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Coles L, Ventrella D, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Elmi A, Troughton JG, Mariello M, El Hadwe S, Woodington BJ, Bacci ML, Malliaras GG, Barone DG, Proctor CM. Origami-inspired soft fluidic actuation for minimally invasive large-area electrocorticography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6290. [PMID: 39060241 PMCID: PMC11282215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticography is an established neural interfacing technique wherein an array of electrodes enables large-area recording from the cortical surface. Electrocorticography is commonly used for seizure mapping however the implantation of large-area electrocorticography arrays is a highly invasive procedure, requiring a craniotomy larger than the implant area to place the device. In this work, flexible thin-film electrode arrays are combined with concepts from soft robotics, to realize a large-area electrocorticography device that can change shape via integrated fluidic actuators. We show that the 32-electrode device can be packaged using origami-inspired folding into a compressed state and implanted through a small burr-hole craniotomy, then expanded on the surface of the brain for large-area cortical coverage. The implantation, expansion, and recording functionality of the device is confirmed in-vitro and in porcine in-vivo models. The integration of shape actuation into neural implants provides a clinically viable pathway to realize large-area neural interfaces via minimally invasive surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Coles
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joe G Troughton
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Massimo Mariello
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Salim El Hadwe
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben J Woodington
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Damiano G Barone
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Jiang Z, Zhu M, Chen X. Interfacing Neuron-Motor Pathways with Stretchable and Biocompatible Electrode Arrays. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39023124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusIn the field of neuroscience, understanding the complex interactions within the intricate neuron-motor system depends crucially on the use of high-density, physiological multiple electrode arrays (MEAs). In the neuron-motor system, the transmission of biological signals primarily occurs through electrical and chemical signaling. Taking neurons for instance, when a neuron receives external stimuli, it generates an electrical signal known as the action potential. This action potential propagates along the neuron's axon and is transmitted to other neurons via synapses. At the synapse, chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are released, allowing the electrical signal to traverse the synaptic gap and influence the next neuron. MEAs can provide unparalleled insights into neural signal patterns when interfacing with the nerve systems through their excellent spatiotemporal resolution. However, the inherent differences in mechanical and chemical properties between these artificial devices and biological tissues can lead to serious complications after chronic implantation, such as body rejection, infection, tissue damage, or device malfunction. A promising strategy to enhance MEAs' biocompatibility involves minimizing their thickness, which aligns their bending stiffness with that of surrounding tissues, thereby minimizing damage over time. However, this solution has its limits; the resulting ultrathin devices, typically based on plastic films, lack the necessary stretchability, restricting their use to organs that neither stretch nor grow.For practical deployments, devices must exhibit certain levels of stretchability (ranging from 20 to 70%), tailored to the specific requirements of the target organs. In this Account, we outline recent advancements in developing stretchable MEAs that balance stretchability with sufficient electrical conductivity for effective use in physiological research, acting as sensors and stimulators. By concentrating on the neuron-motor pathways, we summarize how the stretchable MEAs meet various application needs and examine their effectiveness. We distinguish between on-skin and implantable uses, given their vastly different requirements. Within each application scope, we highlight cutting-edge technologies, evaluating their strengths and shortcomings. Recognizing that most current devices rely on elastic films with a Young's modulus value between ∼0.5 and 5 MPa, we delve into the potential for softer MEAs, particularly those using multifunctional hydrogels for an optimizing tissue-device interface and address the challenges in adapting such hydrogel-based MEAs for chronic implants. Additionally, transitioning soft MEAs from lab to fab involves connecting them to a rigid adapter and external machinery, highlighting a critical challenge at the soft-rigid interface due to strain concentration, especially in chronic studies subject to unforeseen mechanical strains. We discuss innovative solutions to this integration challenge, being optimistic that the development of durable, biocompatible, stretchable MEAs will significantly advance neuroscience and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shen Zhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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3
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Zhang L, Xing S, Yin H, Weisbecker H, Tran HT, Guo Z, Han T, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Xie W, Huang C, Luo W, Demaesschalck M, McKinney C, Hankley S, Huang A, Brusseau B, Messenger J, Zou Y, Bai W. Skin-inspired, sensory robots for electronic implants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4777. [PMID: 38839748 PMCID: PMC11153219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Drawing inspiration from cohesive integration of skeletal muscles and sensory skins in vertebrate animals, we present a design strategy of soft robots, primarily consisting of an electronic skin (e-skin) and an artificial muscle. These robots integrate multifunctional sensing and on-demand actuation into a biocompatible platform using an in-situ solution-based method. They feature biomimetic designs that enable adaptive motions and stress-free contact with tissues, supported by a battery-free wireless module for untethered operation. Demonstrations range from a robotic cuff for detecting blood pressure, to a robotic gripper for tracking bladder volume, an ingestible robot for pH sensing and on-site drug delivery, and a robotic patch for quantifying cardiac function and delivering electrotherapy, highlighting the application versatilities and potentials of the bio-inspired soft robots. Our designs establish a universal strategy with a broad range of sensing and responsive materials, to form integrated soft robots for medical technology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Sicheng Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Haifeng Yin
