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Taub JW, Buck SA, Xavier AC, Edwards H, Matherly LH, Ge Y. The evolution and history of Vinca alkaloids: From the Big Bang to the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024:e31247. [PMID: 39120434 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.31247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
An attractive flower from the island of Madagascar has in part saved the lives of thousands of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Random mutations and alterations to the genome led to the evolution of genes encoding enzymes, which would provide the periwinkle flower an arsenal of secondary metabolites to survive within the Madagascar ecosystem. Of the over 200 alkaloid compounds synthesized by the periwinkle, vincristine and vinblastine are the two most well-known being used for chemotherapy treatments, including for children with ALL. The complexities of the multi-step biosynthesis of vincristine and vinblastine, which has taken years to decode, highlight the importance of protecting the vast biodiversity on earth as other natural products that can save lives await to be discovered. This review addresses the discovery of vincristine and vinblastine, as well as the history of their existence, in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Taub
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven A Buck
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ana C Xavier
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Holly Edwards
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yubin Ge
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Merino P, Martínez L, Santoro G, Martínez JI, Lauwaet K, Accolla M, Ruiz Del Arbol N, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Martín-Jimenez A, Otero R, Piantek M, Serrate D, Lebrón-Aguilar R, Quintanilla-López JE, Mendez J, De Andres PL, Martín-Gago JA. n-Alkanes formed by methyl-methylene addition as a source of meteoritic aliphatics. Commun Chem 2024; 7:165. [PMID: 39080475 PMCID: PMC11289383 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aliphatics prevail in asteroids, comets, meteorites and other bodies in our solar system. They are also found in the interstellar and circumstellar media both in gas-phase and in dust grains. Among aliphatics, linear alkanes (n-CnH2n+2) are known to survive in carbonaceous chondrites in hundreds to thousands of parts per billion, encompassing sequences from CH4 to n-C31H64. Despite being systematically detected, the mechanism responsible for their formation in meteorites has yet to be identified. Based on advanced laboratory astrochemistry simulations, we propose a gas-phase synthesis mechanism for n-alkanes starting from carbon and hydrogen under conditions of temperature and pressure that mimic those found in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes. We characterize the analogs generated in a customized sputter gas aggregation source using a combination of atomically precise scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy and ex-situ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Within the formed carbon nanostructures, we identify the presence of n-alkanes with sizes ranging from n-C8H18 to n-C32H66. Ab-initio calculations of formation free energies, kinetic barriers, and kinetic chemical network modelling lead us to propose a gas-phase growth mechanism for the formation of large n-alkanes based on methyl-methylene addition (MMA). In this process, methylene serves as both a reagent and a catalyst for carbon chain growth. Our study provides evidence of an aliphatic gas-phase synthesis mechanism around evolved stars and provides a potential explanation for its presence in interstellar dust and meteorites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Merino
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Santoro
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM), CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J I Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Lauwaet
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Accolla
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - N Ruiz Del Arbol
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Sánchez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín-Jimenez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Otero
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid, Spain
- Dep. De Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Piantek
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Serrate
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-UNIZAR, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Lebrón-Aguilar
- Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera" (IQF), CSIC, Serrano, 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J E Quintanilla-López
- Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera" (IQF), CSIC, Serrano, 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Mendez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - P L De Andres
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martín-Gago
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Bose M, Root RA, Guan Y, Eaton J, Wittmann A, Skrmetti T, Desch SJ. Evidence of both molecular cloud and fluid chemistry in Ryugu regolith. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp3037. [PMID: 39047107 PMCID: PMC11268420 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The sulfur chemistry of (162173) Ryugu particles can be a powerful tracer of molecular cloud chemistry and small body processes, but it has not been well explored. We report identification of organosulfurs and a sulfate grain in two Ryugu particles, A0070 and A0093. The sulfate grain shows oxygen isotope ratios (δ17O = -11.0 ± 4.3 per mil, δ18O = -7.8 ± 2.3 per mil) that are akin to silicates in Ryugu but exhibit mass-independent sulfur isotopic fractionation (Δ33S = +5 ± 2 per mil). A methionine-like coating on the sulfate grain is isotopically anomalous (δ15N = +62 ± 2 per mil). Both the sulfate and organosulfurs can simultaneously form and survive during aqueous alteration within Ryugu's parent body, under reduced conditions, low temperature, and a pH >7 in the presence of N-rich organic molecules. This work extends the heliocentric zone where anomalous sulfur, formed by selective photodissociation of H2S gas in the molecular cloud, is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitrayee Bose
