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Wang ZW, Li ZA, Bai XH, Gong T, Ji ZH, Zhao YT, Wang GR. Analyzing the photoassociation spectrum of ultracold 85Rb 133Cs molecule in (3)3Σ+ state. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114313. [PMID: 38501473 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We establish a theoretical model to analyze the photoassociative spectroscopy of 85Rb 133Cs molecules in the (3)3Σ+ state. The vibrational energy, spin-spin coupling constant, and hyperfine interaction constant of the (3)3Σ+ state are determined based on nine observed vibrational levels. Consequently, the Rydberg-Klein-Rees potential energy curve of the (3)3Σ+ state is obtained and compared with the ab initial potential energy curve. Our model can be adopted to analyze the photoassociative spectroscopy of other heteronuclear alkali-metal diatomic molecules in the (3)3Σ+ state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wang
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zi-Ang Li
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xu-Hui Bai
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yan-Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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2
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Belyansky R, Whitsitt S, Mueller N, Fahimniya A, Bennewitz ER, Davoudi Z, Gorshkov AV. High-Energy Collision of Quarks and Mesons in the Schwinger Model: From Tensor Networks to Circuit QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:091903. [PMID: 38489632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
With the aim of studying nonperturbative out-of-equilibrium dynamics of high-energy particle collisions on quantum simulators, we investigate the scattering dynamics of lattice quantum electrodynamics in 1+1 dimensions. Working in the bosonized formulation of the model and in the thermodynamic limit, we use uniform-matrix-product-state tensor networks to construct multiparticle wave-packet states, evolve them in time, and detect outgoing particles post collision. This facilitates the numerical simulation of scattering experiments in both confined and deconfined regimes of the model at different energies, giving rise to rich phenomenology, including inelastic production of quark and meson states, meson disintegration, and dynamical string formation and breaking. We obtain elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections, together with time-resolved momentum and position distributions of the outgoing particles. Furthermore, we propose an analog circuit-QED implementation of the scattering process that is native to the platform, requires minimal ingredients and approximations, and enables practical schemes for particle wave-packet preparation and evolution. This study highlights the role of classical and quantum simulation in enhancing our understanding of scattering processes in quantum field theories in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Belyansky
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Seth Whitsitt
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Niklas Mueller
- InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ali Fahimniya
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Elizabeth R Bennewitz
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Zohreh Davoudi
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
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3
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Sinha S, Ray S, Sinha S. Classical route to ergodicity and scarring in collective quantum systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:163001. [PMID: 38190726 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad1bf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Ergodicity, a fundamental concept in statistical mechanics, is not yet a fully understood phenomena for closed quantum systems, particularly its connection with the underlying chaos. In this review, we consider a few examples of collective quantum systems to unveil the intricate relationship of ergodicity as well as its deviation due to quantum scarring phenomena with their classical counterpart. A comprehensive overview of classical and quantum chaos is provided, along with the tools essential for their detection. Furthermore, we survey recent theoretical and experimental advancements in the domain of ergodicity and its violations. This review aims to illuminate the classical perspective of quantum scarring phenomena in interacting quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Sinha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Sayak Ray
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Subhasis Sinha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
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4
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Verdel R, Zhu GY, Heyl M. Dynamical Localization Transition of String Breaking in Quantum Spin Chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:230402. [PMID: 38134792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The fission of a string connecting two charges is an astounding phenomenon in confining gauge theories. The dynamics of this process have been studied intensively in recent years, with plenty of numerical results yielding a dichotomy: the confining string can decay relatively fast or persist up to extremely long times. Here, we put forward a dynamical localization transition as the mechanism underlying this dichotomy. To this end, we derive an effective string breaking description in the light-meson sector of a confined spin chain and show that the problem can be regarded as a dynamical localization transition in Fock space. Fast and suppressed string breaking dynamics are identified with delocalized and localized behavior, respectively. We then provide a further reduction of the dynamical string breaking problem onto a quantum impurity model, where the string is represented as an "impurity" immersed in a meson bath. It is shown that this model features a localization-delocalization transition, giving a general and simple physical basis to understand the qualitatively distinct string breaking regimes. These findings are directly relevant for a wider class of confining lattice models in any dimension and could be realized on present-day Rydberg quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Verdel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guo-Yi Zhu
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Heyl
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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5
