1
|
Li N, Yuan X, Li Y, Zhang G, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Guo M, Liu J. Bioinspired Liquid Metal Based Soft Humanoid Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404330. [PMID: 38723269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of constructing humanoid robots to replicate the anatomical structures and capabilities of human beings has been a long-standing significant undertaking and especially garnered tremendous attention in recent years. However, despite the progress made over recent decades, humanoid robots have predominantly been confined to those rigid metallic structures, which however starkly contrast with the inherent flexibility observed in biological systems. To better innovate this area, the present work systematically explores the value and potential of liquid metals and their derivatives in facilitating a crucial transition towards soft humanoid robots. Through a comprehensive interpretation of bionics, an overview of liquid metals' multifaceted roles as essential components in constructing advanced humanoid robots-functioning as soft actuators, sensors, power sources, logical devices, circuit systems, and even transformable skeletal structures-is presented. It is conceived that the integration of these components with flexible structures, facilitated by the unique properties of liquid metals, can create unexpected versatile functionalities and behaviors to better fulfill human needs. Finally, a revolution in humanoid robots is envisioned, transitioning from metallic frameworks to hybrid soft-rigid structures resembling that of biological tissues. This study is expected to provide fundamental guidance for the coming research, thereby advancing the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Ren H, Jiao P, He Z. How Do Combustions Actuate High-Speed Soft Robots? Soft Robot 2024. [PMID: 39066721 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The combustion actuation method opens a unique pathway for high-performance soft robots, allowing for high accelerations in multifunctional applications. Along with multifunctionality come great challenges in effective robot structure design, accurate control and prediction of combustion-actuated motions, and practical implementation of various applications. However, research in this nascent field remains fragmented, lacking central guiding principles. To systematize these works, this review article summarizes state-of-the-art technologies in combustion-actuated soft robots, addressing three key questions: How to design a combustion-enabled soft robot? How to predict its movements and control it? and How to practically apply it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongliang Ren
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Hainan Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zhiguo He
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Hainan Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Offshore Geotechnics and Material in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Sun G, Fan X, Xiao P, Zhu L. Biomimetic Octopus Suction Cup with Attachment Force Self-Sensing Capability for Cardiac Adhesion. Soft Robot 2024. [PMID: 38979629 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study develops a biomimetic soft octopus suction device with integrated self-sensing capabilities designed to enhance the precision and safety of cardiac surgeries. The device draws inspiration from the octopus's exceptional ability to adhere to various surfaces and its sophisticated proprioceptive system, allowing for real-time adjustment of adhesive force. The research integrates thin-film pressure sensors into the soft suction cup design, emulating the tactile capabilities of an octopus's sucker to convey information about the contact environment in real time. Signals from sensors within soft materials exhibiting complex strain characteristics are processed and interpreted using the grey wolf optimizer-back propagation (GWO-BP) algorithm. The tissue stabilizer is endowed with the self-sensing capabilities of biomimetic octopus suckers, and real-time feedback on the adhesion state is provided. The embedding location of the thin-film pressure sensors is determined through foundational experiments with flexible substrates, standard spherical tests, and biological tissue trials. The newly fabricated suction cups undergo compression pull-off tests to collect data. The GWO-BP algorithm model accurately identifies and predicts the suction cup's adhesion force in real time, with an error rate below 0.97% and a mean prediction time of 0.0027 s. Integrating this technology offers a novel approach to intelligent monitoring and attachment assurance during cardiac surgeries. Hence, the probability of potential cardiac tissue damage is reduced, with future applications for integrating intelligent biomimetic adhesive soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangkai Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Liu W, Luo Q, Yao L, Wei F. Thermally Drawn-Based Microtubule Soft Continuum Robot for Cardiovascular Intervention. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29783-29792. [PMID: 38811019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is becoming the leading cause of human mortality. In order to address this, flexible continuum robots have emerged as a promising solution for miniaturizing and automating vascular interventional equipment for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases. However, existing continuum robots used for vascular intervention face challenges such as large cross-sectional sizes, inadequate driving force, and lack of navigation control, preventing them from accessing cerebral blood vessels or capillaries for medical procedures. Additionally, the complex manufacturing process and high cost of soft continuum robots hinder their widespread clinical application. In this study, we propose a thermally drawn-based microtubule soft continuum robot that overcomes these limitations. The proposed robot has cross-sectional dimensions several orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest commercially available conduits, and it can be manufactured without any length restrictions. By utilizing a driving strategy based on liquid kinetic energy advancement and external magnetic field for steering, the robot can easily navigate