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Robert A. Root
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yunbin Guan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jacob Eaton
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Axel Wittmann
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Thomas Skrmetti
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Steven J. Desch
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Changela HG, Kebukawa Y, Petera L, Ferus M, Chatzitheodoridis E, Nejdl L, Nebel R, Protiva V, Krepelka P, Moravcova J, Holbova R, Hlavenkova Z, Samoril T, Bridges JC, Yamashita S, Takahashi Y, Yada T, Nakato A, Sobotkova K, Tesarova H, Zapotok D. The evolution of organic material on Asteroid 162173 Ryugu and its delivery to Earth. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6165. [PMID: 39039074 PMCID: PMC11263614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent return of samples from asteroid 162173 Ryugu provides a first insight into early Solar System prebiotic evolution from known planetary bodies. Ryugu's samples are CI chondrite-like, rich in water and organic material, and primarily composed of phyllosilicate. This phyllosilicate surrounds micron to submicron macromolecular organic particles known as insoluble organic matter. Using advanced microscopy techniques on Hayabusa-2 samples, we find that aqueous alteration on Ryugu produced organic particles richer in aromatics compared to less altered carbonaceous chondrites. This challenges the view that aromatic-rich organic matter formed pre-accretion. Additionally, widespread diffuse organic material occurs in phyllosilicate more aliphatic-, carboxylic-rich, and aromatic-poor than the discrete organic particles, likely preserving the soluble organic material. Some organic particles evolved to encapsulate phyllosilicate, indicating that aqueous alteration on Ryugu led to the containment of soluble organic matter within these particles. Earth therefore has been, and continues to be, delivered micron-sized polymeric organic objects containing biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Changela
- Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Y Kebukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L Petera
- Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - M Ferus
- Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - E Chatzitheodoridis
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - L Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czechia
| | - R Nebel
- Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - V Protiva
- Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - P Krepelka
- Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - J Moravcova
- Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - R Holbova
- Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Z Hlavenkova
- Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - T Samoril
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- TESCAN GROUP a.s., Brno, Czechia
| | - J C Bridges
- Space Park Leicester, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Yamashita
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yada
- Astromaterials Science Research Group, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A Nakato
- Astromaterials Science Research Group, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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Lévêque P, Queffelec C, Sotin C, Afonso C, Bollengier O, Clouet A, Le Menn E, Marrocchi Y, Schmitz I, Bujoli B. Effect of Nitrogen on the Structure and Composition of Primordial Organic Matter Analogs. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1281-1295. [PMID: 39045227 PMCID: PMC11261614 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic molecules are ubiquitous in primitive solar system bodies such as comets and asteroids. These primordial organic compounds may have formed in the interstellar medium and in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) before being accreted and further transformed in the parent bodies of meteorites, icy moons, and dwarf planets. The present study describes the composition of primordial organics analogs produced in a laboratory simulator of the PPD (the Nebulotron experiment at the CRPG laboratory) with nitrogen contents varying from N/C < 0.01 to N/C = 0.63. We present the first Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis of these analogs. Several thousands of molecules with masses between m/z 100 and 500 are characterized. The mass spectra show a Gaussian shape with maxima around m/z 250. Highly condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most common compounds identified in the samples with lower nitrogen contents. As the amount of nitrogen increases, a dramatic increase of the chemical diversity is observed. Nitrogen-bearing compounds are also dominated by polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PANH) made of 5- and 6-membered rings containing up to four nitrogen atoms, including triazine and pyrazole rings. Such N-rich aromatic species are expected to decompose easily in the presence of water at higher temperatures. Pure carbon molecules are also observed for samples with relatively small fractions of nitrogen. MS peaks compatible with the presence of amino acids and nucleobases, or their isomers, are detected. When comparing these Nebulotron samples with the insoluble fraction of the Paris meteorite organic matter, we observe that the samples with intermediate N/C ratios bracketing that of the Paris insoluble organic matter (IOM) display relative proportions of the CH, CHO, CHN, and CHNO chemical families also bracketing those of the Paris IOM. Our results support that Nebulotron samples are relevant laboratory analogs of primitive chondritic organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lévêque
- Nantes
Université, Univ. Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS,
