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Hong J, Tian Y, Liang T, Liu X, Song Y, Guan D, Yan Z, Guo J, Tang B, Cao D, Guo J, Chen J, Pan D, Xu LM, Wang EG, Jiang Y. Imaging surface structure and premelting of ice Ih with atomic resolution. Nature 2024; 630:375-380. [PMID: 38778112 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ice surfaces are closely relevant to many physical and chemical properties, such as melting, freezing, friction, gas uptake and atmospheric reaction1-8. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigations9-17, the exact atomic structures of ice interfaces remain elusive owing to the vulnerable hydrogen-bonding network and the complicated premelting process. Here we realize atomic-resolution imaging of the basal (0001) surface structure of hexagonal water ice (ice Ih) by using qPlus-based cryogenic atomic force microscopy with a carbon monoxide-functionalized tip. We find that the crystalline ice-Ih surface consists of mixed Ih- and cubic (Ic)-stacking nanodomains, forming 19 × 19 periodic superstructures. Density functional theory reveals that this reconstructed surface is stabilized over the ideal ice surface mainly by minimizing the electrostatic repulsion between dangling OH bonds. Moreover, we observe that the ice surface gradually becomes disordered with increasing temperature (above 120 Kelvin), indicating the onset of the premelting process. The surface premelting occurs from the defective boundaries between the Ih and Ic domains and can be promoted by the formation of a planar local structure. These results put an end to the longstanding debate on ice surface structures and shed light on the molecular origin of ice premelting, which may lead to a paradigm shift in the understanding of ice physics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Hong
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tiancheng Liang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmeng Liu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Guan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiang Yan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Guo
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Binze Tang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanyun Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Pan
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - En-Ge Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Tsientang Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zografi G, Newman A, Shalaev E. Structural Features of the Glassy State and Their Impact on the Solid-State Properties of Organic Molecules in Pharmaceutical Systems. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00186-2. [PMID: 38768756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews the structure and properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including small molecules and proteins, in the glassy state (below the glass transition temperature, Tg). Amorphous materials in the neat state and formulated with excipients as miscible amorphous mixtures are included, and the role of absorbed water in affecting glass structure and stability has also been considered. We defined the term "structure" to indicate the way the various molecules in a glass interact with each other and form distinctive molecular arrangements as regions or domains of varying number of molecules, molecular packing, and density. Evidence is presented to suggest that such systems generally exist as heterogeneous structures made up of high-density domains surrounded by a lower density arrangement of molecules, termed the microstructure. It has been shown that the method of preparation and the time frame for handling and storage can give rise to variable glass structures and varying physical properties. Throughout this paper, examples are given of theoretical, computer simulation, and experimental studies which focus on the nature of intermolecular interactions, the size of heterogeneous higher density domains, and the impact of such systems on the relative physical and chemical stability of pharmaceutical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group LLC, Kure Beach, NC, United States.
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Cassone G, Martelli F. Electrofreezing of liquid water at ambient conditions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1856. [PMID: 38424051 PMCID: PMC10904787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Water is routinely exposed to external electric fields. Whether, for example, at physiological conditions, in contact with biological systems, or at the interface of polar surfaces in countless technological settings, water responds to fields on the order of a few V Å-1 in a manner that is under intense investigation. Dating back to the 19th century, the possibility of solidifying water upon applying electric fields - a process known as electrofreezing - is an alluring promise that has canalized major efforts since, with uncertain outcomes. Here, we perform long (up to 500 ps per field strength) ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of water at ambient conditions under external electric fields. We show that fields of 0.10 - 0.15 V Å-1 induce electrofreezing to a ferroelectric amorphous phase which we term f-GW (ferroelectric glassy water). The transition occurs after ~ 150 ps for a field of 0.15 V Å-1 and after ~ 200 ps for a field of 0.10 V Å-1 and is signaled by a structural and dynamic arrest and the suppression of the fluctuations of the hydrogen bond network. Our work reports evidence of electrofreezing of bulk liquid water at ambient conditions and therefore impacts several fields, from fundamental chemical physics to biology and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, National Research Council, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy.