within blood vessels and accurately reach the site of the lesion. This innovation holds the potential to achieve controlled navigation of the robot throughout the entire blood vessel, enabling in situ diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Qinzhou Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ligang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Fanan Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Y, Cui J, Feng S, Cui J, Guo Y, Liang C, Gao W, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhang B. Projection Stereolithography 3D Printing High-Conductive Hydrogel for Flexible Passive Wireless Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400103. [PMID: 38573809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based electronics have inherent similarities to biological tissues and hold potential for wearable applications. However, low conductivity, poor stretchability, nonpersonalizability, and uncontrollable dehydration during use limit their further development. In this study, projection stereolithography 3D printing high-conductive hydrogel for flexible passive wireless sensing is reported. The prepared photocurable silver-based hydrogel is rapidly planarized into antenna shapes on substrates using surface projection stereolithography. After partial dehydration, silver flakes within the circuits form sufficient conductive pathways to achieve high conductivity (387 S cm-1). By sealing the circuits to prevent further dehydration, the resistance remains stable when tensile strain is less than 100% for at least 30 days. Besides, the sealing materials provide versatile functionalities, such as stretchability and shape memory property. Customized flexible radio frequency identification tags are fabricated by integrating with commercial chips to complete the accurate recognition of eye movement, realizing passive wireless sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongding Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jin Cui
- School of Information and Science Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Street, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Shiwei Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weizi Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fukang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Ye D, Li A, Zhang B, Han W, Niu X, Zeng M, Guo L, Zhang G, Yin Z, Huang Y. Transient charge-driven 3D conformal printing via pulsed-plasma impingement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402135121. [PMID: 38771869 PMCID: PMC11145272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402135121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Seamless integration of microstructures and circuits on three-dimensional (3D) complex surfaces is of significance and is catalyzing the emergence of many innovative 3D curvy electronic devices. However, patterning fine features on arbitrary 3D targets remains challenging. Here, we propose a facile charge-driven electrohydrodynamic 3D microprinting technique that allows micron- and even submicron-scale patterning of functional inks on a couple of 3D-shaped dielectrics via an atmospheric-pressure cold plasma jet. Relying on the transient charging of exposed sites arising from the weakly ionized gas jet, the specified charge is programmably deposited onto the surface as a virtual electrode with spatial and time spans of ~mm in diameter and ~μs in duration to generate a localized electric field accordantly. Therefore, inks with a wide range of viscosities can be directly drawn out from micro-orifices and deposited on both two-dimensional (2D) planar and 3D curved surfaces with a curvature radius down to ~1 mm and even on the inner wall of narrow cavities via localized electrostatic attraction, exhibiting a printing resolution of ~450 nm. In addition, several conformal electronic devices were successfully printed on 3D dielectric objects. Self-aligned 3D microprinting, with stacking layers up to 1400, is also achieved due to the electrified surfaces. This microplasma-induced printing technique exhibits great advantages such as ultrahigh resolution, excellent compatibility of inks and substrates, antigravity droplet dispersion, and omnidirectional printing on 3D freeform surfaces. It could provide a promising solution for intimately fabricating electronic devices on arbitrary 3D surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Aokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechen Niu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianbo Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Z, Wu Q, Wang J, Zhang B, Zhong C, Zhilenkov AA. Exploring Embodied Intelligence in Soft Robotics: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:248. [PMID: 38667259 PMCID: PMC11047907 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robotics is closely related to embodied intelligence in the joint exploration of the means to achieve more natural and effective robotic behaviors via physical forms and intelligent interactions. Embodied intelligence emphasizes that intelligence is affected by the synergy of the brain, body, and environment, focusing on the interaction between agents and the environment. Under this framework, the design and control strategies of soft robotics depend on their physical forms and material properties, as well as algorithms and data processing, which enable them to interact with the environment in a natural and adaptable manner. At present, embodied intelligence has comprehensively integrated related research results on the evolution, learning, perception, decision making in the field of intelligent algorithms, as well as on the behaviors and controls in the field of robotics. From this perspective, the relevant branches of the embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics were studied, covering the computation of embodied morphology; the evolution of embodied AI; and the perception, control, and decision making of soft robotics. Moreover, on this basis, important research progress was summarized, and related scientific problems were discussed. This study can provide a reference for the research of embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Zhao
- HDU-ITMO Joint Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiuxuan Wu
- HDU-ITMO Joint Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.Z.)