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR
6112, Nantes 44000, France
- CEISAM,
Nantes Université, UMR-CNRS 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | - Christophe Sotin
- Nantes
Université, Univ. Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS,
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR
6112, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie
Université, COBRA, UMR 6014, FR 3038, Université de
Rouen, INSA de Rouen-Normandie, CNRS, IRCOF, Mont Saint Aignan 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Bollengier
- Nantes
Université, Univ. Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS,
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR
6112, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Adriana Clouet
- Nantes
Université, Univ. Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS,
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR
6112, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Erwan Le Menn
- Nantes
Université, Univ. Angers, Le Mans Université, CNRS,
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, LPG UMR
6112, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Yves Marrocchi
- Centre
de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, UMR 7358
CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54501, France
| | - Isabelle Schmitz
- Normandie
Université, COBRA, UMR 6014, FR 3038, Université de
Rouen, INSA de Rouen-Normandie, CNRS, IRCOF, Mont Saint Aignan 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Bujoli
- CEISAM,
Nantes Université, UMR-CNRS 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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6
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Takano Y, Naraoka H, Dworkin JP, Koga T, Sasaki K, Sato H, Oba Y, Ogawa NO, Yoshimura T, Hamase K, Ohkouchi N, Parker ET, Aponte JC, Glavin DP, Furukawa Y, Aoki J, Kano K, Nomura SIM, Orthous-Daunay FR, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Yurimoto H, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Sakamoto K, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Okada T, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y, Tachibana S. Primordial aqueous alteration recorded in water-soluble organic molecules from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5708. [PMID: 38987536 PMCID: PMC11237059 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We report primordial aqueous alteration signatures in water-soluble organic molecules from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft of JAXA. Newly identified low-molecular-weight hydroxy acids (HO-R-COOH) and dicarboxylic acids (HOOC-R-COOH), such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid, are predominant in samples from the two touchdown locations at Ryugu. The quantitative and qualitative profiles for the hydrophilic molecules between the two sampling locations shows similar trends within the order of ppb (parts per billion) to ppm (parts per million). A wide variety of structural isomers, including α- and β-hydroxy acids, are observed among the hydrophilic molecules. We also identify pyruvic acid and dihydroxy and tricarboxylic acids, which are biochemically important intermediates relevant to molecular evolution, such as the primordial TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. Here, we find evidence that the asteroid Ryugu samples underwent substantial aqueous alteration, as revealed by the presence of malonic acid during keto-enol tautomerism in the dicarboxylic acid profile. The comprehensive data suggest the presence of a series for water-soluble organic molecules in the regolith of Ryugu and evidence of signatures in coevolutionary aqueous alteration between water and organics in this carbonaceous asteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Toshiki Koga
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS), Hokkaido University, N19W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoshimura
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-0054, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Eric T Parker
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - José C Aponte
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Daniel P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Furukawa
- Department of Earth Material Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro M Nomura
- Department of Robotics Graduate school of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Francois-Regis Orthous-Daunay
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, L'Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Technische Universitӓt München, Analytische Lebensmittel Chemie, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Material Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, 243-0292, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environment Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
- UTokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science (UTOPS), University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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7
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van Kooten E, Zhao X, Franchi I, Tung PY, Fairclough S, Walmsley J, Onyett I, Schiller M, Bizzarro M. The nucleosynthetic fingerprint of the outermost protoplanetary disk and early Solar System dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp1613. [PMID: 38875339 PMCID: PMC11177941 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the nucleosynthetic isotope composition of the outermost protoplanetary disk is critical to understand the formation and early dynamical evolution of the Solar System. We report the discovery of outer disk material preserved in a pristine meteorite based on its chemical composition, organic-rich petrology, and 15N-rich, deuterium-rich, and 16O-poor isotope signatures. We infer that this outer disk material originated in the comet-forming region. The nucleosynthetic Fe, Mg, Si, and Cr compositions of this material reveal that, contrary to current belief, the isotope signature of the comet-forming region is ubiquitous among outer Solar System bodies, possibly reflecting an important planetary building block in the outer Solar System. This nucleosynthetic component represents fresh material added to the outer disk by late accretion streamers connected to the ambient molecular cloud. Our results show that most Solar System carbonaceous asteroids accreted material from the comet-forming region, a signature lacking in the terrestrial planet region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishevah van Kooten