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Chakraborty N, Heyl M, Karpov P, Moessner R. Spectral Response of Disorder-Free Localized Lattice Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:220402. [PMID: 38101388 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.220402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We show that certain lattice gauge theories exhibiting disorder-free localization have a characteristic response in spatially averaged spectral functions: a few sharp peaks combined with vanishing response in the zero frequency limit. This reflects the discrete spectra of small clusters of kinetically active regions formed in such gauge theories when they fragment into spatially finite clusters in the localized phase due to the presence of static charges. We obtain the transverse component of the dynamic structure factor, which is probed by neutron scattering experiments, deep in this phase from a combination of analytical estimates and a numerical cluster expansion. We also show that local spectral functions of large finite clusters host discrete peaks whose positions agree with our analytical estimates. Further, information spreading, diagnosed by an unequal time commutator, halts due to real space fragmentation. Our results can be used to distinguish the disorder-free localized phase from conventional paramagnetic counterparts in those frustrated magnets which might realize such an emergent gauge theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Chakraborty
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Markus Heyl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Theoretical Physics III, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Petr Karpov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Roderich Moessner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
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6
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Zache TV, González-Cuadra D, Zoller P. Quantum and Classical Spin-Network Algorithms for q-Deformed Kogut-Susskind Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:171902. [PMID: 37955498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.171902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Treating the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of non-Abelian gauge theories is an outstanding challenge for classical and quantum simulations. Here, we employ q-deformed Kogut-Susskind lattice gauge theories, obtained by deforming the defining symmetry algebra to a quantum group. In contrast to other formulations, this approach simultaneously provides a controlled regularization of the infinite-dimensional local Hilbert space while preserving essential symmetry-related properties. This enables the development of both quantum as well as quantum-inspired classical spin-network algorithms for q-deformed gauge theories. To be explicit, we focus on SU(2)_{k} gauge theories with k∈N that are controlled by the deformation parameter q=e^{2πi/(k+2)}, a root of unity, and converge to the standard SU(2) Kogut-Susskind model as k→∞. In particular, we demonstrate that this formulation is well suited for efficient tensor network representations by variational ground-state simulations in 2D, providing first evidence that the continuum limit can be reached with k=O(10). Finally, we develop a scalable quantum algorithm for Trotterized real-time evolution by analytically diagonalizing the SU(2)_{k} plaquette interactions. Our work gives a new perspective for the application of tensor network methods to high-energy physics and paves the way for quantum simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories far from equilibrium where no other methods are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten V Zache
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel González-Cuadra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Fukushima O, Hamazaki R. Violation of Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis in Quantum Field Theories with Higher-Form Symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:131602. [PMID: 37832011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.131602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We elucidate how the presence of higher-form symmetries affects the dynamics of thermalization in isolated quantum systems. Under reasonable assumptions, we analytically show that a p-form symmetry in a (d+1)-dimensional quantum field theory leads to the breakdown of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for many nontrivial (d-p)-dimensional observables. For discrete higher-form (i.e., p≥1) symmetry, this indicates the absence of thermalization for observables that are nonlocal but much smaller than the whole system size without any local conserved quantities. We numerically demonstrate this argument for the (2+1)-dimensional Z_{2} lattice gauge theory. While local observables such as the plaquette operator thermalize even for mixed symmetry sectors, the nonlocal observable exciting a magnetic dipole instead relaxes to the generalized Gibbs ensemble that takes account of the Z_{2} one-form symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Fukushima
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hamazaki
- Nonequilibrium Quantum Statistical Mechanics RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Davoudi Z, Mueller N, Powers C. Towards Quantum Computing Phase Diagrams of Gauge Theories with Thermal Pure Quantum States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:081901. [PMID: 37683176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram of strong interactions in nature at finite temperature and chemical potential remains largely theoretically unexplored due to inadequacy of Monte-Carlo-based computational techniques in overcoming a sign problem. Quantum computing offers a sign-problem-free approach, but evaluating thermal expectation values is generally resource intensive on quantum computers. To facilitate thermodynamic studies of gauge theories, we propose a generalization of the thermal-pure-quantum-state formulation of statistical mechanics applied to constrained gauge-theory dynamics, and numerically demonstrate that the phase diagram of a simple low-dimensional gauge theory is robustly determined using this approach, including mapping a chiral phase transition in the model at finite temperature and chemical potential. Quantum algorithms, resource requirements, and algorithmic and hardware error analysis are further discussed to motivate future implementations. Thermal pure quantum states, therefore, may present a suitable candidate for efficient thermal simulations of gauge theories in the era of quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Davoudi
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Niklas Mueller
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Connor Powers
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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9
