaguchi
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia
| | - Yalin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Simon Jarman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yue Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | | | - Jiang Hu
- Nextomics Biosciences Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430073, China
| | - Bo Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | | | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Kailong Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yiping Ying
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Gabrielle Sales
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Tao Sun
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Xiancai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yang Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Bowen Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yanxu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Mengyang Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhu
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shufang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Xianyong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Bettina Meyer
- Section Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carlvon Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China; Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen 518120, China.
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5
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Jones TR, Cuffey KM, Roberts WHG, Markle BR, Steig EJ, Stevens CM, Valdes PJ, Fudge TJ, Sigl M, Hughes AG, Morris V, Vaughn BH, Garland J, Vinther BM, Rozmiarek KS, Brashear CA, White JWC. Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene. Nature 2023; 613:292-297. [PMID: 36631651 PMCID: PMC9834049 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of long-term climate proxy records with seasonal resolution is rare because of natural smoothing processes, discontinuities and limitations in measurement resolution. Yet insolation forcing, a primary driver of multimillennial-scale climate change, acts through seasonal variations with direct impacts on seasonal climate1. Whether the sensitivity of seasonal climate to insolation matches theoretical predictions has not been assessed over long timescales. Here, we analyse a continuous record of water-isotope ratios from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core to reveal summer and winter temperature changes through the last 11,000 years. Summer temperatures in West Antarctica increased through the early-to-mid-Holocene, reached a peak 4,100 years ago and then decreased to the present. Climate model simulations show that these variations primarily reflect changes in maximum summer insolation, confirming the general connection between seasonal insolation and warming and demonstrating the importance of insolation intensity rather than seasonally integrated insolation or season duration2,3. Winter temperatures varied less overall, consistent with predictions from insolation forcing, but also fluctuated in the early Holocene, probably owing to changes in meridional heat transport. The magnitudes of summer and winter temperature changes constrain the lowering of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet surface since the early Holocene to less than 162 m and probably less than 58 m, consistent with geological constraints elsewhere in West Antarctica4-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kurt M Cuffey
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H G Roberts
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Bradley R Markle
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Max Stevens
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T J Fudge
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abigail G Hughes
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Valerie Morris
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bruce H Vaughn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Garland
- Center on Narrative, Disinformation and Strategic Influence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bo M Vinther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin S Rozmiarek
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chloe A Brashear
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James W C White
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Dong X, Kathayat G, Rasmussen SO, Svensson A, Severinghaus JP, Li H, Sinha A, Xu Y, Zhang H, Shi Z, Cai Y, Pérez-Mejías C, Baker J, Zhao J, Spötl C, Columbu A, Ning Y, Stríkis NM, Chen S, Wang X, Gupta AK, Dutt S, Zhang F, Cruz FW, An Z, Lawrence Edwards R, Cheng H. Coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics during Heinrich Stadial 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5867. [PMID: 36195764 PMCID: PMC9532435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of climate dynamics during millennial-scale events is incomplete, partially due to the lack of their precise phase analyses under various boundary conditions. Here we present nine speleothem oxygen-isotope records from mid-to-low-latitude monsoon regimes with sub-centennial age precision and multi-annual resolution, spanning the Heinrich Stadial 2 (HS2) - a millennial-scale event that occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum. Our data suggests that the Greenland and Antarctic ice-core chronologies require +320- and +400-year adjustments, respectively, supported by extant volcanic evidence and radiocarbon ages. Our chronological framework shows a synchronous HS2 onset globally. Our records precisely characterize a centennial-scale abrupt "tropical atmospheric seesaw" superimposed on the conventional "bipolar seesaw" at the beginning of HS2, implying a unique response/feedback from low-latitude hydroclimate. Together with our observation of an early South American monsoon shift at the HS2 termination, we suggest a more active role of low-latitude hydroclimate dynamics underlying millennial events than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Dong
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Gayatri Kathayat
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Sune O Rasmussen
- Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Anders Svensson
- Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey P Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hanying Li
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ashish Sinha
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Earth Science, California State University, Carson, CA, 90747, USA
| | - Yao Xu
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhengguo Shi
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Carlos Pérez-Mejías
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jonathan Baker
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingyao Zhao
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Christoph Spötl
- Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Columbu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126, Pisa (PI), Italy
| | - Youfeng Ning
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Nicolás M Stríkis
- Department of Geochemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Shitao Chen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Earth Observatory of Singapore and Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Anil K Gupta
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Som Dutt
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Francisco W Cruz
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - R Lawrence Edwards
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MLR, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, 541004, China.
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