| | - Fausto Martelli
- IBM Research Europe, Keckwik Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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4
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Faure Beaulieu Z, Deringer VL, Martelli F. High-dimensional order parameters and neural network classifiers applied to amorphous ices. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:081101. [PMID: 38421068 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amorphous ice phases are key constituents of water's complex structural landscape. This study investigates the polyamorphic nature of water, focusing on the complexities within low-density amorphous ice (LDA), high-density amorphous ice, and the recently discovered medium-density amorphous ice (MDA). We use rotationally invariant, high-dimensional order parameters to capture a wide spectrum of local symmetries for the characterization of local oxygen environments. We train a neural network to classify these local environments and investigate the distinctiveness of MDA within the structural landscape of amorphous ice. Our results highlight the difficulty in accurately differentiating MDA from LDA due to structural similarities. Beyond water, our methodology can be applied to investigate the structural properties and phases of disordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Faure Beaulieu
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Volker L Deringer
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Fausto Martelli
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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5
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Eltareb A, Lopez GE, Giovambattista N. A continuum of amorphous ices between low-density and high-density amorphous ice. Commun Chem 2024; 7:36. [PMID: 38378859 PMCID: PMC10879119 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Amorphous ices are usually classified as belonging to low-density or high-density amorphous ice (LDA and HDA) with densities ρLDA ≈ 0.94 g/cm3 and ρHDA ≈ 1.15-1.17 g/cm3. However, a recent experiment crushing hexagonal ice (ball-milling) produced a medium-density amorphous ice (MDA, ρMDA ≈ 1.06 g/cm3) adding complexity to our understanding of amorphous ice and the phase diagram of supercooled water. Motivated by the discovery of MDA, we perform computer simulations where amorphous ices are produced by isobaric cooling and isothermal compression/decompression. Our results show that, depending on the pressure employed, isobaric cooling can generate a continuum of amorphous ices with densities that expand in between those of LDA and HDA (briefly, intermediate amorphous ices, IA). In particular, the IA generated at P ≈ 125 MPa has a remarkably similar density and average structure as MDA, implying that MDA is not unique. Using the potential energy landscape formalism, we provide an intuitive qualitative understanding of the nature of LDA, HDA, and the IA generated at different pressures. In this view, LDA and HDA occupy specific and well-separated regions of the PEL; the IA prepared at P = 125 MPa is located in the intermediate region of the PEL that separates LDA and HDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eltareb
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Gustavo E Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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6
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Lee M, Lee SY, Kang MH, Won TK, Kang S, Kim J, Park J, Ahn DJ. Observing growth and interfacial dynamics of nanocrystalline ice in thin amorphous ice films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:908. [PMID: 38291035 PMCID: PMC10827800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ice crystals at low temperatures exhibit structural polymorphs including hexagonal ice, cubic ice, or a hetero-crystalline mixture of the two phases. Despite the significant implications of structure-dependent roles of ice, mechanisms behind the growths of each polymorph have been difficult to access quantitatively. Using in-situ cryo-electron microscopy and computational ice-dynamics simulations, we directly observe crystalline ice growth in an amorphous ice film of nanoscale thickness, which exhibits three-dimensional ice nucleation and subsequent two-dimensional ice growth. We reveal that nanoscale ice crystals exhibit polymorph-dependent growth kinetics, while hetero-crystalline ice exhibits anisotropic growth, with accelerated growth occurring at the prismatic planes. Fast-growing facets are associated with low-density interfaces that possess higher surface energy, driving tetrahedral ordering of interfacial H2O molecules and accelerating ice growth. These findings, based on nanoscale observations, improve our understanding on early stages of ice formation and mechanistic roles of the ice interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate school of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, 14662, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Won
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joodeok Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong June Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate school of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- The w:i Interface Augmentation Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Li H, Ladd-Parada M, Karina A, Dallari F, Reiser M, Perakis F, Striker NN, Sprung M, Westermeier F, Grübel G, Steffen W, Lehmkühler F, Amann-Winkel K. Intrinsic Dynamics of Amorphous Ice Revealed by a Heterodyne Signal in X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Experiments. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10999-11007. [PMID: 38039400 PMCID: PMC10726389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the mechanism of water's glass transition and the interconnection between amorphous ices and liquid water plays an important role in our overall understanding of water. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments were conducted to study the dynamics and the complex interplay between the hypothesized glass transition in high-density amorphous ice (HDA) and the subsequent transition to low-density amorphous ice (LDA). Our XPCS experiments demonstrate that a heterodyne signal appears in the correlation function. Such a signal is known to originate from the interplay of a static component and a dynamic component. Quantitative analysis was performed on this heterodyne signal to extract the intrinsic dynamics of amorphous ice during the HDA-LDA transition. An angular dependence indicates non-isotropic, heterogeneous dynamics in the sample. Using the Stokes-Einstein relation to extract diffusion coefficients, the data are consistent with the scenario of static LDA islands floating within a diffusive matrix of high-density liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Marjorie Ladd-Parada
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 11421 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aigerim Karina
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Dallari