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Zhang WY, He MG, Sun H, Zheng YG, Liu Y, Luo A, Wang HY, Zhu ZH, Qiu PY, Shen YC, Wang XK, Lin W, Yu ST, Li BC, Xiao B, Li MD, Yang YM, Jiang X, Dai HN, Zhou Y, Ma X, Yuan ZS, Pan JW. Scalable Multipartite Entanglement Created by Spin Exchange in an Optical Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:073401. [PMID: 37656862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.073401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices form a competitive candidate for quantum computation owing to the excellent coherence properties, the highly parallel operations over spins, and the ultralow entropy achieved in qubit arrays. For this, a massive number of parallel entangled atom pairs have been realized in superlattices. However, the more formidable challenge is to scale up and detect multipartite entanglement, the basic resource for quantum computation, due to the lack of manipulations over local atomic spins in retroreflected bichromatic superlattices. In this Letter, we realize the functional building blocks in quantum-gate-based architecture by developing a cross-angle spin-dependent optical superlattice for implementing layers of quantum gates over moderately separated atoms incorporated with a quantum gas microscope for single-atom manipulation and detection. Bell states with a fidelity of 95.6(5)% and a lifetime of 2.20±0.13 s are prepared in parallel, and then connected to multipartite entangled states of one-dimensional ten-atom chains and two-dimensional plaquettes of 2×4 atoms. The multipartite entanglement is further verified with full bipartite nonseparability criteria. This offers a new platform toward scalable quantum computation and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yong Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Gen He
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - An Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Yi Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Hang Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei-Yue Qiu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ying-Chao Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuan-Kai Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wan Lin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin-Chen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng-Da Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Meng Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Ning Dai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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10
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Wang HY, Zhang WY, Yao Z, Liu Y, Zhu ZH, Zheng YG, Wang XK, Zhai H, Yuan ZS, Pan JW. Interrelated Thermalization and Quantum Criticality in a Lattice Gauge Simulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:050401. [PMID: 37595229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Gauge theory and thermalization are both topics of essential importance for modern quantum science and technology. The recently realized atomic quantum simulator for lattice gauge theories provides a unique opportunity for studying thermalization in gauge theory, in which theoretical studies have shown that quantum thermalization can signal the quantum phase transition. Nevertheless, the experimental study remains a challenge to accurately determine the critical point and controllably explore the thermalization dynamics due to the lack of techniques for locally manipulating and detecting matter and gauge fields. We report an experimental investigation of the quantum criticality in the lattice gauge theory from both equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermalization perspectives, with the help of the single-site addressing and atom-number-resolved detection capabilities. We accurately determine the quantum critical point and observe that the Néel state thermalizes only in the critical regime. This result manifests the interplay between quantum many-body scars, quantum criticality, and symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Yong Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Hang Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuan-Kai Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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He X, Yousefjani R, Bayat A. Stark Localization as a Resource for Weak-Field Sensing with Super-Heisenberg Precision. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:010801. [PMID: 37478450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Gradient fields can effectively suppress particle tunneling in a lattice and localize the wave function at all energy scales, a phenomenon known as Stark localization. Here, we show that Stark systems can be used as a probe for the precise measurement of gradient fields, particularly in the weak-field regime where most sensors do not operate optimally. In the extended phase, Stark probes achieve super-Heisenberg precision, which is well beyond most of the known quantum sensing schemes. In the localized phase, the precision drops in a universal way showing fast convergence to the thermodynamic limit. For single-particle probes, we show that quantum-enhanced sensitivity, with super-Heisenberg precision, can be achieved through a simple position measurement for all the eigenstates across the entire spectrum. For such probes, we have identified several critical exponents of the Stark localization transition and established their relationship. Thermal fluctuations, whose universal behavior is identified, reduce the precision from super-Heisenberg to Heisenberg, still outperforming classical sensors. Multiparticle interacting probes also achieve super-Heisenberg scaling in their extended phase, which shows even further enhancement near the transition point. Quantum-enhanced sensitivity is still achievable even when state preparation time is included in resource analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian He
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Rozhin Yousefjani
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Abolfazl Bayat
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610051, China
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Tajik M, Gluza M, Sebe N, Schüttelkopf P, Cataldini F, Sabino J, Møller F, Ji SC, Erne S, Guarnieri G, Sotiriadis S, Eisert J, Schmiedmayer J. Experimental observation of curved light-cones in a quantum field simulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301287120. [PMID: 37186865 PMCID: PMC10214178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301287120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate signal propagation in a quantum field simulator of the Klein-Gordon model realized by two strongly coupled parallel one-dimensional quasi-condensates. By measuring local phononic fields after a quench, we observe the propagation of correlations along sharp light-cone fronts. If the local atomic density is inhomogeneous, these propagation fronts are curved. For sharp edges, the propagation fronts are reflected at the system's boundaries. By extracting the space-dependent variation of the front velocity from the data, we find agreement with theoretical predictions based on curved geodesics of an inhomogeneous metric. This work extends the range of quantum simulations of nonequilibrium field dynamics in general space-time metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Tajik
