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Blazanin N, Liang X, Mahmud I, Kim E, Martinez S, Tan L, Chan W, Anvar NE, Ha MJ, Qudratullah M, Minelli R, Peoples M, Lorenzi P, Hart T, Lissanu Y. Therapeutic modulation of ROCK overcomes metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to OXPHOS inhibition and drives synergistic anti-tumor activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.16.613317. [PMID: 39345502 PMCID: PMC11429714 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.16.613317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Genomic studies have identified frequent mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex including SMARCA4 and ARID1A in non-small cell lung cancer. Previously, we and others have identified that SMARCA4 -mutant lung cancers are highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Despite initial excitements, therapeutics targeting metabolic pathways such as OXPHOS have largely been disappointing due to rapid adaptation of cancer cells to inhibition of single metabolic enzymes or pathways, suggesting novel combination strategies to overcome adaptive responses are urgently needed. Here, we performed a functional genomics screen using CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting genes with available FDA approved therapeutics and identified ROCK1/2 as a top hit that sensitizes cancer cells to OXPHOS inhibition. We validate these results by orthogonal genetic and pharmacologic approaches by demonstrating that KD025 (Belumosudil), an FDA approved ROCK inhibitor, has highly synergistic anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo in combination with OXPHOS inhibition. Mechanistically, we showed that this combination induced a rapid, profound energetic stress and cell cycle arrest that was in part due to ROCK inhibition-mediated suppression of the adaptive increase in glycolysis normally seen by OXPHOS inhibition. Furthermore, we applied global phosphoproteomics and kinase-motif enrichment analysis to uncover a dynamic regulatory kinome upon combination of OXPHOS and ROCK inhibition. Importantly, we found converging phosphorylation-dependent regulatory cross-talk by AMPK and ROCK kinases on key RHO GTPase signaling/ROCK-dependent substrates such as PPP1R12A, NUMA1 and PKMYT1 that are known regulators of cell cycle progression. Taken together, our study identified ROCK kinases as critical mediators of metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to OXPHOS inhibition and provides a strong rationale for pursuing ROCK inhibitors as novel combination partners to OXPHOS inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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McIntyre CA, Grimont A, Park J, Meng Y, Sisso WJ, Seier K, Jang GH, Walch H, Aveson VG, Falvo DJ, Fall WB, Chan CW, Wenger A, Ecker BL, Pulvirenti A, Gelfer R, Zafra MP, Schultz N, Park W, O'Reilly EM, Houlihan SL, Alonso A, Hissong E, Church GM, Mason CE, Siolas D, Notta F, Gonen M, Dow LE, Jarnagin WR, Chandwani R. Distinct clinical outcomes and biological features of specific KRAS mutants in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:1614-1629.e5. [PMID: 39214094 PMCID: PMC11419252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
KRAS mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are suggested to vary in oncogenicity but the implications for human patients have not been explored in depth. We examined 1,360 consecutive PDAC patients undergoing surgical resection and find that KRASG12R mutations are enriched in early-stage (stage I) disease, owing not to smaller tumor size but increased node-negativity. KRASG12R tumors are associated with decreased distant recurrence and improved survival as compared to KRASG12D. To understand the biological underpinnings, we performed spatial profiling of 20 patients and bulk RNA-sequencing of 100 tumors, finding enhanced oncogenic signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in KRASG12D and increased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in KRASG12R tumors. Orthogonal studies of mouse KrasG12R PDAC organoids show decreased migration and improved survival in orthotopic models. KRAS alterations in PDAC are thus associated with distinct presentation, clinical outcomes, and biological behavior, highlighting the prognostic value of mutational analysis and the importance of articulating mutation-specific PDAC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A McIntyre
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Grimont
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiwoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinuo Meng
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Whitney J Sisso
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Seier
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Walch
- Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria G Aveson
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Falvo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William B Fall
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher W Chan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Wenger
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett L Ecker
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alessandra Pulvirenti
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Gelfer
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wungki Park
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shauna L Houlihan
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Hissong
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Despina Siolas
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit Chandwani
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Christen D, Lauinger M, Brunner M, Dengjel J, Brummer T. The mTOR pathway controls phosphorylation of BRAF at T401. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:428. [PMID: 39223665 PMCID: PMC11370054 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BRAF serves as a gatekeeper of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, which plays a crucial role in homeostasis. Since aberrant signalling of this axis contributes to cancer and other diseases, it is tightly regulated by crosstalk with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and ERK mediated feedback loops. For example, ERK limits BRAF signalling through phosphorylation of multiple residues. One of these, T401, is widely considered as an ERK substrate following acute pathway activation by growth factors. Here, we demonstrate that prominent T401 phosphorylation (pT401) of endogenous BRAF is already observed in the absence of acute stimulation in various cell lines of murine and human origin. Importantly, the BRAF/RAF1 inhibitor naporafenib, the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the ERK inhibitor ulixertinib failed to reduce pT401 levels in these settings, supporting an alternative ERK-independent pathway to T401 phosphorylation. In contrast, the mTOR inhibitor torin1 and the dual-specific PI3K/mTOR inhibitor dactolisib significantly suppressed pT401 levels in all investigated cell types, in both a time and concentration dependent manner. Conversely, genetic mTOR pathway activation by oncogenic RHEB (Q64L) and mTOR (S2215Y and R2505P) mutants substantially increased pT401, an effect that was reverted by dactolisib and torin1 but not by trametinib. We also show that shRNAmir mediated depletion of the mTORC1 complex subunit Raptor significantly