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xuchao Zhao
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian Franchi
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Po-Yen Tung
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Fairclough
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - John Walmsley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - Isaac Onyett
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Schiller
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bizzarro
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Kimura Y, Kato T, Anada S, Yoshida R, Yamamoto K, Tanigaki T, Akashi T, Kasai H, Kurosawa K, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Sato M, Matsumoto T, Morita T, Kikuiri M, Amano K, Kagawa E, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Okada T, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Yurimoto H, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Naraoka H, Sakamoto K, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y, Tachibana S. Nonmagnetic framboid and associated iron nanoparticles with a space-weathered feature from asteroid Ryugu. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3493. [PMID: 38684653 PMCID: PMC11059182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Extraterrestrial minerals on the surface of airless Solar System bodies undergo gradual alteration processes known as space weathering over long periods of time. The signatures of space weathering help us understand the phenomena occurring in the Solar System. However, meteorites rarely retain the signatures, making it impossible to study the space weathering processes precisely. Here, we examine samples retrieved from the asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft and discover the presence of nonmagnetic framboids through electron holography measurements that can visualize magnetic flux. Magnetite particles, which normally provide a record of the nebular magnetic field, have lost their magnetic properties by reduction via a high-velocity (>5 km s-1) impact of a micrometeoroid with a diameter ranging from 2 to 20 μm after destruction of the parent body of Ryugu. Around these particles, thousands of metallic-iron nanoparticles with a vortex magnetic domain structure, which could have recorded a magnetic field in the impact event, are found. Through measuring the remanent magnetization of the iron nanoparticles, future studies are expected to elucidate the nature of the nebular/interplanetary magnetic fields after the termination of aqueous alteration in an asteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Satoshi Anada
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yoshida
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanigaki
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akashi
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kasai
- Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kurosawa
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, 275-0016, Japan
- Department of Human Environmental Science, Graduate school of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiko Sato
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- ISAS/JAXA, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kana Amano
- Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Toru Yada
- ISAS/JAXA, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | | | - Aiko Nakato
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tashikawa, 190-8518, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fuyuto Terui
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, 243-0292, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shogo Tachibana
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- ISAS/JAXA, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
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9
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Zeichner SS, Aponte JC, Bhattacharjee S, Dong G, Hofmann AE, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Elsila JE, Graham HV, Naraoka H, Takano Y, Tachibana S, Karp AT, Grice K, Holman AI, Freeman KH, Yurimoto H, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Sakamoto K, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Okada T, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y, Hamase K, Fukushima K, Aoki D, Hashiguchi M, Mita H, Chikaraishi Y, Ohkouchi N, Ogawa NO, Sakai S, Parker ET, McLain HL, Orthous-Daunay FR, Vuitton V, Wolters C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N, Thissen R, Ruf A, Isa J, Oba Y, Koga T, Yoshimura T, Araoka D, Sugahara H, Furusho A, Furukawa Y, Aoki J, Kano K, Nomura SIM, Sasaki K, Sato H, Yoshikawa T, Tanaka S, Morita M, Onose M, Kabashima F, Fujishima K, Yamazaki T, Kimura Y, Eiler JM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of Ryugu formed in the interstellar medium. Science 2023; 382:1411-1416. [PMID: 38127762 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain ≲20% of the carbon in the interstellar medium. They are potentially produced in circumstellar environments (at temperatures ≳1000 kelvin), by reactions within cold (~10 kelvin) interstellar clouds, or by processing of carbon-rich dust grains. We report isotopic properties of PAHs extracted from samples of the asteroid Ryugu and the meteorite Murchison. The doubly-13C substituted compositions (Δ2×13C values) of the PAHs naphthalene, fluoranthene, and pyrene are 9 to 51‰ higher than values expected for a stochastic distribution of isotopes. The Δ2×13C values are higher than expected if the PAHs formed in a circumstellar environment, but consistent with formation in the interstellar medium. By contrast, the PAHs phenanthrene and anthracene in Ryugu samples have Δ2×13C values consistent with formation by higher-temperature reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Zeichner
