1
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Hao X, Tang Y, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gao M, Wei R, Zhao Y, Mu X, Lu Y, Zhou X. Cationized orthogonal triad as a photosensitizer with enhanced synergistic antimicrobial activity. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:287-295. [PMID: 38395101 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule-based synergistic phototherapy holds great potential for antimicrobial treatment. Herein, we report an orthogonal molecular cationization strategy to improve the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hyperthermia generation of heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) for photodynamic and photothermal treatments of bacterial infections. Cationic pyridine (Py) is introduced at the meso‑position of the asymmetric Cy7 with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to construct an atypical electron-transfer triad, which reduces ΔES1-S0, circumvents rapid charge recombination, and simultaneously enhances intersystem crossing (ISC) based on spin-orbit charge-transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) mechanism. This unique molecular construction produces anti-Stokes luminescence (ASL) because the rotatable CN bond enriched in high vibrational-rotational energy levels improves hot-band absorption (HBA) efficiency. The obtained triad exhibits higher singlet oxygen quantum yield and photothermal conversion efficiency compared to indocyanine green (ICG) under irradiation above 800 nm. Cationization with Py enables the triad to target bacteria via intense electrostatic attractions, as well as biocidal property against a broad spectrum of bacteria in the dark. Moreover, the triad under irradiation can enhance biofilm eradication performance in vitro and statistically improve healing efficacy of MRSA-infected wound in mice. Thus, this work provides a simple but effective strategy to design small-molecule photosensitizers for synergistic phototherapy of bacterial infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We developed an orthogonal molecular cationization strategy to enhance the reactive oxygen species and thermal effects of heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) for photodynamic and photothermal treatments of bacterial infections. Specifically, cationic pyridine (Py) was introduced at the meso‑position of the asymmetric Cy7 to construct an atypical electron-transfer triad, which reduced ΔES1-S0, circumvented rapid charge recombination, and simultaneously enhanced intersystem crossing (ISC). This triad, with a rotatable CN bond, produced anti-Stokes luminescence due to hot-band absorption. The triad enhanced antimicrobial performance and statistically improved the healing efficacy of MRSA-infected wounds in mice. This site-specific cationization strategy may provide insights into the design of small molecule-based photosensitizers for synergistic phototherapy of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Hao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Ying Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zigeng Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Ran Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Yongxian Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Xueluer Mu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Yingxi Lu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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2
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Huang KY, Yang ZQ, Yang MR, Chen TS, Tang S, Sun WM, Yao Q, Deng HH, Chen W, Xie J. Unraveling a Concerted Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Pathway in Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8706-8715. [PMID: 38487838 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) represent a promising class of materials for catalytic carbon dioxide and proton reduction as well as dihydrogen oxidation. In such reactions, multiple proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes are typically involved, and the current understanding of PCET mechanisms in MNCs has primarily focused on the sequential transfer mode. However, a concerted transfer pathway, i.e., concerted electron-proton transfer (CEPT), despite its potential for a higher catalytic rate and lower reaction barrier, still lacks comprehensive elucidation. Herein, we introduce an experimental paradigm to test the feasibility of the CEPT process in MNCs, by employing Au18(SR)14 (SR denotes thiolate ligand), Au22(SR)18, and Au25(SR)18- as model clusters. Detailed investigations indicate that the photoinduced PCET reactions in the designed system proceed via an CEPT pathway. Furthermore, the rate constants of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been found to be correlated with both the size of the cluster and the flexibility of the Au-S framework. This newly identified PCET behavior in AuNCs is prominently different from that observed in semiconductor quantum dots and plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Our findings are of crucial importance for unveiling the catalytic mechanisms of quantum-confined metal nanomaterials and for the future rational design of more efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Huang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Ming-Rui Yang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Tian-Shui Chen
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shurong Tang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao-Hua Deng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
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3
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Zuo S, Wang Y, Wan J, Ma Y, Yan Z. Facilitating Proton Coupled Electron Transfer Reaction through the Interfacial Micro Electric Field with Fe─N 4 ─C in FeMOFs Glass. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307102. [PMID: 37806750 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The proton-coupled electron transfer(PCET) reaction plays a crucial role in the chemical transformation process andhas become one of the most concerned elementary reactions. However, the complex kinetics of PCET reaction, which requires the simultaneous transfer of protons and electrons, leads to the dilemma that thermodynamics and kinetics cannot bebalanced and restricts its further development. In this, an interface micro-electric field (IMEF) basedon Fe─N4 in FeMOFs (Fe-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks) glass is designed tosynchronize proton/electron interface behavior for the first time to realizeefficient PCET reaction and optimize reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. The IMEF facilitates the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and accelerates Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle. Driven by near-surface electric field force, the protons near surfacemigrate to Fe sites and participate in Fe(IV)═O formation and reaction, lowering the reaction energy barrier. Based on the interface regulation ofIMEF, a high-efficiency PCET reaction is realized, and kinetic reactionrate constant of photocatalytic oxidation of emerging contaminants is increasedby 3.7 times. This study highlights a strategy for IMEFs to modulate PEC Treactions for a wide range of potential applications, including environmental and ecological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zuo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinquan Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongwen Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Yan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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4
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Ramundo A, Janoš J, Muchová L, Šranková M, Dostál J, Kloz M, Vítek L, Slavíček P, Klán P. Visible-Light-Activated Carbon Monoxide Release from Porphyrin-Flavonol Hybrids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:920-929. [PMID: 38157303 PMCID: PMC10785818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We report on porphyrin-flavonol hybrids consisting of a porphyrin antenna and four covalently bound 3-hydroxyflavone (flavonol) groups, which act as highly efficient photoactivatable carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules (photoCORMs). These bichromophoric systems enable activation of the UV-absorbing flavonol chromophore by visible light up to 650 nm and offer precise spatial and temporal control of CO administration. The physicochemical properties of the porphyrin antenna system can also be tuned by inserting a metal cation. Our computational study revealed that the process occurs via endergonic triplet-triplet energy transfer from porphyrin to flavonol and may become feasible thanks to flavonol energy stabilization upon intramolecular proton transfer. This mechanism was also indirectly supported by steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy techniques. Additionally, the porphyrin-flavonol hybrids were found to be biologically benign. With four flavonol CO donors attached to a single porphyrin chromophore, high CO release yields, excellent uncaging cross sections, low toxicity, and CO therapeutic properties, these photoCORMs offer exceptional potential for their further development and future biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ramundo