- MCAllister Heart Institute Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Hannah Weisbecker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Hiep Thanh Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ziheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Tianhong Han
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Yihang Wang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Yizhang Wu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Wanrong Xie
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Chuqi Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | | | - Collin McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Samuel Hankley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Amber Huang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Brynn Brusseau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Jett Messenger
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yici Zou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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4
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Kim M, Lee H, Nam S, Kim DH, Cha GD. Soft Bioelectronics Using Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for Neuroengineering. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1633-1647. [PMID: 38752397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The identification of neural networks for large areas and the regulation of neuronal activity at the single-neuron scale have garnered considerable attention in neuroscience. In addition, detecting biochemical molecules and electrically, optically, and chemically controlling neural functions are key research issues. However, conventional rigid and bulky bioelectronics face challenges for neural applications, including mechanical mismatch, unsatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, and poor integration of multifunctional components, thereby degrading the sensing and modulation performance, long-term stability and biocompatibility, and diagnosis and therapy efficacy. Implantable bioelectronics have been developed to be mechanically compatible with the brain environment by adopting advanced geometric designs and utilizing intrinsically stretchable materials, but such advances have not been able to address all of the aforementioned challenges.Recently, the exploration of nanomaterial synthesis and nanoscale fabrication strategies has facilitated the design of unconventional soft bioelectronics with mechanical properties similar to those of neural tissues and submicrometer-scale resolution comparable to typical neuron sizes. The introduction of nanotechnology has provided bioelectronics with improved spatial resolution, selectivity, single neuron targeting, and even multifunctionality. As a result, this state-of-the-art nanotechnology has been integrated with bioelectronics in two main types, i.e., bioelectronics integrated with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. The functional nanomaterials can be synthesized and assembled to compose bioelectronics, allowing easy customization of their functionality to meet specific requirements. The unique nanoscale structures implemented with the bioelectronics could maximize the performance in terms of sensing and stimulation. Such soft nanobioelectronics have demonstrated their applicability for neuronal recording and modulation over a long period at the intracellular level and incorporation of multiple functions, such as electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and stimulation functions.In this Account, we will discuss the technical pathways in soft bioelectronics integrated with nanomaterials and implementing nanostructures for application to neuroengineering. We traced the historical development of bioelectronics from rigid and bulky structures to soft and deformable devices to conform to neuroengineering requirements. Recent approaches that introduced nanotechnology into neural devices enhanced the spatiotemporal resolution and endowed various device functions. These soft nanobioelectronic technologies are discussed in two categories: bioelectronics with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. We describe nanomaterial-integrated soft bioelectronics exhibiting various functionalities and modalities depending on the integrated nanomaterials. Meanwhile, soft bioelectronics with nanoscale structures are explained with their superior resolution and unique administration methods. We also exemplified the neural sensing and stimulation applications of soft nanobioelectronics across various modalities, showcasing their clinical applications in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as brain tumors, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discussed the challenges and direction of next-generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Nam
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
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5
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Qiu Y, Ashok A, Nguyen CC, Yamauchi Y, Do TN, Phan HP. Integrated Sensors for Soft Medical Robotics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308805. [PMID: 38185733 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Minimally invasive procedures assisted by soft robots for surgery, diagnostics, and drug delivery have unprecedented benefits over traditional solutions from both patient and surgeon perspectives. However, the translation of such technology into commercialization remains challenging. The lack of perception abilities is one of the obstructive factors paramount for a safe, accurate and efficient robot-assisted intervention. Integrating different types of miniature sensors onto robotic end-effectors is a promising trend to compensate for the perceptual deficiencies in soft robots. For example, haptic feedback with force sensors helps surgeons to control the interaction force at the tool-tissue interface, impedance sensing of tissue electrical properties can be used for tumor detection. The last decade has witnessed significant progress in the development of multimodal sensors built on the advancement in engineering, material science and scalable micromachining technologies. This review article provides a snapshot on common types of integrated sensors for soft medical robots. It covers various sensing mechanisms, examples for practical and clinical applications, standard manufacturing processes, as well as insights on emerging engineering routes for the fabrication of novel and high-performing sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Aditya Ashok
