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Topchyan P, Zander R, Kasmani MY, Nguyen C, Brown A, Lin S, Burns R, Cui W. Spatial transcriptomics demonstrates the role of CD4 T cells in effector CD8 T cell differentiation during chronic viral infection. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111736. [PMID: 36450262 PMCID: PMC9792173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell help is critical to sustain effector CD8 T cell responses during chronic infection, notably via T follicular helper (Tfh)-derived interleukin-21 (IL-21). Conversely, CD4 depletion results in severe CD8 T cell dysfunction and lifelong viremia despite CD4 T cell reemergence following transient depletion. These observations suggest that repopulating CD4 subsets are functionally or numerically insufficient to orchestrate a robust CD8 response. We utilize spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate CD4 T cell heterogeneity under CD4-replete and -deplete conditions and explore cellular interactions during chronic infection. Although IL-21-producing Tfh cells repopulate following transient CD4 depletion, they are outnumbered by immunomodulatory CD4 T cells. Moreover, the splenic architecture appears perturbed, with decreases in white pulp regions, coinciding with germinal center losses. These disruptions in splenic architecture are associated with diminished Tfh and progenitor CD8 T cell colocalization, providing a potential mechanism for impaired progenitor-to-effector CD8 T cell differentiation during "un-helped" conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ashley Brown
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Di Pietro A, Polmear J, Cooper L, Damelang T, Hussain T, Hailes L, O'Donnell K, Udupa V, Mi T, Preston S, Shtewe A, Hershberg U, Turner SJ, La Gruta NL, Chung AW, Tarlinton DM, Scharer CD, Good-Jacobson KL. Targeting BMI-1 in B cells restores effective humoral immune responses and controls chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:86-98. [PMID: 34845392 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective antibody-mediated responses are a key characteristic of chronic viral infection. However, our understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms that drive this dysregulation are unclear. Here, we identify that targeting the epigenetic modifier BMI-1 in mice improves humoral responses to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. BMI-1 was upregulated by germinal center B cells in chronic viral infection, correlating with changes to the accessible chromatin landscape, compared to acute infection. B cell-intrinsic deletion of Bmi1 accelerated viral clearance, reduced splenomegaly and restored splenic architecture. Deletion of Bmi1 restored c-Myc expression in B cells, concomitant with improved quality of antibody and coupled with reduced antibody-secreting cell numbers. Specifically, BMI-1-deficiency induced antibody with increased neutralizing capacity and enhanced antibody-dependent effector function. Using a small molecule inhibitor to murine BMI-1, we could deplete antibody-secreting cells and prohibit detrimental immune complex formation in vivo. This study defines BMI-1 as a crucial immune modifier that controls antibody-mediated responses in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Polmear
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Hailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vibha Udupa
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon Preston
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Areen Shtewe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Hershberg
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Buchwald ZS, Nasti TH, Lee J, Eberhardt CS, Wieland A, Im SJ, Lawson D, Curran W, Ahmed R, Khan MK. Tumor-draining lymph node is important for a robust abscopal effect stimulated by radiotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000867. [PMID: 33028691 PMCID: PMC7542667 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to stimulate an antitumor immune response in irradiated tumors as well as unirradiated distant sites (abscopal effect). Previous studies have demonstrated a role for the tumor-draining lymph node (LN) in mediating an anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) stimulated antitumor immune response. Here, we investigated whether the LN is also important in mediating a RT alone stimulated abscopal response. Methods We used a subcutaneous modified B16F10 flank tumor model injected bilaterally. Our B16F10 cell line has an inserted viral glycoprotein which facilitated identification of tumor-specific T-cells. RT was directed at one flank tumor alone or one flank tumor and the tumor-draining LN. We evaluated response by tumor growth measurements and flow cytometry of both tumor-infiltrating and LN T-cells. Results We show that local tumor irradiation improves distant tumor control (abscopal effect). Depletion of CD8+ T-cells significantly reduced this abscopal response. We have previously shown, in a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, that the T-cell proliferative burst following blockade of PD-1/L1 is provided by a ‘stem-like’ CD8+ T-cell subset which then differentiate into terminally differentiated effectors. These terminally differentiated effectors have the potential to kill virally infected or tumor cells following PD-1/L1 blockade. In the chronic LCMV infection, stem-like CD8+ T-cells were found exclusively in secondary lymphoid organs. Similarly, here we found these cells at high frequencies in the tumor-draining LN, but at low frequencies within the tumor. The effect of RT on this T-cell subset in unknown. Interestingly, tumor irradiation stimulated total CD8+ and stem-like CD8+ T-cell proliferation in the LN. When the LN and the tumor were then targeted with RT, the abscopal effect was reduced, and we found a concomitant reduction in the number of total tumor-specific CD8+ T-cells and stem-like CD8+ T-cells in both the irradiated and unirradiated tumor. Conclusions These correlative results suggest the tumor-draining LN may be an important mediator of the abscopal effect by serving as a stem-like CD8+ T-cell reservoir, a site for stem-like T-cell expansion, and a site from which they can populate the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Judong Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andres Wieland
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Se Jin Im
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Walter Curran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Schmaljohn AL, Orlandi C, Lewis GK. Deciphering Fc-mediated Antiviral Antibody Functions in Animal Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1602. [PMID: 31379822 PMCID: PMC6652135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longstanding discordances and enigmas persist as to the specificities and other properties of antibodies (Abs) most effective in preventing or limiting many viral infections in mammals; in turn, failure to decipher key complexities has added to headwinds for both Ab-based therapeutic approaches and rational vaccine design. More recently, experimental approaches have emerged-and continue to emerge-for discerning the functional role of Ab structure, especially the Fc portion of antibody, in combating viral infections in vivo. A wide range of in vitro measures of antibody activity, from neutralization to antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-each of these terms representing only an operational notion defined by the particulars of a given assay-are poised for assignment of both relevance and reliability in forecasting outcomes of infection. Of the several emergent technical opportunities for clarity, attention here is drawn to three realms: the increasing array of known modifications that can be engineered into Abs to affect their in vivo activities; the improvement of murine models involving knockouts and knock-ins of host genes including Fc receptors; and the development of additional virological design tools to differentiate Abs that act primarily by inhibiting viral entry from antibodies that mainly target viral antigens (Ags) on cell surfaces. To illustrate some of the opportunities with either zoonotic (emerging, spillover) or ancient human-adapted viruses, we draw examples from a wide range of viruses that affect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Schmaljohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Alan L. Schmaljohn
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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