A room temperature rechargeable Li2O-based lithium-air battery enabled by a solid electrolyte

Aligned Ion Conduction Pathway of Polyrotaxane-Based Electrolyte with Dispersed Hydrophobic Chains for Solid-State Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

A critical challenge hindering the practical application of lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) is the inevitable problems associated with liquid electrolytes, such as evaporation and safety problems. Our study addresses these problems by proposing a modified polyrotaxane (mPR)-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) design that simultaneously mitigates solvent-related problems and improves conductivity. mPR-SPE exhibits high ion conductivity (2.8 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 25 °C) through aligned ion conduction pathways and provides electrode protection ability through hydrophobic chain dispersion. Integrating this mPR-SPE into solid-state LOBs resulted in stable potentials over 300 cycles. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of an LiO2 intermediate alongside Li2O2 during oxygen reactions. Ex situ X-ray diffraction confirm the ability of the SPE to hinder the permeation of oxygen and moisture, as demonstrated by the air permeability tests. The present study suggests that maintaining a low residual solvent while achieving high ionic conductivity is crucial for restricting the sub-reactions of solid-state LOBs.

Main-group element-boosted oxygen electrocatalysis of Cu-N-C sites for zinc-air battery with cycling over 5000 h

Developing highly active and durable air cathode catalysts is crucial yet challenging for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, a size-adjustable, flexible, and self-standing carbon membrane catalyst encapsulating adjacent Cu/Na dual-atom sites is prepared using a solution blow spinning technique combined with a pyrolysis strategy. The intrinsic activity of the Cu-N4 site is boosted by the neighboring Na-containing functional group, which enhances O2 adsorption and optimizes the rate-determining step of O2 activation (*O2 → *OOH) during the oxygen reduction reaction process. Meanwhile, the Cu-N4 sites are encapsulated within carbon nanofibers and anchored by the carbon matrix to form a C2-Cu-N4 configuration, thereby reinforcing the stability of the Cu centers. Moreover, the introduction of Na-containing functional groups on the carbon atoms significantly reduces the positive charge on their outer shell C atoms, rendering the carbon skeletons less susceptible to corrosion by oxygen species and further preventing the dissolution of Cu centers. Under these multi-type regulations, the zinc-air battery with Cu/Na-carbon membrane catalyst as the air cathode demonstrates long-term discharge/charge cycle stability of over 5000 h. This considerable stability improvement represents a critical step towards developing Cu-N4 active sites modified with the neighboring main-group metal-containing functional groups to overcome the durability barriers of zinc-air batteries for future practical applications.

Advanced electrolytes for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered significant attention in the realm of large-scale and sustainable energy storage, primarily owing to their high safety, low cost, and eco-friendliness. Aqueous electrolytes, serving as an indispensable constituent, exert a direct influence on the electrochemical performance and longevity of AZIBs. Nonetheless, conventional aqueous electrolytes often encounter formidable challenges in AZIB applications, such as the limited electrochemical stability window and the zinc dendrite growth. In response to these hurdles, a series of advanced aqueous electrolytes have been proposed, such as "water-in-salt" electrolytes, aqueous eutectic electrolytes, molecular crowding electrolytes, and hydrogel electrolytes. This comprehensive review commences by presenting an in-depth overview of the fundamental compositions, principles, and distinctive characteristics of various advanced aqueous electrolytes for AZIBs. Subsequently, we systematically scrutinizes the recent research progress achieved with these advanced aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, we summarizes the challenges and bottlenecks associated with these advanced aqueous electrolytes, along with offering recommendations. Based on the optimization of advanced aqueous electrolytes, this review outlines future directions and potential strategies for the development of high-performance AZIBs. This review is anticipated to provide valuable insights into the development of advanced electrolyte systems for the next generation of stable and sustainable multi-valent secondary batteries.