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Chi Cong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Thanh Nho Do
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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6
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Oldroyd P, Oldroyd S, Meng M, Makwana R, Sanger G, Bulmer D, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Stretchable Device for Simultaneous Measurements of Contractility and Electrophysiology of Neuromuscular Tissue in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312735. [PMID: 38290128 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Devices interfacing with biological tissues can provide valuable insights into function, disease, and metabolism through electrical and mechanical signals. However, certain neuromuscular tissues, like those in the gastrointestinal tract, undergo significant strains of up to 40%. Conventional inextensible devices cannot capture the dynamic responses in these tissues. This study introduces electrodes made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that enable simultaneous monitoring of electrical and mechanical responses of gut tissue. The soft PDMS layers conform to tissue surfaces during gastrointestinal movement. Dopants, including Capstone FS-30 and polyethylene glycol, are explored to enhance the conductivity, electrical sensitivity to strain, and stability of the PEDOT:PSS. The devices are fabricated using shadow masks and solution-processing techniques, providing a faster and simpler process than traditional clean-room-based lithography. Tested on ex vivo mouse colon and human stomach, the device recorded voltage changes of up to 300 µV during contraction and distension consistent with muscle activity, while simultaneously recording resistance changes of up to 150% due to mechanical strain. These devices detect and respond to chemical stimulants and blockers, and can induce contractions through electrical stimulation. They hold great potential for studying and treating complex disorders like irritable bowel syndrome and gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Oldroyd
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Michelle Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Ct Rd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Rajesh Makwana
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Cambridge, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Gareth Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Cambridge, E1 2AT, UK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Ct Rd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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7
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Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Zhang C, Liu C, Li B, Ma C, Li X, Niu S, Song H, Fan J, Zhang T, Han Z, Ren L. Flexible Multimodal Sensing System Based on a Vertical Stacking Strategy for Efficiently Decoupling Multiple Signals. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3186-3195. [PMID: 38411393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Multisensory integration enables the simultaneous perception of multiple environmental stimuli while minimizing size and energy consumption. However, conventional multifunctional integration in flexible electronics typically requires large-scale horizontal sensing arrays (such as flexible printed circuit boards), posing decoupling complexities, tensile strain limitation, and spatial constraints. Herein, a fully flexible multimodal sensing system (FMSS) is developed by coupling biomimetic stretchable conductive films (BSCFs) and strain-insensitive communication interfaces using a vertical stacking integration strategy. The FMSS achieves vertical integration without additional adhesives, and it can incorporate individual sensing layers and stretchable interconnects without any essential constraint on their deformations. Accordingly, the temperature and pressure are precisely decoupled simultaneously, and tensile stress can be accurately discerned in different directions. This vertical stacking integration strategy is expected to offer a new approach to significantly streamline the design and fabrication of multimodal sensing systems and enhance their decoupling capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
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9
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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10
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Bok I, Vareberg A, Gokhale Y, Bhatt S, Masterson E, Phillips J, Zhu T, Ren X, Hai A. Wireless agents for brain recording and stimulation modalities. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37726851 PMCID: PMC10510192 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
New sensors and modulators that interact wirelessly with medical modalities unlock uncharted avenues for in situ brain recording and stimulation. Ongoing miniaturization, material refinement, and sensitization to specific neurophysiological and neurochemical processes are spurring new capabilities that begin to transcend the constraints of traditional bulky and invasive wired probes. Here we survey current state-of-the-art agents across diverse realms of operation and evaluate possibilities depending on size, delivery, specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. We begin by describing implantable and injectable micro- and nano-scale electronic devices operating at or below the radio frequency (RF) regime with simple near field transmission, and continue with more sophisticated devices, nanoparticles and biochemical molecular conjugates acting as dynamic contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) transduction and other functional tomographic modalities. We assess the ability of some of these technologies to deliver stimulation and neuromodulation with emerging probes and materials that provide minimally invasive magnetic, electrical, thermal and optogenetic stimulation. These methodologies are transforming the repertoire of readily available technologies paired with compatible imaging systems and hold promise toward broadening the expanse of neurological and neuroscientific diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Bok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Vareberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yash Gokhale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suyash Bhatt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily Masterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jack Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
Soft robotics facilitates the deployment of large radial electrode arrays on the brain cortex through small craniotomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asplund
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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