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mario Reiser
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nele N. Striker
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg
Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European
X-ray Free-Electron Laser, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Werner Steffen
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmkühler
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg
Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Bore SL, Paesani F. Realistic phase diagram of water from "first principles" data-driven quantum simulations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3349. [PMID: 37291095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the experimental characterization of the low-pressure region of water's phase diagram in the early 1900s, scientists have been on a quest to understand the thermodynamic stability of ice polymorphs on the molecular level. In this study, we demonstrate that combining the MB-pol data-driven many-body potential for water, which was rigorously derived from "first principles" and exhibits chemical accuracy, with advanced enhanced-sampling algorithms, which correctly describe the quantum nature of molecular motion and thermodynamic equilibria, enables computer simulations of water's phase diagram with an unprecedented level of realism. Besides providing fundamental insights into how enthalpic, entropic, and nuclear quantum effects shape the free-energy landscape of water, we demonstrate that recent progress in "first principles" data-driven simulations, which rigorously encode many-body molecular interactions, has opened the door to realistic computational studies of complex molecular systems, bridging the gap between experiments and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigbjørn Løland Bore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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9
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Eltareb A, Lopez GE, Giovambattista N. The Importance of Nuclear Quantum Effects on the Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Low-Density Amorphous Ice: A Comparison with Hexagonal Ice. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4633-4645. [PMID: 37178124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the nuclear quantum effects (NQE) on the thermodynamic properties of low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and hexagonal ice (Ih) at P = 0.1 MPa and T ≥ 25 K. Our results are based on path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) and classical MD simulations of H2O and D2O using the q-TIP4P/F water model. We show that the inclusion of NQE is necessary to reproduce the experimental properties of LDA and ice Ih. While MD simulations (no NQE) predict that the density ρ(T) of LDA and ice Ih increases monotonically upon cooling, PIMD simulations indicate the presence of a density maximum in LDA and ice Ih. MD and PIMD simulations also predict a qualitatively different T-dependence for the thermal expansion coefficient αP(T) and bulk modulus B(T) of both LDA and ice Ih. Remarkably, the ρ(T), αP(T), and B(T) of LDA are practically identical to those of ice Ih. The origin of the observed NQE is due to the delocalization of the H atoms, which is identical in LDA and ice Ih. H atoms delocalize considerably (over a distance ≈ 20-25% of the OH covalent-bond length) and anisotropically (preferentially perpendicular to the OH covalent bond), leading to less linear hydrogen bonds HB (larger HOO angles and longer OO separations) than observed in classical MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eltareb
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Gustavo E Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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10
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Tonauer CM, Fidler LR, Giebelmann J, Yamashita K, Loerting T. Nucleation and growth of crystalline ices from amorphous ices. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:141001. [PMID: 37061482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We here review mostly experimental and some computational work devoted to nucleation in amorphous ices. In fact, there are only a handful of studies in which nucleation and growth in amorphous ices are investigated as two separate processes. In most studies, crystallization temperatures Tx or crystallization rates RJG are accessed for the combined process. Our Review deals with different amorphous ices, namely, vapor-deposited amorphous solid water (ASW) encountered in many astrophysical environments; hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) produced from μm-droplets of liquid water; and low density amorphous (LDA), high density amorphous (HDA), and very high density amorphous (VHDA) ices produced via pressure-induced amorphization of ice I or from high-pressure polymorphs. We cover the pressure range of up to about 6 GPa and the temperature range of up to 270 K, where only the presence of salts allows for the observation of amorphous ices at such high temperatures. In the case of ASW, its microporosity and very high internal surface to volume ratio are the key factors determining its crystallization kinetics. For HGW, the role of interfaces between individual glassy droplets is crucial but mostly neglected in nucleation or crystallization studies. In the case of LDA, HDA, and VHDA, parallel crystallization kinetics to different ice phases is observed, where the fraction of crystallized ices is controlled by the heating rate. A key aspect here is that in different experiments, amorphous ices of different "purities" are obtained, where "purity" here means the "absence of crystalline nuclei." For this reason, "preseeded amorphous ice" and "nuclei-free amorphous ice" should be distinguished carefully, which has not been done properly in most studies. This makes a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories very hard, and even results obtained in the same laboratory are affected by very small changes in the preparation protocol. In terms of mechanism, the results are consistent with amorphous ices turning into an ultraviscous, deeply supercooled liquid prior to nucleation. However, especially in preseeded amorphous ices, crystallization from the preexisting nuclei takes place simultaneously. To separate the time scales of crystallization from the time scale of structure relaxation cleanly, the goal needs to be to produce amorphous ices free from crystalline ice nuclei. Such ices have only been produced in very few studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lilli-Ruth Fidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Giebelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keishiro Yamashita
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Scientists made a new kind of ice that might exist on distant moons. Nature 2023; 614:396-397. [PMID: 36732653 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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