A Porous Li-Al Alloy Anode toward High-Performance Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Compared to lithium (Li) anode, the alloy/Li-alloy anodes show more compatible with sulfide solid electrolytes (SSEs), and are promising candidates for practical SSE-based all-solid-state Li batteries (ASSLBs). In this work, a porous Li-Al alloy (LiAl-p) anode is crafted using a straightforward mechanical pressing method. Various characterizations confirm the porous nature of such anode, as well as rich oxygen species on its surface. To the best knowledge, such LiAl-p anode demonstrates the best room temperature cell performance in comparison with reported Li and alloy/Li-alloy anodes in SSE-based ASSLBs. For example, the LiAl-p symmetric cells deliver a record critical current density of 6.0 mA cm-2 and an ultralong cycling of 5000 h; the LiAl-p|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells achieve a high areal capacity of 11.9 mAh cm-2 and excellent durability of 1800 cycles. Further in situ and ex situ experiments reveal that the porous structure can accommodate volume changes of LiAl-p and ensure its integrity during cycling; and moreover, a robust Li inorganics-rich solid electrolyte interphase can be formed originated from the reaction between SSE and surface oxygen species of LiAl-p. This study offers inspiration for designing high-performance alloy anodes by focusing on designing special architecture to alleviate volume change and constructing stable interphase.

Synergistic enhancement of Ni2P anode for high lithium/sodium storage by N, P, S triply-doping and soft template-assisted strategy

Transition metal phosphides have demonstrated excellent performance in the field of energy conversion and storage, where nickel phosphide is one of the most prominent type of phosphides. However, achieving long cycle life with higher specific capacity in the case of Ni2P is still a great challenge. In this study, the composition and structure of Ni2P composites are rationally and precisely adjusted by heteroatoms doping and micelle-assisted methods to attain high capacity for longer cycles at high rate. Among all studied combinations, nickel phosphide particles anchored to triple heteroatom (N, P, S) doped carbon network skeleton (Ni2P@NPS) exhibited specific capacities of 727.3, 586.6, and 321.5 mA h g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1, 2 and 6 A g-1 for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and 230.1 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) after 560 cycles. The introduction of heteroatoms optimized the electronic structure of the electrode materials and promoted mass and charge transfer, while triple-heteroatom doped carbon substrates and uniformly dispersed spherical structures formed an active three-dimensional conductive network structure that provided a stronger driving force and richer channels for Li+/Na+ transport. Theoretical calculations showed that the high content of pyrrole nitrogen as well as the additional sulfur ensured improved electrical conductivity and enhanced ion adsorption performance. This study encourages further research into the synergistic effect of N, P, S co-doping materials for improving Li+/Na+ storage and the exploration of other heteroatom co-doping systems.

Facile synthesis of MnO/NC nanohybrids toward high-efficiency ORR for zinc-air battery

The development of inexpensive non-precious metal materials as high-efficiency stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts holds significant promise for application in metal-air batteries. Here, we synthesized a series of nanohybrids formed from MnO nanoparticles anchored on N-doped Ketjenblack carbon (MnO/NC) via a facile hydrothermal reaction and pyrolysis strategy. We systematically investigated the influence of pyrolysis temperature (600 to 900 °C) on the ORR activities of the MnO/NC samples. At the optimized pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C, the resulting MnO/NC (referred to as MnO/NC-900) exhibited superior ORR activity (onset potential = 0.85 V; half-wave potential = 0.74 V), surpassing other MnO/NC samples and nitrogen-doped Ketjenblack carbon (NC). Additionally, MnO/NC-900 demonstrated better stability than the Pt/C catalyst. The enhanced ORR activity of MnO/NC-900 was attributed to the synergy effect between MnO and NC, abundant surface carbon defects and surface-active components (N species and oxygen vacancies). Notably, the Zinc-air battery (ZAB) equipped MnO/NC-900 as the cathode catalyst delivered promising performance metrics, including a high peak power density of 146.5 mW cm-2, a large specific capacity of 795 mA h gZn -1, and an excellent cyclability up to 360 cycles. These results underscore the potential of this nanohybrid for applications in energy storage devices.