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Marek Gluza
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nicolas Sebe
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Département de Physique, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau91120, France
| | - Philipp Schüttelkopf
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Federica Cataldini
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - João Sabino
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon1049-001, Portugal
| | - Frederik Møller
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Si-Cong Ji
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Erne
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
| | - Giacomo Guarnieri
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Spyros Sotiriadis
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jens Eisert
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin14109, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmiedmayer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna1020, Austria
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13
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Del Pino J, Zilberberg O. Dynamical Gauge Fields with Bosonic Codes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:171901. [PMID: 37172225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.171901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The quantum simulation of dynamical gauge field theories offers the opportunity to study complex high-energy physics with controllable low-energy devices. For quantum computation, bosonic codes promise robust error correction that exploits multiparticle redundancy in bosons. Here, we demonstrate how bosonic codes can be used to simulate dynamical gauge fields. We encode both matter and dynamical gauge fields in a network of resonators that are coupled via three-wave mixing. The mapping to a Z_{2} dynamical lattice gauge theory is established when the gauge resonators operate as Schrödinger cat states. We explore the optimal conditions under which the system preserves the required gauge symmetries. Our findings promote realizing high-energy models using bosonic codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Del Pino
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oded Zilberberg
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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14
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González-Cuadra D, Zache TV, Carrasco J, Kraus B, Zoller P. Hardware Efficient Quantum Simulation of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories with Qudits on Rydberg Platforms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:160501. [PMID: 36306768 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-Abelian gauge theories underlie our understanding of fundamental forces in nature, and developing tailored quantum hardware and algorithms to simulate them is an outstanding challenge in the rapidly evolving field of quantum simulation. Here we take an approach where gauge fields, discretized in spacetime, are represented by qudits and are time evolved in Trotter steps with multiqudit quantum gates. This maps naturally and hardware efficiently to an architecture based on Rydberg tweezer arrays, where long-lived internal atomic states represent qudits, and the required quantum gates are performed as holonomic operations supported by a Rydberg blockade mechanism. We illustrate our proposal for a minimal digitization of SU(2) gauge fields, demonstrating a significant reduction in circuit depth and gate errors in comparison to a traditional qubit-based approach, which puts simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories within reach of NISQ devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Cuadra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Torsten V Zache
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose Carrasco
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Kraus
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Xie XD, Guo X, Xing H, Xue ZY, Zhang DB, Zhu SL. Variational thermal quantum simulation of the lattice Schwinger model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.054509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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de Jong WA, Lee K, Mulligan J, Płoskoń M, Ringer F, Yao X. Quantum simulation of nonequilibrium dynamics and thermalization in the Schwinger model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.054508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Frölian A, Chisholm CS, Neri E, Cabrera CR, Ramos R, Celi A, Tarruell L. Realizing a 1D topological gauge theory in an optically dressed BEC. Nature 2022; 608:293-297. [PMID: 35948710 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Topological gauge theories describe the low-energy properties of certain strongly correlated quantum systems through effective weakly interacting models1,2. A prime example is the Chern-Simons theory of fractional quantum Hall states, where anyonic excitations emerge from the coupling between weakly interacting matter particles and a density-dependent gauge field3. Although in traditional solid-state platforms such gauge theories are only convenient theoretical constructions, engineered quantum systems enable their direct implementation and provide a fertile playground to investigate their phenomenology without the need for strong interactions4. Here, we report the quantum simulation of a topological gauge theory by realizing a one-dimensional reduction of the Chern-Simons theory (the chiral BF theory5-7) in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Using the local conservation laws of the theory, we eliminate the gauge degrees of freedom in favour of chiral matter interactions8-11, which we engineer by synthesizing optically dressed atomic states with momentum-dependent scattering properties. This allows us to reveal the key properties of the chiral BF theory: the formation of chiral solitons and the emergence of an electric field generated by the system itself. Our results expand the scope of quantum simulation to topological gauge theories and open a route to the implementation of analogous gauge theories in higher dimensions12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Frölian
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Craig S Chisholm
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Elettra Neri
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Cesar R Cabrera
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.,Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramón Ramos
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alessio Celi
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Leticia Tarruell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain. .,ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Ge ZY, Fan H. Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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