enhanced the suppression of T401 phosphorylation by a low torin1 dose, while knockdown of the mTORC2 complex subunit Rictor was less effective. Using mass spectrometry, we provide further evidence that torin1 suppresses the phosphorylation of T401, S405 and S409 but not of other important regulatory phosphorylation sites such as S446, S729 and S750. In summary, our data identify the mTOR axis and its inhibitors of (pre)clinical relevance as novel modulators of BRAF phosphorylation at T401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Christen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Manuel Lauinger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Yang L, Zhu A, Aman JM, Denberg D, Kilwein MD, Marmion RA, Johnson ANT, Veraksa A, Singh M, Wühr M, Shvartsman SY. ERK synchronizes embryonic cleavages in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00487-8. [PMID: 39208802 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling controls development and homeostasis and is genetically deregulated in human diseases, including neurocognitive disorders and cancers. Although the list of ERK functions is vast and steadily growing, the full spectrum of processes controlled by any specific ERK activation event remains unknown. Here, we show how ERK functions can be systematically identified using targeted perturbations and global readouts of ERK activation. Our experimental model is the Drosophila embryo, where ERK signaling at the embryonic poles has thus far only been associated with the transcriptional patterning of the future larva. Through a combination of live imaging and phosphoproteomics, we demonstrated that ERK activation at the poles is also critical for maintaining the speed and synchrony of embryonic cleavages. The presented approach to interrogating phosphorylation networks identifies a hidden function of a well-studied signaling event and sets the stage for similar studies in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Audrey Zhu
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Javed M Aman
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Denberg
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marcus D Kilwein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert A Marmion
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alex N T Johnson
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Mona Singh
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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5
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Cortiana V, Abbas RH, Chorya H, Gambill J, Mahendru D, Park CH, Leyfman Y. Personalized Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer: The Promise of Biomarkers and Molecular Targeting with Dr. Michael J. Pishvaian. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2329. [PMID: 39001391 PMCID: PMC11240738 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, with its alarming rising incidence, is predicted to become the second deadliest type of solid tumor by 2040, highlighting the urgent need for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies. Despite medical advancements, the five-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer remains about 14%, dropping further when metastasized. This review explores the promise of biomarkers for early detection, personalized treatment, and disease monitoring. Molecular classification of pancreatic cancer into subtypes based on genetic mutations, gene expression, and protein markers guides treatment decisions, potentially improving outcomes. A plethora of clinical trials investigating different strategies are currently ongoing. Targeted therapies, among which those against CLAUDIN 18.2 and inhibitors of Claudin 18.1, have shown promise. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the comprehensive genomic analysis of pancreatic tumors, revealing unique genetic alterations that drive cancer progression. This allows oncologists to tailor therapies to target specific molecular abnormalities. However, challenges remain, including limited awareness and uptake of biomarker-guided therapies. Continued research into the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer is essential for developing more effective treatments and improving patient survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cortiana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Diksha Mahendru
- Global Remote Research Scholars Program, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA
| | | | - Yan Leyfman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai South Nassau, Oceanside, NY 11572, USA
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6
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Klomp JA, Klomp JE, Stalnecker CA, Bryant KL, Edwards AC, Drizyte-Miller K, Hibshman PS, Diehl JN, Lee YS, Morales AJ, Taylor KE, Peng S, Tran NL, Herring LE, Prevatte AW, Barker NK, Hover LD, Hallin J, Chowdhury S, Coker O, Lee HM, Goodwin CM, Gautam P, Olson P, Christensen JG, Shen JP, Kopetz S, Graves LM, Lim KH, Wang-Gillam A, Wennerberg K, Cox AD, Der CJ. Defining the KRAS- and ERK-dependent transcriptome in KRAS-mutant cancers. Science 2024; 384:eadk0775. [PMID: 38843331 PMCID: PMC11301402 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
How the KRAS oncogene drives cancer growth remains poorly understood. Therefore, we established a systemwide portrait of KRAS- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent gene transcription in KRAS-mutant cancer to delineate the molecular mechanisms of growth and of inhibitor resistance. Unexpectedly, our KRAS-dependent gene signature diverges substantially from the frequently cited Hallmark KRAS signaling gene signature, is driven predominantly through the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and accurately reflects KRAS- and ERK-regulated gene transcription in KRAS-mutant cancer patients. Integration with our ERK-regulated phospho- and total proteome highlights ERK deregulation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and other components of the cell cycle machinery as key processes that drive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth. Our findings elucidate mechanistically the critical role of ERK in driving KRAS-mutant tumor growth and in resistance to KRAS-ERK MAPK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A. Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L. Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A. Cole Edwards
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristina Drizyte-Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Priya S. Hibshman
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ye S. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexis J. Morales
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalilah E. Taylor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex W. Prevatte
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie K. Barker
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jill Hallin
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oluwadara Coker
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hey Min Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Prson Gautam
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Olson
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - John P. Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adrienne D. Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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