Topological Transformation of Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium to Germanium Nanosheets for Fast Lithium Storage

Germanium has been recognized as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and excellent lithium-ion diffusivity. Nonetheless, it is challenging to enhance both the high-rate performance and long-term cycling stability simultaneously. This study introduces a novel heterostructure composed of germanium nanosheets integrated with graphene (Ge NSs@Gr). These nanosheets undergo an in situ phase transformation from a hydrogen-terminated multilayer germanium compound termed germanane (GeH) derived via topochemical deintercalation from CaGe2. This approach mitigates oxidation and prevents restacking by functionalizing the exfoliated germanane with octadecenoic organic molecules. The resultant germanium nanosheets retain their structural integrity from CaGe2 and present an exposed, active (111) surface that features an open crystal lattice, facilitating swift lithium-ion migration conducive to lithium storage. The composite material delivers a substantial reversible capacity of 1220 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.2 C and maintains a capacity of 456 mA h g-1 even at an ultrahigh current density of 10 C over extended cycling. Impressively, a capacity of 316 mA h g-1 remains after 5000 cycles. The exceptional high-rate performance and durable cycling stability underscore the Ge NSs@Gr anode's potential as a highly viable option for LIBs.

Heteroatoms-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanosheets with Dual Diffusion Pathways for Highly Efficient Potassium Ion Storage

The high potassization/depotassization energy barriers and lack of efficient ion diffusion pathways are two serious obstacles for carbon-based materials to achieve satisfactory potassium ion storage performance. Herein, a facile and controllable one-step exfoliation-doping-etching strategy is proposed to construct heteroatoms (N, O, and S)-doped mesoporous few-layer carbon nanosheets (NOS-C). The mixed molten salts of KCl/K2SO4 are innovatively used as the exfoliators, dopants, and etching agents, which enable NOS-C with expanded interlayer spacing and uniformly distributed mesopores with the adjusted electronic structure of surrounding carbon atoms, contributing efficient dual (vertical and horizontal) K-ion diffusion pathways, low potassization/depotassization energy barriers and abundant active sites. Thus, the NOS anodes achieve a high reversible capacity of 516.8 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1, superior rate capability of 202.8 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 and excellent long-term cyclic stability, and their practical application potential is demonstrated by the assembled potassium-ion full batteries. Moreover, a surface-interlayer synergetic K+ storage mechanism is revealed by a combined theoretical and experimental approach including in situ EIS, in situ Raman, ex situ XPS, and SEM analysis. The proposed K+ storage mechanism and unique structural engineering provide a new pathway for potassium-ion storage devices and even beyond.

Aluminum-air batteries: current advances and promises with future directions

Owing to their attractive energy density of about 8.1 kW h kg-1 and specific capacity of about 2.9 A h g-1, aluminum-air (Al-air) batteries have become the focus of research. Al-air batteries offer significant advantages in terms of high energy and power density, which can be applied in electric vehicles; however, there are limitations in their design and aluminum corrosion is a main bottleneck. Herein, we aim to provide a detailed overview of Al-air batteries and their reaction mechanism and electrochemical characteristics. This review emphasizes each component/sub-component including the anode, electrolyte, and air cathode together with strategies to modify the electrolyte, air-cathode, and even anode for enhanced performance. The latest advancements focusing on the specific design of Al-air batteries and their rechargeability characteristics are discussed. Finally, the constraints and prospects of their use in mobility applications are also covered in depth. Thus, the present review may pave the way for researchers and developers working in energy storage solutions to look beyond lithium/sodium ion-based storage solutions.

High-Energy SiO-Sulfur Battery with Preloaded Li3N in a Cathode as a Lithiation Reagent

The practical use of lithium-sulfur batteries faces the "shuttle effect" and lithium dendrite growth. Employing SiO instead of Li metal can fundamentally solve the above problems. Nevertheless, selecting a convenient prelithiation method is essential for normal operation of the battery system. Hence, this work proposed a novel SiO-sulfur battery with preloaded Li3N in a cathode as a prelithiation reagent, which can thoroughly solve the dendrite problem and the side reaction with polysulfides of lithium anode. The S@KB-Li3N vs SiO full cell can obtain a high specific capacity of 790 mAh g-1 after the activation process and be maintained at 478 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles. Our design will provide a new prelithiation strategy for a high-specific-energy SiO-sulfur battery system.