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Autonomous Robotic Systems, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Hydrodynamics and Control Processes, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, 190121 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Jian Wang
- HDU-ITMO Joint Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.Z.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Autonomous Robotic Systems, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Autonomous Robotic Systems, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chaoliang Zhong
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Anton A. Zhilenkov
- Institute of Hydrodynamics and Control Processes, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, 190121 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roshan U, Mudugamuwa A, Cha H, Hettiarachchi S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT. Actuation for flexible and stretchable microdevices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2146-2175. [PMID: 38507292 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable microdevices incorporate highly deformable structures, facilitating precise functionality at the micro- and millimetre scale. Flexible microdevices have showcased extensive utility in the fields of biomedicine, microfluidics, and soft robotics. Actuation plays a critical role in transforming energy between different forms, ensuring the effective operation of devices. However, when it comes to actuating flexible microdevices at the small millimetre or even microscale, translating actuation mechanisms from conventional rigid large-scale devices is not straightforward. The recent development of actuation mechanisms leverages the benefits of device flexibility, particularly in transforming conventional actuation concepts into more efficient approaches for flexible devices. Despite many reviews on soft robotics, flexible electronics, and flexible microfluidics, a specific and systematic review of the actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices is still lacking. Therefore, the present review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices. We elaborate on the different actuation mechanisms based on fluid pressure, electric, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical sources, thoroughly examining and comparing the structure designs, characteristics, performance, advantages, and drawbacks of these diverse actuation mechanisms. Furthermore, the review explores the pivotal role of materials and fabrication techniques in the development of flexible and stretchable microdevices. Finally, we summarise the applications of these devices in biomedicine and soft robotics and provide perspectives on current and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uditha Roshan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buresch KC, Huget ND, Brister WC, Zhou EY, Lineaweaver AS, Rifai C, Hu J, Stevenson ZE, Boal JG, Hanlon RT. Evidence for tactile 3D shape discrimination by octopus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01696-4. [PMID: 38472410 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Octopuses integrate visual, chemical and tactile sensory information while foraging and feeding in complex marine habitats. The respective roles of these modes are of interest ecologically, neurobiologically, and for development of engineered soft robotic arms. While vision guides their foraging path, benthic octopuses primarily search "blindly" with their arms to find visually hidden prey amidst rocks, crevices and coral heads. Each octopus arm is lined with hundreds of suckers that possess a combination of chemo- and mechanoreceptors to distinguish prey. Contact chemoreception has been demonstrated in lab tests, but mechanotactile sensing is less well characterized. We designed a non-invasive live animal behavioral assay that isolated mechanosensory capabilities of Octopus bimaculoides arms and suckers to discriminate among five resin 3D-printed prey and non-prey shapes (all with identical chemical signatures). Each shape was introduced inside a rock dome and was only accessible to the octopus' arms. Octopuses' responses were variable. Young octopuses discriminated the crab prey shape from the control, whereas older octopuses did not. These experiments suggest that mechanotactile sensing of 3D shapes may aid in prey discrimination; however, (i) chemo-tactile information may be prioritized over mechanotactile information in prey discrimination, and (ii) mechanosensory capability may decline with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra C Buresch
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Noelle D Huget
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Brister
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine Y Zhou
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abraham S Lineaweaver
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 37 Mather Drive, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Rifai
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyang Hu
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe E Stevenson
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean G Boal
- College of Science and Technologies, Millersville University, 40 Dilworth Rd, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Yin F, Tian Y. Biomimetic Structure and Surface for Grasping Tasks. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:144. [PMID: 38534829 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Under water, on land, or in the air, creatures use a variety of grasping methods to hunt, avoid predators, or carry food. Numerous studies have been conducted to construct a bionic surface for grasping tasks. This paper reviews the typical biomimetic structures and surfaces (wedge-shaped surface, suction cup surface and thorn claw surface) for grasping scenarios. Initially, progress in gecko-inspired wedge-shaped adhesive surfaces is reviewed, encompassing the underlying mechanisms that involve tuning the contact area and peeling behavior. The applications of grippers utilizing this adhesive technology are also discussed. Subsequently, the suction force mechanisms and applications of surfaces inspired by octopus and remora suction cups are outlined. Moreover, this paper introduces the applications of robots incorporating the principles of beetle-inspired and bird-inspired thorn claw structures. Lastly, inspired by remoras' adhesive discs, a composite biomimetic adhesive surface is proposed. It integrates features from wedge-shaped, suction cup, and claw thorn surfaces, potentially surpassing the adaptability of basic bioinspired surfaces. This surface construction method offers a potential avenue to enhance adhesion capabilities with superior adaptability to surface roughness and curvature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fujie Yin
- Xingjian College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Chen Y, Ma Y, Wang J. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Soft Actuators. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:128. [PMID: 38534813 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological species can walk, swim, fly, jump, and climb with fast response speeds and motion complexity. These remarkable functions are accomplished by means of soft actuation organisms, which are commonly composed of muscle tissue systems. To achieve the creation of their biomimetic artificial counterparts, various biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials have been synthesized and developed in recent decades. They can respond to various external stimuli in the form of structural or morphological transformations by actively or passively converting input energy into mechanical energy. They are the core element of soft actuators for typical smart devices like soft robots, artificial muscles, intelligent sensors and nanogenerators. Significant progress has been made in the development of bioinspired stimuli-responsive materials. However, these materials have not been comprehensively summarized with specific actuation mechanisms in the literature. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials that are instrumental for soft actuators. Firstly, different stimuli-responsive principles for soft actuators are discussed, including fluidic, electrical, thermal, magnetic, light, and chemical stimuli. We further summarize the state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive materials for soft actuators and explore the advantages and disadvantages of using electroactive polymers, magnetic soft composites, photo-thermal responsive polymers, shape memory alloys and other responsive soft materials. Finally, we provide a critical outlook on the field of stimuli-responsive soft actuators and emphasize the challenges in the process of their implementation to various industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|