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Jiří Janoš
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická
5, 16628 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Muchová
- Institute
of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department
of Internal Medicine, General University
Hospital in Prague and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Šranková
- Institute
of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department
of Internal Medicine, General University
Hospital in Prague and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Dostál
- ELI
Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure
ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- ELI
Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure
ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute
of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department
of Internal Medicine, General University
Hospital in Prague and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická
5, 16628 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech
Republic
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5
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Bürgin T, Ogawa T, Wenger OS. Better Covalent Connection in a Molecular Triad Enables More Efficient Photochemical Energy Storage. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13597-13607. [PMID: 37562775 PMCID: PMC10445269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the kinetics of light-induced charge separation and thermal charge recombination in donor-acceptor compounds, but quantum efficiencies have rarely been investigated. Here, we report on two essentially isomeric molecular triads, both comprising a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (ExTTF) donor, a ruthenium(II)-based photosensitizer, and a naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor. The key difference between the two triads is how the NDI acceptor is connected. Linkage at the NDI core provides stronger electronic coupling to the other molecular components than connection via the nitrogen atoms of NDI. This change in molecular connectivity is expected to accelerate both energy-storing charge separation and energy-wasting charge recombination processes, but it is not a priori clear how this will affect the triad's ability to store photochemical energy; any gain resulting from faster charge separation could potentially be (over)compensated by losses through accelerated charge recombination. The new key insight emerging from our study is that the quantum yield for the formation of a long-lived charge-separated state increases by a factor of 5 when going from nitrogen- to core-connected NDI, providing the important proof of concept that better molecular connectivity indeed enables more efficient photochemical energy storage. The physical origin of this behavior seems to root in different orbital connectivity pathways for charge separation and charge recombination, as well as in differences in the relevant orbital interactions depending on NDI connection. Our work provides guidelines for how to discriminate between energy-storing and energy-wasting electron transfer reactions in order to improve the quantum yields for photochemical energy storage and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
H. Bürgin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, University
of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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6
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Xu Y, Sun T, Zeng T, Zhang X, Yao X, Liu S, Shi Z, Wen W, Zhao Y, Jiang S, Ma Y, Zhang YB. Symmetry-breaking dynamics in a tautomeric 3D covalent organic framework. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4215. [PMID: 37452038 PMCID: PMC10349083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enolimine-ketoenamine tautomerism has been utilised to construct 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with a higher level of chemical robustness and superior photoelectronic activity. However, it remains challenging to fully control the tautomeric states and correlate their tautomeric structure-photoelectronic properties due to the mobile equilibrium of proton transfer between two other atoms. We show that symmetry-asymmetry tautomerisation from diiminol to iminol/cis-ketoenamine can be stabilised and switched in a crystalline, porous, and dynamic 3D COF (dynaCOF-301) through concerted structural transformation and host-guest interactions upon removal and adaptive inclusion of various guest molecules. Specifically, the tautomeric dynaCOF-301 is constructed by linking the hydroquinone with a tetrahedral building block through imine linkages to form 7-fold interwoven diamondoid networks with 1D channels. Reversible framework deformation and ordering-disordering transition are determined from solvated to activated and hydrated phases, accompanied by solvatochromic and hydrochromic effects useful for rapid, steady, and visual naked-eye chemosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tu Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tengwu Zeng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhaolin Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yingbo Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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7
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Li J, Shi Y, Cheng T. Electronic coupling and electron transfer in hydrogen-bonded mixed-valence compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37158078 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01337e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer provided by hydrogen bonds represents a unique and highly significant area of research, as it has a crucial role to play in a wide variety of chemical and biological systems. The hydrogen-bonded mixed-valence system, in the form of donor-hydrogen bond-acceptor, provides an ideal platform for exploring thermally-induced electron transfer across this non-covalent unit. Over the past decades, ongoing progress has been made in this field. Here we critically assess some studies on the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of electronic coupling and thermal electron transfer across hydrogen bond interface. Additionally, selected experimental examples are discussed in terms of intervalence charge transfer, with particular attention paid to the proton-coupled and often overlooked proton-uncoupled electron transfer pathway in hydrogen-bonded mixed-valence systems. We further highlight the major limitations of this research area and suggest potential directions for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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8
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Hammes-Schiffer S. Exploring Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer at Multiple Scales. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:291-300. [PMID: 37577057 PMCID: PMC10416817 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of electron and proton transfer is critical for chemical and biological processes spanning a wide range of length and time scales and often occurring in complex environments. Thus, diverse modeling strategies, including analytical theories, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and kinetic modeling, are essential for a comprehensive understanding of such proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. Each of these computational methods provides one piece of the puzzle, and all these pieces must be viewed together to produce the full picture.
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9
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Kessinger M, Soudackov AV, Schneider J, Bangle RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Meyer GJ. Reorganization Energies for Interfacial Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer to a Water Oxidation Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20514-20524. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kessinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | | | - Jenny Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Rachel E. Bangle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | | | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
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