Light Enables the Cathodic Interface Reaction Reversibility in Solid-State Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

Limited triple-phase boundaries arising from the accumulation of solid discharge product(s) in solid-state cathodes (SSCs) pose a challenge to high-property solid-state lithium-oxygen batteries (SSLOBs). Light-assisted SSLOBs have been gradually explored as an ingenious system; however, the fundamental mechanisms of the SSCs interface behavior remain unclear. Here, we discovered that light assistance can enhance the fast inner-sphere charge transfer in SSCs and regulate the discharge products with spherical particles generated via the surface growth model. Moreover, the high photoelectron excitation and transportation capabilities of SSCs can retard cathodic catalytic decay by avoiding structural degradation of the cathode with a reduced charge voltage. The light-induced SSLOBs exhibited excellent stability (170 cycles) with a low discharge-charge polarization overpotential (0.27 V). Furthermore, transparent SSLOBs with exceptional flexibility, mechanical stability, and multiform shapes were fabricated for theory-to-practical applications in sunlight-induced batteries. Our study opens new opportunities for the introduction of solar energy into energy storage systems.

Metal-Organic Framework Glass as a Functional Filler Enables Enhanced Performance of Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries

Polymers are promising candidates as solid-state electrolytes due to their performance and processability, but fillers play a critical role in adjusting the polymer network structure and electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Most fillers studied so far are anisotropic, limiting the possibility of homogeneous ion transport. Here, applying metal-organic framework (MOF) glass as an isotropic functional filler, solid-state polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrolytes are prepared. Calorimetric and diffusion kinetics tests show that the MOF glass addition reduces the glass transition temperature of the polymer phase, improving the mobility of the polymer chains, and thereby facilitating lithium (Li) ion transport. By also incorporating the lithium salt and ionic liquid (IL), Li-Li symmetric cell tests of the PEO-lithium salt-MOF glass-IL electrolyte reveal low overpotential, indicating low interfacial impedance. Simulations show that the isotropic structure of the MOF glass facilitates the wettability of the IL by enhancing interfacial interactions, leading to a less confined IL structure that promotes Li-ion mobility. Finally, the obtained electrolyte is used to construct Li-lithium iron phosphate full batteries that feature high cycle stability and rate capability. This work therefore demonstrates how an isotropic functional filler can be used to enhance the electrochemical performance of solid-state polymer electrolytes.

Superionic lithium transport via multiple coordination environments defined by two-anion packing

Fast cation transport in solids underpins energy storage. Materials design has focused on structures that can define transport pathways with minimal cation coordination change, restricting attention to a small part of chemical space. Motivated by the greater structural diversity of binary intermetallics than that of the metallic elements, we used two anions to build a pathway for three-dimensional superionic lithium ion conductivity that exploits multiple cation coordination environments. Li7Si2S7I is a pure lithium ion conductor created by an ordering of sulphide and iodide that combines elements of hexagonal and cubic close-packing analogously to the structure of NiZr. The resulting diverse network of lithium positions with distinct geometries and anion coordination chemistries affords low barriers to transport, opening a large structural space for high cation conductivity.

A rechargeable calcium-oxygen battery that operates at room temperature

Calcium-oxygen (Ca-O2) batteries can theoretically afford high capacity by the reduction of O2 to calcium oxide compounds (CaOx) at low cost1-5. Yet, a rechargeable Ca-O2 battery that operates at room temperature has not been achieved because the CaOx/O2 chemistry typically involves inert discharge products and few electrolytes can accommodate both a highly reductive Ca metal anode and O2. Here we report a Ca-O2 battery that is rechargeable for 700 cycles at room temperature. Our battery relies on a highly reversible two-electron redox to form chemically reactive calcium peroxide (CaO2) as the discharge product. Using a durable ionic liquid-based electrolyte, this two-electron reaction is enabled by the facilitated Ca plating-stripping in the Ca metal anode at room temperature and improved CaO2/O2 redox in the air cathode. We show the proposed Ca-O2 battery is stable in air and can be made into flexible fibres that are weaved into textile batteries for next-generation wearable systems.