- Geological and Planetary Science Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - José C Aponte
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Surjyendu Bhattacharjee
- Geological and Planetary Science Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Guannan Dong
- Geological and Planetary Science Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Amy E Hofmann
- Geological and Planetary Science Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Daniel P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Jamie E Elsila
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Heather V Graham
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Allison T Karp
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australia Organic & Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alex I Holman
- Western Australia Organic & Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Katherine H Freeman
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Minako Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hajime Mita
- Department of Life, Environment and Material Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0189, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakai
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Eric T Parker
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hannah L McLain
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Francois-Regis Orthous-Daunay
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Vuitton
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Wolters
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Analytische Lebensmittel Chemie, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roland Thissen
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, Université Aix-Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 13397 Marseille, France
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Origins, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Junko Isa
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 1528550, Japan
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0189, Japan
| | - Toshiki Koga
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoshimura
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Daisuke Araoka
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
| | - Haruna Sugahara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yoshikawa
- Horiba Advanced Technologies Co. Ltd., Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanaka
- Horiba Technology Services Co. Ltd., Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Morita
- Horiba Technology Services Co. Ltd., Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Morihiko Onose
- Horiba Technology Services Co. Ltd., Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Fumie Kabashima
- Laboratory Equipment Corporation Japan, Tokyo 105-0014, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujishima
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 1528550, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0189, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0189, Japan
| | - John M Eiler
- Geological and Planetary Science Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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10
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Amano K, Matsuoka M, Nakamura T, Kagawa E, Fujioka Y, Potin SM, Hiroi T, Tatsumi E, Milliken RE, Quirico E, Beck P, Brunetto R, Uesugi M, Takahashi Y, Kawai T, Yamashita S, Enokido Y, Wada T, Furukawa Y, Zolensky ME, Takir D, Domingue DL, Jaramillo-Correa C, Vilas F, Hendrix AR, Kikuiri M, Morita T, Yurimoto H, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Naraoka H, Sakamoto K, Tachibana S, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Okada T, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y. Reassigning CI chondrite parent bodies based on reflectance spectroscopy of samples from carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu and meteorites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3789. [PMID: 38055820 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu has been explored by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft to elucidate the actual nature of hydrous asteroids. Laboratory analyses revealed that the samples from Ryugu are comparable to unheated CI carbonaceous chondrites; however, reflectance spectra of Ryugu samples and CIs do not coincide. Here, we demonstrate that Ryugu sample spectra are reproduced by heating Orgueil CI chondrite at 300°C under reducing conditions, which caused dehydration of terrestrial weathering products and reduction of iron in phyllosilicates. Terrestrial weathering of CIs accounts for the spectral differences between Ryugu sample and CIs, which is more severe than space weathering that likely explains those between asteroid Ryugu and the collected samples. Previous assignments of CI chondrite parent bodies, i.e., chemically most primitive objects in the solar system, are based on the spectra of CI chondrites. This study indicates that actual spectra of CI parent bodies are much darker and flatter at ultraviolet to visible wavelengths than the spectra of CI chondrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Amano
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Moe Matsuoka
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kagawa
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuri Fujioka
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sandra M Potin
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
| | - Takahiro Hiroi
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eri Tatsumi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Ralph E Milliken
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric Quirico
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pierre Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Rosario Brunetto
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Masayuki Uesugi
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamashita
- Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yuma Enokido
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Taiga Wada
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | | | - Driss Takir
- Jacobs, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | | | - Faith Vilas
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85179, USA
| | | | - Mizuha Kikuiri
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
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11
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Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N, Harir M, Moritz F, Lucio M, Bonal L, Quirico E, Takano Y, Dworkin JP, Naraoka H, Tachibana S, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Yurimoto H, Sakamoto K, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Okada T, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y. Soluble organic matter Molecular atlas of Ryugu reveals cold hydrothermalism on C-type asteroid parent body. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6525. [PMID: 37845217 PMCID: PMC10579312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sample from the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is analyzed in the context of carbonaceous meteorites soluble organic matter. The analysis of soluble molecules of samples collected by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft shines light on an extremely high molecular diversity on the C-type asteroid. Sequential solvent extracts of increasing polarity of Ryugu samples are analyzed using mass spectrometry with complementary ionization methods and structural information confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here we show a continuum in the molecular size and polarity, and no organomagnesium molecules are detected, reflecting a low temperature and water-rich environment on the parent body approving earlier mineralogical and chemical data. High abundance of sulfidic and nitrogen rich compounds as well as high abundance of ammonium ions confirm the water processing. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also detected in a structural continuum of carbon saturations and oxidations, implying multiple origins of the observed organic complexity, thus involving generic processes such as earlier carbonization and serpentinization with successive low temperature aqueous alteration.
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Grants
- This research is partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under KAKENHI grant numbers; JP20H00202, JP20H05846, JP20K20485, JP20K14549, JP21J00504, JP21H01203, and JP21H04501, and JP21KK0062. J.P.D., J.C.A., E.T.P., D.P.G., H.L.M., J.E.E., and H.V.G. are grateful to NASA for support of the Consortium for Hayabusa2 Analysis of Organic Solubles. Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 364653263 – TRR 235 (CRC 235)
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Technische Universität München, Analytische Lebensmittel Chemie, Maximus-von-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießebachstraße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lydie Bonal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Quirico
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Tokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Material Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environment Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
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12
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Potiszil C, Yamanaka M, Sakaguchi C, Ota T, Kitagawa H, Kunihiro T, Tanaka R, Kobayashi K, Nakamura E. Organic Matter in the Asteroid Ryugu: What We Know So Far. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1448. [PMID: 37511823 PMCID: PMC10381145 DOI: 10.3390/life13071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hayabusa2 mission was tasked with returning samples from the C-complex asteroid Ryugu (1999 JU3), in order to shed light on the formation, evolution and composition of such asteroids. One of the main science objectives was to understand whether such bodies could have supplied the organic matter required for the origin of life on Earth. Here, a review of the studies concerning the organic matter within the Ryugu samples is presented. This review will inform the reader about the Hayabusa2 mission, the nature of the organic matter analyzed and the various interpretations concerning the analytical findings including those concerning the origin and evolution of organic matter from Ryugu. Finally, the review puts the findings and individual interpretations in the context of the current theories surrounding the formation and evolution of Ryugu. Overall, the summary provided here will help to inform those operating in a wide range of interdisciplinary fields, including planetary science, astrobiology, the origin of life and astronomy, about the most recent developments concerning the organic matter in the Ryugu return samples and their relevance to understanding our solar system and beyond. The review also outlines the issues that still remain to be solved and highlights potential areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Potiszil
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamanaka
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Chie Sakaguchi
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ota
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Tak Kunihiro
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tanaka
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Katsura Kobayashi
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Eizo Nakamura
- The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
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13
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Oba Y, Takano Y, Dworkin JP, Naraoka H. Ryugu asteroid sample return provides a natural laboratory for primordial chemical evolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3107. [PMID: 37253735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS), Hokkaido University, N19W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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