Concluding remarks: a summary of the Faraday Discussion on rechargeable non-aqueous metal-oxygen batteries

The Faraday Discussion on rechargeable non-aqueous metal-oxygen batteries is summarised. The remarks paper highlights the specific science contributions made in the vital areas of oxygen reduction and evolution reaction mechanisms in non-aqueous electrolytes; material developments for stable metal-oxygen battery cathodes; achieving stable metal anodes and protected interfaces; and, finally, contributions concerning the progress towards practical metal-oxygen batteries. Key conclusions associated with these papers will be highlighted in an order such that readers can identify papers that they would like to explore in more detail.

Toward solid-state Limetal-air batteries; an SOFC perspective of solid 3D architectures, heterogeneous interfaces, and oxygen exchange kinetics

The full electrification of transportation will require batteries with both 3-5× higher energy densities and a lower cost than what is available in the market today. Energy densities of >1000 W h kg-1 will enable electrification of air transport and are among the very few technologies capable of achieving this energy density. Limetal-O2 or Limetal-air are theoretically able to achieve this energy density and are also capable of reducing the cost of batteries by replacing expensive supply chain constrained cathode materials with "free" air. However, the utilization of liquid electrolytes in the Limetal-O2/Limetal-air battery has presented many obstacles to the optimum performance of this battery including oxidation of the liquid electrolyte and the Limetal anode. In this paper a path towards the development of a Limetal-air battery using a cubic garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) solid-state ceramic electrolyte in a 3D architecture is described including initial cycling results of a Limetal-O2 battery using a recently developed mixed ionic and electronic (MIEC) LLZ in that 3D architecture. This 3D architecture with porous MIEC structures for the O2/air cathode is essentially the same as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) indicating the importance of leveraging SOFC technology in the development of solid-state Limetal-O2/air batteries.

A solid-state Li-air battery: computational studies of interfaces and relevance to discharge mechanism

There is much interest in developing new energy storage systems to replace currently available ones that mainly work based on Li-ion intercalations. One attractive area is the Li-air battery for which most of the research has involved liquid electrolytes. There have been few studies on the use of a solid electrolyte in a Li-air battery. Recently, we reported the successful use of a solid-state electrolyte in a Li-air battery resulting in a Li2O product and potentially much higher energy density than in a Li-air battery based on either a Li2O2 or LiO2 product (Science, 2023, 379, 499). In this paper we discuss how the discharge mechanism involved in this solid-state Li-air battery differs from that of a Li-air battery with a liquid electrolyte. The solid-state mechanism is further explored with density functional studies of various interfaces involving the discharge product. We discuss the relevance of the results to the discharge mechanism in the solid-state Li-air battery.

Feasibility of achieving two-electron K-O2 batteries

A deep understanding of the oxygen (O2) reduction and evolution mechanisms is crucial for understanding metal-O2 batteries. It has become evident that the instability of superoxide in the presence of lithium (Li) ions and sodium (Na) ions is the root cause for the poor reversibility and energy efficiency of Li-O2 and Na-O2 batteries. A straightforward yet elegant method is stabilizing superoxide with the larger potassium (K) ions. Superoxide-based K-O2 batteries, invented by our group in 2013, are operated based on one-electron redox of O2/potassium superoxide (KO2) and have high energy efficiencies without any electrocatalysts. Nevertheless, limiting the anionic redox to O2/superoxide affects the capacity output. Therefore, it is attractive to explore the possibility of beyond KO2 in the K-O2 batteries, especially if the use of catalysts can still be avoided. In this research, solid KO2 was used as the condensed O2 source and pre-dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based electrolyte. It is encouraging to observe two sets of reversible peaks during the three-electrode cyclic voltammetry scan under an argon atmosphere. One pair of peaks is attributed to the KO2/potassium peroxide (K2O2) interconversion. Such redox has superb reversibility and a small overpotential of 239 mV in the absence of explicit electrocatalysts. Notably, it is further revealed that K2O2 reacts with gaseous O2. Therefore, a gas-open system with an O2 supply is unfavorable for realizing the reversible KO2/K2O2 redox, and a closed cell system with a KO2 supply as the starting active material is suggested instead.

A facile coprecipitation approach for synthesizing LaNi0.5Co0.5O3 as the cathode for a molten-salt lithium-oxygen battery

The cathode of a lithium-oxygen battery (LOB) should be well designed to deliver high catalytic activity and long stability, and to provide sufficient space for accommodating the discharge product. Herein, a facile coprecipitation approach is employed to synthesize LaNi0.5Co0.5O3 (LNCO) perovskite oxide with a low annealing temperature. The assembled LOB exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a low charge overpotential of 0.03-0.05 V in the current density range of 0.1-0.5 mA cm-2. The battery ran stably for 119 cycles at a high coulombic efficiency. The superior performance is ascribed to (i) the high catalytic activity of LNCO towards oxygen reduction/evolution reactions; (ii) the increased temperature enabling fast kinetics; and (iii) the LiNO3-KNO3 molten salt enhancing the stability of the LOB operating at high temperature.

Polyoxometalate Li3 PW12 O40 and Li3 PMo12 O40 Electrolytes for High-energy All-solid-state Lithium Batteries

Solid-state lithium (Li) batteries promise both high energy density and safety while existing solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) fail to satisfy the rigorous requirements of battery operations. Herein, novel polyoxometalate SSEs, Li3 PW12 O40 and Li3 PMo12 O40 , are synthesized, which exhibit excellent interfacial compatibility with electrodes and chemical stability, overcoming the limitations of conventional SSEs. A high ionic conductivity of 0.89 mS cm-1 and a low activation energy of 0.23 eV are obtained due to the optimized three-dimensional Li+ migration network of Li3 PW12 O40 . Li3 PW12 O40 exhibits a wide window of electrochemical stability that can both accommodate the Li anode and high-voltage cathodes. As a result, all-solid-state Li metal batteries fabricated with Li/Li3 PW12 O40 /LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 display a stable cycling up to 100 cycles with a cutoff voltage of 4.35 V and an areal capacity of more than 4 mAh cm-2 , as well as a cost-competitive SSEs price of $5.68 kg-1 . Moreover, Li3 PMo12 O40 homologous to Li3 PW12 O40 was obtained via isomorphous substitution, which formed a low-resistance interface with Li3 PW12 O40 . Applications of Li3 PW12 O40 and Li3 PMo12 O40 in Li-air batteries further demonstrate that long cycle life (650 cycles) can be achieved. This strategy provides a facile, low-cost strategy to construct efficient and scalable solid polyoxometalate electrolytes for high-energy solid-state Li metal batteries.

Mobile energy storage technologies for boosting carbon neutrality

Carbon neutrality calls for renewable energies, and the efficient use of renewable energies requires energy storage mediums that enable the storage of excess energy and reuse after spatiotemporal reallocation. Compared with traditional energy storage technologies, mobile energy storage technologies have the merits of low cost and high energy conversion efficiency, can be flexibly located, and cover a large range from miniature to large systems and from high energy density to high power density, although most of them still face challenges or technical bottlenecks. In this review, we provide an overview of the opportunities and challenges of these emerging energy storage technologies (including rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical and dielectric capacitors). Innovative materials, strategies, and technologies are highlighted. Finally, the future directions are envisioned. We hope this review will advance the development of mobile energy storage technologies and boost carbon neutrality.

Structural analysis and ionic conduction mechanism of sulfide-based solid electrolytes doped with Br

Sulfide glasses can exhibit notable ionic conductivity because of annealing-associated crystallization. One well-known example is Li7P3S11. Our research showed that adding bromine (Br) to Li3PS4 sulfide glass results in a similar crystal structure and high ionic conductivity comparable to that of another compound Li10GeP2S12. This structure differs from the PS4 anion framework of Li3PS4. In addition, the ionic conductivity decreases owing to a structural transition to the β-phase. Herein, we present our findings on the local structure of Li3PS4 sulfide glass and its crystallized glass ceramic with the addition of Br. This analysis relies on the pair distribution function analysis obtained from high-energy X-ray diffraction. Moreover, using the bond valence sum method, we verified that incorporating Br promotes the formation of Li ionic conduction pathways. Our results indicate that precise control over the anion molecular structure by introducing halogens holds promise for achieving high Li-ion conductivity.